How the brain of a Polymath copes with all the things it does - SCI-ART LAB2024-03-29T11:23:00Zhttps://kkartlab.in/forum/topics/how-the-brain-of-a-polymath-copes-with-all-the-things-it-does?groupUrl=some-science&commentId=2816864%3AComment%3A117070&groupId=2816864%3AGroup%3A80038&feed=yes&xn_auth=no
3268tag:kkartlab.in,2021-11-17:2816864:Comment:2393062021-11-17T07:34:29.019ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
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3268 Working memory affects respon…tag:kkartlab.in,2015-05-05:2816864:Comment:1279252015-05-05T05:14:41.211ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<p>Working memory affects response inhibition</p>
<p>Completing a task involves various executive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control, which blocks inappropriate responses. Although both of these functions are required for task execution, it is not clear how they affect one another. Both working memory and inhibitory control are dependent on the function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which maintains abstract information required for inhibition of inappropriate tasks and…</p>
<p>Working memory affects response inhibition</p>
<p>Completing a task involves various executive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control, which blocks inappropriate responses. Although both of these functions are required for task execution, it is not clear how they affect one another. Both working memory and inhibitory control are dependent on the function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which maintains abstract information required for inhibition of inappropriate tasks and working memory. It has also been proposed that both executive functions rely on the strengthening of the representation of the correct response, or respectively of task-relevant information, suggesting that they share common neural pathways. This observation also indicates that working memory affects inhibitory control. To examine working memory load affects response inhibition, researchers led by W. Chmielewski applied event-related potentials (ERPs) in combination with source localization techniques. By using ERPs, the researchers could distinguish two subprocesses that are differently affected by mental workload.</p>
<p>Twenty five young, healthy volunteers were recruited for the study and performed the Go/NoGo task, which measures impulse control while their EEG activity was being recorded. The participants were presented with letters R and G or numbers 5 and 7. They were asked to press a button when they saw a letter (creating a Go condition) and not to respond when they saw a number (NoGo condition). To increase the workload, the symbols were rotated 30, 90 or 150 degrees. Mental rotation is a task that is known to involve visual working memory. The task was then divided into two blocks based on the difficulty. In the less demanding block, the participants were asked to react every time a letter was presented. In the more demanding block, however, a reaction was required only when letters were presented in the un-mirrored orientation, whereas participants were not supposed to react when mirror images of numbers or letters was presented.</p>
<p>As expected, both the angle of rotation and the complexity of the task influenced the reaction time and the number of errors that the participants made. In other words, as the complexity of the task increased, it became more difficult for the participants to inhibit their response to the wrong target. This observation indicated that the workload affected the response inhibition. Interestingly, this effect was only observed when the symbols were rotated 150 degrees, showing that response inhibition is affected by working memory only when a certain threshold is reached. These behavioural observations were supported by neurophysiological results. The changes in ERPs were observed as soon as the symbols were presented, before the reaction occurred. The modulation of response inhibition was related to differences in neural activity in the left inferior and middle frontal gyri, regions that are associated with working memory.</p>
<p>The results of this study show that response inhibition and therefore successful completion of a task depends on the amount of working memory required for the task. Once the working memory load passes over a certain threshold, response inhibition is impaired. Results of this study provide insight into improving efficiency of learning and task completion. <br/> The impact of mental workload on inhibitory control subprocesses. Chmielewski WX, Muckschel M, Stock AK, Beste C. 2015. Neuroimage. 112:96-104.<br/>
<a href="http://www.sciguru.org/newsitem/19018/working-memory-affects-response-inhibition?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ScienceNewsScigurucom+%28Science+News+SciGuru.org%29" target="_blank">http://www.sciguru.org/newsitem/19018/working-memory-affects-response-inhibition?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ScienceNewsScigurucom+%28Science+News+SciGuru.org%29</a></p> fMRI Data Reveals the Number…tag:kkartlab.in,2014-11-15:2816864:Comment:1218452014-11-15T02:53:17.773ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<p>fMRI Data Reveals the Number of Parallel Processes Running in the Brain</p>
<p>The human brain carries out many tasks at the same time, but how many? Now fMRI data has revealed just how parallel gray matter is. <br></br> <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/532291/fmri-data-reveals-the-number-of-parallel-processes-running-in-the-brain/" target="_blank">http://www.technologyreview.com/view/532291/fmri-data-reveals-the-number-of-parallel-processes-running-in-the-brain/</a><br></br> This is…</p>
<p>fMRI Data Reveals the Number of Parallel Processes Running in the Brain</p>
<p>The human brain carries out many tasks at the same time, but how many? Now fMRI data has revealed just how parallel gray matter is. <br/> <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/532291/fmri-data-reveals-the-number-of-parallel-processes-running-in-the-brain/" target="_blank">http://www.technologyreview.com/view/532291/fmri-data-reveals-the-number-of-parallel-processes-running-in-the-brain/</a><br/>
This is how many tasks your brain is processing right now</p>
<p>Even when it's working hard, our brain is probably only processing around 50 tasks at once - but those tasks are a lot more complex than we first imagined, researchers have discovered. The findings could help scientists to one day build computer chips that are as powerful as our minds.</p> tag:kkartlab.in,2014-07-10:2816864:Comment:1183322014-07-10T02:48:46.679ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
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</p> How the Brain Ignores Distrac…tag:kkartlab.in,2014-07-03:2816864:Comment:1182742014-07-03T01:34:17.050ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<p>How the Brain Ignores Distractions <br></br> Paying attention requires more than focus <br></br> How does your brain focus on the task at hand?<br></br>
To answer this question, neuroscientists generally study the way the brain strengthens its response to what you are looking for—jolting itself with an especially large electrical pulse when you see it. Another mental trick may be just as important, according to a study published in April in the Journal of Neuroscience: the brain deliberately weakens its…</p>
<p>How the Brain Ignores Distractions <br/> Paying attention requires more than focus <br/>
How does your brain focus on the task at hand?<br/>
To answer this question, neuroscientists generally study the way the brain strengthens its response to what you are looking for—jolting itself with an especially large electrical pulse when you see it. Another mental trick may be just as important, according to a study published in April in the Journal of Neuroscience: the brain deliberately weakens its reaction to everything else so that the target seems more important in comparison.</p>
<p>Cognitive neuroscientists John Gaspar and John McDonald, both at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, arrived at the conclusion after asking 48 college students to take attention tests on a computer. The volunteers had to quickly spot a lone yellow circle among an array of green circles without being distracted by an even more eye-catching red circle. All the while the researchers monitored electrical activity in the students' brains using a net of electrodes attached to their scalps. The recorded patterns revealed that their brains consistently suppressed reactions to all circles except the one they were looking for—the first direct evidence of this particular neural process in action.</p>
<p>“Neuroscientists have known about suppression for quite some time, but it's not given as much thought as mechanisms that boost attention,” McDonald says. “We have nailed down how you can prevent distraction through suppression.” Such research may eventually help scientists understand what is happening in the brains of people with attention problems, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. And in a world increasingly permeated by distractions—a major contributor to traffic accidents—any insights into how the brain pays attention should get ours.<br/> <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-brain-ignores-distractions/?&WT.mc_id=SA_MB_20140702" target="_blank">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-brain-ignores-distractions/?&WT.mc_id=SA_MB_20140702</a></p> “Our brain can’t handle the o…tag:kkartlab.in,2014-05-16:2816864:Comment:1170702014-05-16T01:44:25.778ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<p>“Our brain can’t handle the overload. It’s just not made that way.”</p>
<p>But there is a tiny but persistent subset of the population—about two per cent—whose performance does not deteriorate, and can even improve, when multiple demands are placed on their attention. The supertaskers are true outliers. According to Strayer, multitasking isn’t part of a normal distribution akin to birth weight, where even the lightest and heaviest babies fall within a relatively tight range around an average…</p>
<p>“Our brain can’t handle the overload. It’s just not made that way.”</p>
<p>But there is a tiny but persistent subset of the population—about two per cent—whose performance does not deteriorate, and can even improve, when multiple demands are placed on their attention. The supertaskers are true outliers. According to Strayer, multitasking isn’t part of a normal distribution akin to birth weight, where even the lightest and heaviest babies fall within a relatively tight range around an average size. Instead, it is more like I.Q.: most people cluster in an average range, but there is a long tail where only a tiny fraction—single digits among thousands—will ever find themselves.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/mariakonnikova/2014/05/multitask-masters.html" target="_blank">http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/mariakonnikova/2014/05/multit...</a></p>
<p>It has been found that supertaskers exhibit different patterns of neural activation when multitasking than most of us. There is less activity in those frontal regions—the frontopolar prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex—that have been implicated in multitasking and executive control in the past. Supertasker brains, in other words, become less, not more, active with additional tasks: they are functioning more efficiently. “Their brains are doing something we can’t do".</p>
<p>The flip side, of course, is that, for the ninety-seven and a half per cent of us who don’t share the requisite genetic predisposition, no amount of practice will make us into supertasking stars. In <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/08/21/0903620106.abstract">separate work</a> from Stanford University, a team of neuroscientists found that heavy multitaskers—that is, those people who habitually engaged in multiple activities at once—fared worse than light multitaskers on measures of executive control and effective task switching. Multitasking a lot, in other words, appeared to make them worse at it. Scientists say it is all in your genes!</p>
<p>Am I one among those who can multi task. Yes, I am but I am not a super multi-takser. I know how much I suffer because of my work.</p> tag:kkartlab.in,2014-03-29:2816864:Comment:1150982014-03-29T03:20:28.716ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
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</p> From Contretemps to Creativit…tag:kkartlab.in,2014-03-28:2816864:Comment:1153512014-03-28T03:24:29.397ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<p>From Contretemps to Creativity<br></br> For some people, hardship can trigger creative growth<br></br> By Scott Barry Kaufman</p>
<p>“I paint in order not to cry,” artist Paul Klee once remarked. The artist suffered from an autoimmune disease, which crippled his hands and made it difficult for him to even hold a pen. Yet he painted obsessively. His turmoil seemed to release an outpouring of creative energy.</p>
<p>Systematic research has shown that many eminent creators—think of Frida Kahlo, the…</p>
<p>From Contretemps to Creativity<br/> For some people, hardship can trigger creative growth<br/>
By Scott Barry Kaufman</p>
<p>“I paint in order not to cry,” artist Paul Klee once remarked. The artist suffered from an autoimmune disease, which crippled his hands and made it difficult for him to even hold a pen. Yet he painted obsessively. His turmoil seemed to release an outpouring of creative energy.</p>
<p>Systematic research has shown that many eminent creators—think of Frida Kahlo, the Brontë sisters or Stephen Hawking—endured harsh early life experiences, such as social rejection, parental loss or disability. A growing field of research, called post-traumatic growth, now seeks to unveil why adversity and ingenuity sometimes go hand in hand and why some people blossom more than others in the wake of trying times.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-contretemps-to-creativity/?WT.mc_id=SA_MND_20140327" target="_blank">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-contretemps-to-creativity/?WT.mc_id=SA_MND_20140327</a></p> A plastic nervous system requ…tag:kkartlab.in,2014-03-15:2816864:Comment:1149722014-03-15T04:57:03.111ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<p>A plastic nervous system requires the ability not only to acquire and store but also to forget. Here, we report that musashi (msi-1) is necessary for time-dependent memory loss in C. elegans. Tissue-specific rescue demonstrates that MSI-1 function is necessary in the AVA interneuron. Using RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (IP), we found that MSI-1 binds to mRNAs of three subunits of the Arp2/3 actin branching regulator complex in vivo and downregulates ARX-1, ARX-2, and ARX-3…</p>
<p>A plastic nervous system requires the ability not only to acquire and store but also to forget. Here, we report that musashi (msi-1) is necessary for time-dependent memory loss in C. elegans. Tissue-specific rescue demonstrates that MSI-1 function is necessary in the AVA interneuron. Using RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (IP), we found that MSI-1 binds to mRNAs of three subunits of the Arp2/3 actin branching regulator complex in vivo and downregulates ARX-1, ARX-2, and ARX-3 translation upon associative learning. The role of msi-1 in forgetting is also reflected by the persistence of learning-induced GLR-1 synaptic size increase in msi-1 mutants. We demonstrate that memory length is regulated cooperatively through the activation of adducin (add-1) and by the inhibitory effect of msi-1. Thus, a GLR-1/MSI-1/Arp2/3 pathway induces forgetting and represents a novel mechanism of memory decay by linking translational control to the structure of the actin cytoskeleton in neurons.<br/> <a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2814%2900148-2" target="_blank">http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2814%2900148-2</a></p>
<p>Forgetting Is Important To Function Properly<br/> In order to function properly, the human brain requires the ability not only to store but also to forget: Through memory loss, unnecessary information is deleted and the nervous system retains its plasticity. A disruption of this process can lead to serious mental disorders. Basel scientists have now discovered a molecular mechanism that actively regulates the process of forgetting. The renowned scientific journal “Cell” has published their results.</p>
<p>The human brain is build in such a way, that only necessary information is stored permanently – the rest is forgotten over time. However, so far it was not clear if this process was active or passive. Scientists from the transfaculty research platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN) at the University of Basel have now found a molecule that actively regulates memory loss. The so-called musashi protein is responsible for the structure and function of the synaptic connections of the brain, the place where information is communicated from one neuron to the next.</p>
<p>Using olfactory conditioning, the researchers Attila Stetak and Nils Hadziselimovic first studied the learning abilities of genetically modified ringworms (C. elegans) that were lacking the musashi protein. The experiments showed that the worms exhibited the same learning skills as unmodified animals. However, with extended duration of the experiment, the scientists discovered that the mutants were able to remember the new information much better. In other words: The genetically modified worms lacking the musashi protein were less forgetful.</p>
<p>Forgetting is no coincidence</p>
<p>Further experiments showed that the protein inhibits the synthesis of molecules responsible for the stabilization of synaptic connections. This stabilization seems to play an important role in the process of learning and forgetting. The researchers identified two parallel mechanisms: One the one hand, the protein adducin stimulates the growth of synapses and therefore also helps to retain memory; on the other hand, the musashi protein actively inhibits the stabilization of these synapses and thus facilitates memory loss. Therefore, it is the balance between these two proteins that is crucial for the retention of memories.</p>
<p>Forgetting is thus not a passive but rather an active process and a disruption of this process may result in serious mental disorders. The musashi protein also has interesting implications for the development of drugs trying to prevent abnormal memory loss that occurs in diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Further studies on the therapeutic possibilities of this discovery will be done.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113095839/forgetting-important-to-function-properly-031414/" target="_blank">http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113095839/forgetting-important-to-function-properly-031414/</a></p> 3039
http://medicalxpress.com…tag:kkartlab.in,2013-06-16:2816864:Comment:1027682013-06-16T02:25:32.951ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<p>3039</p>
<p><a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-04-emotions-mundane-events-strong-memories.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-04-emotions-mundane-events-stron...</a></p>
<h1>How our emotions transform mundane events into strong memories</h1>
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<p>3039</p>
<p><a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-04-emotions-mundane-events-strong-memories.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-04-emotions-mundane-events-stron...</a></p>
<h1>How our emotions transform mundane events into strong memories</h1>
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<p><a href="http://www.quora.com/Who-were-are-some-of-the-most-interesting-polymaths-geniuses-ever" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.quora.com/Who-were-are-some-of-the-most-interesting-poly...</a></p>
<h1>Who were/are some of the most interesting polymaths/geniuses ever?</h1>
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