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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 9, 2024 at 8:51am

While it is possible to painstakingly reassemble and restore such tapes, these researchers are pursuing a completely new approach. They use synchrotron radiation : With X-ray light from a synchrotron, they can reconstruct even heavily damaged tape fragments without even touching them.

Audio tapes store information in a layer of tiny magnetic particles—like little compass needles pointing either north or south. When the tape is recorded, their magnetic orientation is changed—the tape becomes magnetized, and the audio information is now physically stored in the orientation pattern. To play back this pattern, the tape is moved past a play head. As the magnetic field constantly changes through the pattern, a voltage is induced in the play head and an electrical signal is generated. This signal is amplified and converted into an acoustic signal.

With his new X-ray method, researchers do not rely on the magnetic field, but on the individual compass needles that generate this field. The magnetization states of these tiny particles, whose size is smaller than a tenth of the diameter of a human hair, can be read out almost individually using the X-ray light of the SLS and converted into a high-quality audio signal.

Since the synchrotron light can measure almost every single magnetic compass needle on the tape, it can achieve unprecedented resolution.

https://www.psi.ch/en/media/our-research/rescuing-music-with-x-rays

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 9, 2024 at 8:47am

A physicist uses X-rays to rescue old music recordings

Researchers are developing a technique that uses the special synchrotron X-ray light from the Swiss Light Source SLS to non-destructively digitize recordings from high-value historic audio tapes—including treasures from the Montreux Jazz Festival archive, such as a rare recording of the King of the Blues, B.B. King.

Magnetic tapes have almost completely disappeared from our lives and now only enjoy a nostalgic niche existence. However, significant quantities of these analog magnetic media are still stored in the archives of sound studios, radio and TV stations, museums, and private collections worldwide. Digitizing these tapes is an ongoing challenge as well as a race against time, as the tapes degrade and eventually become unplayable. Physicists and experts in nanomagnetism, are developing a method to non-destructively digitize degraded audio tapes in the highest quality using X-ray light. To achieve this goal, they have been collaborating with the Swiss National Sound Archives, which has produced custom-made reference recordings and provided audio engineering know-how. Now, a partnership with the Montreux Jazz Digital Project will help to further develop and test the method.
The remaining members of the famous rock band Queen recently faced a big challenge. In their studio, the musicians found a tape from 1988 containing a song with the voice of their legendary singer Freddie Mercury, who died in 1991. However, the tape was badly damaged. At first, no one believed they would be able to save this special piece. With great effort, the sound engineers managed to succeed after all.
Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 9, 2024 at 8:22am

The classic version of the game of 'chicken' pits two drivers against each other on a collision course.

To carry out their experiments, Israel, Cherki and their colleagues used a laboratory-based adaptation of the chicken game, known as the "intergroup chicken game." This version of the game has the same underlying rules, but with players divided into groups that are pitted against each other.

The researchers' experiment was double-blind and included a placebo condition. They recruited 204 participants and divided them into groups of eight or 12, each of which contained an equal number of males and females.

These groups of participants completed 30 rounds of the intergroup chicken game and at the beginning of each experimental session, participants were asked to self-administer either a placebo gas or oxytocin. Notably, neither the participants nor the experimenters were aware of what was being inhaled, which eliminated biases and prevented prior knowledge of what was administered during each trial from impacting the results.

One of the most notable observations of this study was that the interaction between oxytocin and testosterone greatly influenced the behavior of male participants. Contrarily, the interplay between these two hormones did not appear to impact the behavior of female participants.

Researchers observed that under placebo conditions, elevations in testosterone levels corresponded to heightened aggression towards outgroups. However, the administration of internasal oxytocin cancelled out this association, suggesting a regulatory role for oxytocin in moderating testosterone-induced aggression within intergroup dynamics.

Overall, the recent findings gathered by this team of researchers suggest that there could be notable sex differences in the dynamics underlying parochial altruism in intergroup conflict. In fact, they showed no substantial link between testosterone reactivity and outgroup aggression in females.

This underscores the importance of considering sex-specific effects when examining the neurobiological underpinnings of social behaviour.

 Boaz R. Cherki et al, Intranasal oxytocin interacts with testosterone reactivity to modulate parochial altruism, Communications Psychology (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00066-9

Part 3

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 9, 2024 at 8:18am

Previous research,  suggested independent roles of oxytocin and testosterone—hormones that are associated with intergroup relations and cooperation-aggression—in shaping behaviour during intergroup conflict.

How the two hormones interact, had yet to be tested. These hormones exert contrasting effects on various social behaviors, leading us to hypothesize that their combined influence might hold the key to understanding intergroup dynamics. This study filled that gap.

The primary objective of the recent work  by researchers was to better understand how the interaction between oxytocin and testosterone influences behavior in the context of intergroup conflict. While many past studies focusing on this topic only included male participants, the researchers decided to also include female participants, as this would allow them to discover any sex differences that may exist.
To model intergroup conflict in an experimental setting, the researchers used an adaptation of the game commonly referred to as "chicken." This game has often been portrayed in popular media, including in the movies "Rebel without a Cause," "Footloose" and "Grease," and is also used in political science to describe elements of conflict between nations, such as the nuclear brinkmanship of the Cuban Missile crisis.
Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 9, 2024 at 8:16am

Exploring how oxytocin interacts with testosterone while humans play a game modeling intergroup conflict

Over the past decades, numerous studies have investigated the neural and cognitive processes underpinning intergroup conflict, as this could help to explain what fuels belligerent behavior, political clashes, and wars. While these works gathered some interesting findings, much about these processes remains poorly understood until now.

Researchers  recently carried out a study specifically exploring how the hormones oxytocin and testosterone modulate people's behavior during an experimental game modeling intergroup conflict.

Their findings, published in Communications Psychology, suggest that oxytocin interacts with men's testosterone reactivity to modulate parochial altruism (i.e., behavior that benefits the group one belongs to, while negatively impacting competing groups).

Individuals regularly carry out actions which are costly to themselves, but advance the interests of their own group, often even at the expense of rival groups.

We see examples of such behavior all the time, including sports rivalries (playing injured), political partisanship (voting along party lines), and in extreme cases ethnic, religious, or national conflicts.

"Evolutionary theories, going back to Darwin, suggest that such acts of parochial altruism—the favoring of one's ingroup—emerged during human ancestry because they provided an advantage for group survival."

The researchers set out to study how individuals make decisions in a controlled laboratory setting modeling intergroup conflict, as this could shed light on the dynamics driving behaviors commonly observed outside laboratory settings.

Past social psychology research consistently found that people's social regard (i.e., their willingness to trust others, empathize with them and behave altruistically) is greatly influenced by their belonging to specific groups. Nonetheless, the biological underpinnings of these group-driven behaviors are yet to be clearly elucidated.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 8, 2024 at 11:02am

Though our visual temporal resolution is quite stable from day to day in general, a post-hoc analysis did suggest that there may be slightly more variation over time within females than within males.

We don't yet know how this variation in visual temporal resolution might affect our day-to-day lives, but scientists think that individual differences in perception speed might become apparent in high-speed situations where one might need to locate or track fast-moving objects, such as in ball sports, or in situations where visual scenes change rapidly, such as in competitive gaming, or escaping a speeding vehicle.
This suggests that some people may have an advantage over others before they have even picked up a racquet and hit a tennis ball, or grabbed a controller and jumped into some fantasy world online.
What is really interesting about this project is how a zoologist, a geneticist and a psychologist can all find different angles to this work. For me as a zoologist the consequences of variation in visual perception likely has profound implications for how predators and prey interact, with various arms-races existing for investment in brain processing power and clever strategies to exploit weaknesses in one's enemy.
Because we only have access to our own subjective experience, we might naively expect that everyone else perceives the world in the same way we do. Examples like color blindness show that isn't always true, but there are many less well known ways that perception can vary too.

"This study characterizes one such difference—in the 'frame rate' of our visual systems. Some people really do seem to see the world faster than others."

Now if I can read 80 research papers per day, and can write 50 reviews and articles per day, or can answer 10 tough questions per day, remember, there is nothing wrong with you. 

Our worlds are just different from each other! :)

PLoS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298007

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 8, 2024 at 10:56am

Scientists discover speed of visual perception ranges widely in humans

Using a blink-and-you'll-miss-it experiment, researchers from Trinity College Dublin have discovered that individuals differ widely in the rate at which they perceive visual signals. Some people perceive a rapidly changing visual cue at frequencies that others cannot, which means some access more visual information per timeframe than others.

This discovery suggests some people have an innate advantage in certain settings where response time is crucial, such as in ball sports, or in competitive gaming.

The rate with which we perceive the world is known as our "temporal resolution," and in many ways it is similar to the refresh rate of a computer monitor.

The researchers found that there is considerable variation among people in their temporal resolution, meaning some people effectively see more "images per second" than others.

To quantify this, the scientists used the "critical flicker fusion threshold," a measure for the maximum frequency at which an individual can perceive a flickering light source.

If the light source flickers above a person's threshold, they will not be able to see that it is flickering, and instead see the light as steady. Some participants in the experiment indicated they saw the light as completely still when it was in fact flashing about 35 times per second, while others were still able to perceive the flashing at rates of over 60 times per second.

The researchers  also measured temporal resolution on multiple occasions in the same participants and found that even though there is significant variation among individuals, the trait appears to be quite stable over time 'within' individuals.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 8, 2024 at 9:12am

Enigmatic white dwarfs

Central to the spectacle of T Coronae Borealis is the white dwarf, a stellar remnant that offers profound insights into the life cycles of stars.

White dwarfs are the end products of stars that originally had masses up to eight times that of the Sun but ended their lives in a relatively peaceful manner, without exploding as supernovae.

These stellar cores are fascinating for several reasons:

• Density and Composition: Despite their diminutive size, white dwarfs are incredibly dense. Their mass is comparable to that of the Sun, but they have a volume similar to Earth’s. This high density arises because the matter within them is in a degenerate state, where electrons are packed closely together.
• Cooling Process: After their formation, white dwarfs embark on a long cooling process. They start out extremely hot but gradually radiate away their heat over billions of years, eventually fading into black dwarfs — theoretical objects that have not yet been observed because the universe is not old enough.
• Limiting Mass: The Chandrasekhar limit, approximately 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, defines the maximum mass a white dwarf can have. Beyond this limit, the star would collapse under its own gravity to form a neutron star or a black hole.

Window into cosmic evolution

In summary, the study of T Coronae Borealis and white dwarfs opens a window into the complex processes governing stellar evolution.

Part3

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 8, 2024 at 9:12am

Key differences between novae and supernovae

Scale and Energy

The most striking difference lies in their scale and the energy released. Supernovae are among the universe’s most energetic events, outshining entire galaxies and releasing vast amounts of energy. Novae, while still bright and powerful, are far less energetic and only cause a temporary increase in brightness.

Frequency and Visibility

Supernovae are relatively rare events, occurring about once every 50 years in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way. Novae, on the other hand, are more common, with several occurring in our galaxy each year. Despite their rarity, supernovae can often be seen from greater distances due to their immense brightness.

Part 2

https://www.earth.com/news/t-coronae-borealis-blaze-star-explosion-...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 8, 2024 at 9:09am

Differences between nova and supernova explosions

The cosmos is a stage for some of the most spectacular and powerful events known to science. Among these, nova and supernova explosions stand out for their brilliance and the fundamental roles they play in the universe’s lifecycle.

Despite the similarity in their names, novae and supernovae differ vastly in their origins, mechanisms, and consequences. This article demystifies these cosmic phenomena, highlighting their distinct characteristics.

What is a nova?

As discussed above, a nova occurs in a binary star system, where a white dwarf and a companion star orbit closely. The white dwarf, a dense remnant of a star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, pulls material — primarily hydrogen — from its companion.

This material accumulates on the white dwarf’s surface, eventually igniting in a thermonuclear explosion. The explosion causes the white dwarf to brighten significantly, but it does not result in the star’s destruction. Instead, the process may repeat if the white dwarf continues to accrete material.

What is a supernova?

In contrast, a supernova is a cataclysmic event marking the death of a star. Supernovae can occur in one of two primary ways:

Core-Collapse Supernova: This type happens at the end of a massive star’s life cycle. When the star’s core runs out of nuclear fuel, it can no longer support the outer layers against gravity. The core collapses, resulting in a massive explosion that obliterates the star.

Type Ia Supernova: This type involves a binary system where a white dwarf accretes material from a companion star, similar to a nova. However, in this case, the white dwarf reaches a critical mass (Chandrasekhar limit), leading to a runaway nuclear reaction that completely destroys the white dwarf.

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