Can science explain or deal with emotions and morals? - SCI-ART LAB2024-03-29T04:50:49Zhttps://kkartlab.in/forum/topics/can-science-explain-or-deal-with-emotions-and-morals?groupUrl=some-science&feed=yes&xn_auth=noScience can answer moral ques…tag:kkartlab.in,2021-08-13:2816864:Comment:2374962021-08-13T02:29:07.799ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata">Science can answer moral questions</h1>
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<h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata">The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values</h1>
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<h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata">Science can answer moral questions</h1>
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<h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata">The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values</h1>
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</p> Q: Where can we say "Science…tag:kkartlab.in,2020-10-18:2816864:Comment:1747592020-10-18T06:39:48.623ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<div class="q-box qu-pt--medium qu-px--medium qu-pb--tiny"><div class="q-box qu-mb--medium qu-mt--small"><div class="q-text qu-bold qu-fontSize--xlarge qu-color--gray_dark_dim qu-passColorToLinks qu-userSelect--text qu-lineHeight--regular"><div class="q-flex qu-flexDirection--row"><div class="q-inline qu-flexWrap--wrap"><div class="q-text puppeteer_test_question_title"><span class="q-box qu-userSelect--text"><span>Q: Where can we say "Science doesn't work…</span></span></div>
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<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Alright some people have raised some Qs here and said science doesn't work with regard to such Qs. This is not understanding the word science properly.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Science has two aspects:</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>One: The principles with which this universe came into existence and run by it.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Two: The process with which we study this universe.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>If you take the first aspect into account, you will not find any place in our universe where scientific principles don't work and are not responsible for things existing and things happening. Without these principles this universe doesn't work and collapses and becomes non-existent. The very fact that it is working so well is evidence enough that science is working everywhere in this universe and running it wonderfully.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Right, if you come to the second aspect, i.e., the process with which we study and try to understand our universe, it is not science that is not working. It 's human mind's inadequacy to understand things in our 'scientific universe' responsible for that, not science.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Why do you try to shift your inadequacies to science and say science cannot do this or science cannot do that? Science, the thing this universe is run by, can be tackled only by science. If you cannot use your tool properly and blame science for it, it is like a bad worker blaming his tools for his lack of efficiency.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Now show me with genuine evidence a place in this universe where science doesn't work. Mere logic and argument won't do.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Please follow the space </span><a class="q-box qu-cursor--pointer qu-hover--textDecoration--underline" title="www.quora.com" href="https://www.quora.com/q/zehldtubcxtgkqwk" target="_top">Science Communication</a><span> on Quora</span></p>
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<div class="q-text qu-mt--small qu-color--gray_light qu-fontSize--small qu-passColorToLinks"><div class="q-box qu-display--inline"><div class="q-box qu-display--inline"><div class="q-relative qu-display--inline"><div class="q-box qu-display--inline"></div>
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<div><div class="q-box qu-bg--white"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-box qu-borderTop qu-px--medium qu-pt--medium"><div class="q-relative qu-pb--tiny"><div class="q-relative"><div class="q-text qu-fontSize--regular"><div class="q-flex"><div class="q-box qu-ml--small qu-flex--auto"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-text"><p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>A person who read this asked this Q: How does science(s) answer “why should (not) i kill that insect stinging me on my toe?”?</span></p>
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<div class="q-box qu-borderLeft qu-borderWidth--retinaOverride qu-borderWidth--thick qu-pl--medium qu-pt--small qu-mb--small"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-relative qu-pb--tiny"><div class="q-relative"><div class="q-text qu-fontSize--regular"><div class="q-box qu-mb--tiny"><div class="q-flex qu-alignItems--center"><div class="q-inlineFlex qu-mr--small qu-alignItems--center"><div class="q-inlineFlex qu-flex--none"><div class="q-inlineFlex"><div class="q-inlineFlex qu-overflow--hidden qu-borderRadius--circle qu-borderWidth--retinaOverride"><div class="q-box qu-borderRadius--circle qu-borderAll qu-borderColor--darken Photo___StyledBox-sc-1x7c6d3-0 guhqSv"></div>
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<div class="q-box qu-flex--auto qu-alignSelf--center"><div class="q-flex qu-flexWrap--wrap"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-text qu-bold qu-color--gray_dark qu-fontSize--small qu-passColorToLinks">Krishna: Well, the insect (like bee or some insects like it) might be useful in pollination which might bring you food to your plate by producing seeds, fruits and vegetables after teh process. Just bear the pain and wait for the food. Doesn’t that make sense?</div>
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<div class="q-box"><div class="q-text"><p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>And ants control pests naturally. Like ladybeetles, green lacewings, and other beneficial bugs, ants often help control pests (they actually support some pests, too ) by eating their eggs and young or disturbing them during feeding.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Ants are such an effective biological control agent, in fact, that some growers introduce them on purpose as part of </span><span class="q-inline"><a class="q-box qu-cursor--pointer qu-hover--textDecoration--underline" title="www.towergarden.com" href="http://www.towergarden.com/blog.read.html/en/2017/5/integrated-pest-management.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">an Integrated Pest Management strategy</a><span class="q-inlineBlock qu-verticalAlign--text-bottom"></span></span><span>.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>So leave that ant alone even if it stings you - it helps you in reality. Even if a friend fights with you and hits you, don’t you forgive him for the sake of friendship?</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Does that make sense?</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>:)</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span class="q-inline"><a class="q-box qu-cursor--pointer qu-hover--textDecoration--underline" title="kkartlab.in" href="https://kkartlab.in/group/some-science/forum/topics/the-importance-of-snakes-in-our-eco-systems" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">The importance of snakes in our eco-systems</a></span></p>
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<div class="q-box"><div class="q-text"><p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>The person who asked the Q:Makes a lot of sense. Thanks for the links. New facts!</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>But 'y</span><span>ou should help/forgive the one who helps you'</span><span> isn't coming from science, I think. It's coming from </span><span>somewhere else.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>I am not a behavioural biologist but i am told by life science - friends that many species tend to kill/eat their </span><span>friends/mates. </span><span>Am I right on this one?</span></p>
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<div class="q-box"><div class="q-text"><p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>*But 'y</span><span>ou should help/forgive the one who helps you'</span><span> isn't coming from science, I think. It's coming from </span><span>somewhere else.*</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Science shows you that bees and ants are friends with evidence. That fact influences your thought process.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>‘Kill mates’, yes. That includes human beings too but for other reasons!</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>But when nature made them that way it has a reason too. Like some animals eat their mates after fertilization - as the reproduction process is completed and so the males are consumed by the females to get more food and energy for the growing progeny or whatever name you give them.</span></p>
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<div class="q-box qu-borderLeft qu-borderWidth--retinaOverride qu-borderWidth--thick qu-pl--medium qu-pt--small qu-mb--small"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-relative qu-pb--tiny"><div class="q-relative"><div class="q-text qu-fontSize--regular"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-text"><p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>*…but for other reasons!* Interesting! Would love to know the reasons.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>*…influences your thought process.* True. That's why many people are motivated to </span><span>do</span><span> science</span><span>. </span><span>But here's the tricky part. How it influences (how you allowe it to influence) your thought process, your decisions, goals, morals/ ethics… doesn't seem to be something that science reveals to us. It's very subjective and it's difficult</span><span>, </span><span>many times, to tell </span><span>who's right </span><span>in extracting out the values from these facts.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>I am afraid that the fact of </span><span>some females, in animal kingdom, consuming the males after fertilization </span><span>can change the thought process of some hardcore feminists and they start a social trend of </span><span>#KillDownYourManWhenThePurposeIsOver</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Lol. That's a stupid exaggeration. But the point is, scientific facts alone are directionless, we need ‘</span><span>something more</span><span>' that can facilitate the 'appropriate’ or ‘positive' change in our thought process, actions, goals, desires</span><span> </span><span>and what not. It's perhaps that </span><span>something more </span><span>that determines what kind of technology we develop after some discovery, what new experiments we dare to do etc etc etc. I don't know to what extent we can </span><span>change </span><span>that 'something more' and what it really is.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>I am an MSc physics student. I don't know about life sciences, but with physical sciences that seems to be the case. Dr Sabine puts it in a different way:</span></p>
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<div class="q-box qu-borderLeft qu-borderWidth--retinaOverride qu-borderWidth--thick qu-pl--medium qu-pt--small qu-mb--small"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-relative qu-pb--tiny"><div class="q-relative"><div class="q-text qu-fontSize--regular"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-text"><p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Krishna: Right. science doesn’t say directly, do this or do that. . But if you are a person of science, the knowledge you know would definitely influences your thought process.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>I noticed several times, people who don’t have the knowledge I have think and behave differently. I think their thought process becomes lame without scientific knowledge. Again ,there are people, even among scientists, who don’t use their knowledge in their thinking process. They have conditioned minds and their science training ‘s so inadequate that they ‘re unable to come out of this conditioning and do </span><span class="q-inline"><a class="q-box qu-cursor--pointer qu-hover--textDecoration--underline" title="kkartlab.in" href="https://kkartlab.in/forum/topics/some-questions-people-asked-on-science-and-my-replies-to-them-50?amp&groupUrl=some-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Critical Thinking</a><span class="q-inlineBlock qu-verticalAlign--text-bottom"></span></span><span>. There will be all sorts of people in this world.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Is Dr. Sabine an authority on these things? Anyway opinions have no place in science and we don’t care about anybody’s opinions, even if they are Einsteins and Newtons.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>But for me atleast my science training is good and I can use it perfectly in my life. It’s guidance in my life is absolute!</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>If some people cannot do what I do, their science training might not be as good as mine.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span class="q-inline"><a class="q-box qu-cursor--pointer qu-hover--textDecoration--underline" title="kkartlab.in" href="https://kkartlab.in/group/some-science/forum/topics/can-science-explain-or-deal-with-emotions-and-morals" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Can science explain or deal with emotions and morals?</a></span></p>
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<div class="q-box qu-flex--auto qu-alignSelf--center"><div class="q-flex qu-flexWrap--wrap"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-text qu-bold qu-color--gray_dark qu-fontSize--small qu-passColorToLinks"><div class="q-box qu-display--inline"><div class="q-box qu-display--inline"><div class="q-relative qu-display--inline"><div class="q-box qu-display--inline">The person:<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Yes, without basic scientific knowledge people tend to believe in pseudoscientific explanations & claims in the name of faith or perhaps just to feel proud of themselves or their culture/history; which</span><span>, I see, is happening a lot around me. </span><span>And it's very difficult for them to ever realise their </span><span>biases.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Thanks for the articles. I came to know about</span><span> </span><span>many new biochemical & chemical processes happening right here in my body every moment.</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>*…because their brain chemistry is not under the same influence of hormones your body is producing.*</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>What governs this production of hormones in my body such a unique way, resulting into a unique experience for 'me' at that moment? Is it just direct consequence of the biochemical reactions happening in my body? Or can 'i' interfere somewhere in these processes </span><span>to create the kind of experience I aspire for?</span></p>
<p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>I don't know if I have put it correctly.)</span></p>
<span class="q-text qu-mx--tiny qu-color--gray qu-fontSize--small"><span>·</span></span><br />
<div class="q-text qu-color--gray qu-fontSize--small qu-passColorToLinks qu-truncateLines--1">Krishna: The release of hormones can be triggered by changes in the blood , by the actions of other hormones, or by neurological stimuli.</div>
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<div class="q-box"><div class="q-relative qu-pb--tiny"><div class="q-relative"><div class="q-text qu-fontSize--regular"><div class="q-box"><div class="q-text"><p class="q-text qu-display--block"><span>Yes, you can control the process by controlling the background stimuli.</span></p>
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</div> How is hormone production reg…tag:kkartlab.in,2020-10-18:2816864:Comment:1745892020-10-18T06:07:06.126ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<div class="mWyH1d hide-focus-ring FXMOpb" id="_l9qLX6qgIpmH4-EPqpad0Ak35"><div class="match-mod-horizontal-padding hide-focus-ring cbphWd">How is hormone production regulated?</div>
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<div class="gy6Qzb oNjtBb V1sL5c" id="_l9qLX6qgIpmH4-EPqpad0Ak34"><div><div class="y8URue" id="_l9qLX6qgIpmH4-EPqpad0Ak36"><div class="mod"><div class="LGOjhe"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><span class="hgKElc"><b>Hormone production</b><span> </span>and release are…</span></span></div>
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<div class="mWyH1d hide-focus-ring FXMOpb" id="_l9qLX6qgIpmH4-EPqpad0Ak35"><div class="match-mod-horizontal-padding hide-focus-ring cbphWd">How is hormone production regulated?</div>
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<div class="gy6Qzb oNjtBb V1sL5c" id="_l9qLX6qgIpmH4-EPqpad0Ak34"><div><div class="y8URue" id="_l9qLX6qgIpmH4-EPqpad0Ak36"><div class="mod"><div class="LGOjhe"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><span class="hgKElc"><b>Hormone production</b><span> </span>and release are primarily<span> </span><b>controlled</b><span> </span>by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus causes the release of a substance whose effects then inhibit further release. In this way, the concentration of<span> </span><b>hormones</b><span> </span>in blood is maintained within a narrow range.</span></span></div>
<div class="LGOjhe"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><a href="https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/chapter/regulation-of-hormone-production/" target="_blank">https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/chapter/regulation-of-hormone-production/</a></span></div>
<div class="LGOjhe"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><span>The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our </span><b>organs</b><span> work, metabolism , and reproduction. The </span><b>endocrine system</b><span> regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood, or on levels of other substances in the blood, like calcium.</span></span></div>
<div class="LGOjhe"><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md"><span>Endocrine System (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth</span></h3>
<span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><span><a href="https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/endocrine.html"><img name="kl_1603001004004" width="16" height="16"/></a></span></span></div>
<div class="LGOjhe"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><span><a href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/regulation-of-hormone-production/" target="_blank">https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/regulation-of-hormone-production/</a></span></span></div>
<div class="LGOjhe"><h2>Humoral, Hormonal, and Neural Stimuli</h2>
<p>The release of hormones can be triggered by changes in the blood (“humor”), by the actions of other hormones, or by neurological stimuli.</p>
<h4>Key Points</h4>
<ul>
<li>When a hormone is released in response to a change in the blood or other body fluids, such as a change in the level of a mineral or a change in temperature, this is called a humoral stimulus.</li>
<li>Hormones can be released in response to the action of a second hormone; the hypothalamus often secretes hormones that trigger the release or cessation of other hormones from the pituitary gland.</li>
<li>Hormone release can also be triggered directly by a stimulus from a neuron; this is often used when a rapid response is needed.</li>
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<h4>Key Terms</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>hypothalamus</strong>: a region of the forebrain located below the thalamus that regulates body temperature, some metabolic processes and governs the autonomic nervous system</li>
<li><strong>pituitary gland</strong>: an endocrine gland, about the size of a pea, whose secretions control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation</li>
<li><strong>humoral</strong>: of or relating to the body fluids or humours</li>
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<p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=what+governs+hormaone+production%3F&oq=what+governs+hormaone+production%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i10i22i29i30l7.9446j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/search?q=what+governs+hormaone+production%3F&oq=what+governs+hormaone+production%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i10i22i29i30l7.9446j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8</a></p>
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https://medicalxpress.com…tag:kkartlab.in,2020-04-17:2816864:Comment:1608652020-04-17T05:11:27.328ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<p>252</p>
<p><a href="https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-04-key-brain-region-binge.html?utm_source=nwletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-nwletter">https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-04-key-brain-region-binge.html?...</a></p>
<p><a href="https://newindianatheists.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-atheists-believe-morality-has-simply-been-made-up-over-time" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://newindianatheists.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-atheists-believ...</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://newindianatheists.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-atheists-believe-morality-has-simply-been-made-up-over-time" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://newindianatheists.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-atheists-believ...</a></p>
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<h1 class="text-extra-large line-low my-2">Moral reasoning found to display characteristic patterns in the brain</h1>
<p><span>Every day we encounter circumstances we consider wrong: a starving child, a corrupt politician, an unfaithful partner, a fraudulent scientist. These examples highlight several moral issues, including matters of care, fairness and betrayal. But does anything unite them all?</span></p>
<p>Fascinated by this centuries-old debate, a team of researchers set out to probe the nature of morality using one of moral psychology's most prolific theories. The group intensively studied 64 individuals via surveys, interviews and brain imaging on the wrongness of various behaviors.</p>
<p>They discovered that a general network of<span> brain regions</span><span> </span>was involved in judging moral violations, like cheating on a test, in contrast with mere social norm violations, such as drinking coffee with a spoon. What's more, the network's topography overlapped strikingly with the brain regions involved in theory of mind. However, distinct activity patterns emerged at finer resolution, suggesting that the brain processes different moral issues along different pathways, supporting a pluralist view of moral reasoning.</p>
<p>The results, published in<span> </span><i><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01693-8">Nature Human Behaviour</a></i>, even reveal differences between how liberals and conservatives evaluate a given moral issue.</p>
<p>The researchers <span>showed that moral judgments of a wide range of different types of morally relevant behaviours are instantiated in shared brain regions.</span></p>
<p><span>And a machine-learning algorithm could reliably identify which moral category, or "foundation," a person was judging based on their brain activity. This is only possible because moral foundations elicit distinct neural activations!</span></p>
<p><span>The universal moral foundations </span> are generally organized into six categories:</p>
<ol>
<li>Issues of care and harm,</li>
<li>Concerns of fairness and cheating,</li>
<li>Liberty versus oppression,</li>
<li>Matters of loyalty and betrayal,</li>
<li>Adherence to and subversion of authority,</li>
<li>And sanctity versus degradation.</li>
</ol>
<p>The framework arranges these foundations into two broad moral categories: care/harm and fairness/cheating emerge as "individualizing" foundations that primarily serve to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals. Meanwhile loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion and sanctity/degradation form "binding" foundations, which primarily operate at the group level.</p>
<p>The researchers created a model based on MFT to test whether the framework—and its nested categories—was reflected in neural activity. Sixty-four participants rated short descriptions of behaviors that violated a particular set of moral foundations, as well as behaviors that simply went against conventional social norms, which served as a control. An fMRI machine monitored activity across different regions of their brains as they reasoned through the vignettes.</p>
<p>Certain brain regions distinguished moral from non-moral judgment across the board, such as activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate, among other regions. Participants also took longer to rate moral transgressions than non-moral ones. The delay suggests that judging moral issues may involve a deeper evaluation of an individuals' actions and how they relate to one's own values, the authors said.</p>
<p><span>Although moral judgments are intuitive at first, deeper judgment requires responses to the six 'W questions'. "Who does what, when, to whom, with what effect, and why. And this can be complex and takes time." Indeed, moral reasoning recruited regions of the brain also associated with mentalizing and theory of mind.</span></p>
<p><span>The researchers also found that transgressions of loyalty, authority and sanctity prompted greater activity in regions of the brain associated with processing other people's actions, as opposed to the self. It was really surprising to know how well the organization into 'individualizing' versus 'binding' moral foundations is reflected on the neurological level in multiple networks.</span></p>
<p>Next, the authors developed a decoding model that accurately predicted which specific moral foundation or social norm individuals were judging from fine-grained activity pattern across their brains. This would not have been possible if all moral categories were unified at the neurological level, they explained.</p>
<p>"This supports MFT's prediction that each moral foundation is not encoded in a single 'moral hotspot'," the authors write, "but (is instead) instantiated via multiple brain regions distributed across the brain." This finding suggests that the distinct moral categories proposed by Moral Foundations Theory have an underlying neurologic basis.</p>
<p>In this way, moral reasoning is similar to other mental tasks: it elicits characteristic patterns across the brain, with nuances based on the specifics. For instance, looking at pictures of houses and faces activates a brain region known as the ventral temporal cortex.</p>
<p>"However, when looking at the pattern of activation in this region, one can clearly discern whether someone is looking at a house or a face.</p>
<p>Analogously, moral reasoning activates certain regions of the<span> brain</span>, "yet, the activation patterns in those same regions are highly distinct for different classes of moral behaviors, suggesting that they are not unified."</p>
<p>Far from merely an esoteric exercise, MFT provides a robust framework for understanding group identity and political polarization. Mounting evidence from survey and behavioral experiments suggests that liberals (progressives) are more sensitive to the categories of care/harm and fairness/cheating, which primarily protect the rights and freedoms of individuals. Conservatives, in contrast, place greater emphasis on the loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation categories, which generally operate at the group level.</p>
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<p><span>This paper is part of an avenue of research that the Media Neuroscience Lab embarked on in 2016, aiming to understand how humans make moral judgments, and how the underlying processes vary across more and less realistic scenarios. "The observation that we can reliably decode which moral violation an individual is perceiving also opens exciting avenues for future research: Can we also decode if a moral violation is detected when reading a news story, listening to a radio show, or even when watching a political debate or movie?</span></p>
<p><span>Ultimately, the researchers say, peoples' ability to cooperate in groups is guided by systems of moral and social norms, and the rewards and punishments that result from adhering to or violating them. For millennia, fables and fairy tales, nursery rhymes, novels, and even 'the daily news' all weave a tapestry of what counts as good and acceptable or as bad and inacceptable. The new results contribute to a better understanding of what moral judgements are, how they are processed, and how they can be predicted across different groups.</span></p>
<p><span> Hopp, F.R. et al, Moral foundations elicit shared and dissociable cortical activation modulated by political ideology, <i>Nature Human Behaviour</i> (2023). <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01693-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01693-8</a>. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01693-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01693-8</a></span></p>