The risks scientists will have to face while communicating science - SCI-ART LAB2024-03-28T23:19:33Zhttps://kkartlab.in/forum/topics/the-risks-scientists-will-have-to-face-while-communicating-scienc?groupUrl=some-science&feed=yes&xn_auth=noNew method helps scientists b…tag:kkartlab.in,2023-02-09:2816864:Comment:2459162023-02-09T05:37:45.551ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
<h3><a href="https://phys.org/news/2023-02-method-scientists-volcanos-erupt.html?utm_source=nwletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-nwletter" rel="noopener" target="_blank">New method helps scientists better predict when volcanos will erupt</a></h3>
<p>Cornell researchers have unearthed precise, microscopic clues to where magma is stored, offering scientists—and government officials in populated areas—a way to better assess the risk of volcanic eruptions.</p>
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<h3><a href="https://phys.org/news/2023-02-method-scientists-volcanos-erupt.html?utm_source=nwletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-nwletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">New method helps scientists better predict when volcanos will erupt</a></h3>
<p>Cornell researchers have unearthed precise, microscopic clues to where magma is stored, offering scientists—and government officials in populated areas—a way to better assess the risk of volcanic eruptions.</p>
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<h1 class="text-extra-large line-low mb-2">Using GPS as a possible earthquake predictor</h1>
<p><span>A pair of seismologists has found what might turn out to be an accurate way to predict earthquakes. In their study, reported in the journal </span><i>Science</i><span>, they looked at high-rate GPS time series data that was gathered in the time leading up to the moment earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above occurred. </span></p>
<p><span>Seismologists have long sought to predict earthquakes so that people could react. In many cases, several minutes warning would be helpful—it would allow people to exit buildings that might collapse. Finding a precursor is difficult due to the lack of information regarding what was happening in the vicinity of an epicenter before a quake. In this new effort, they have found a way to go back in time to learn more about land shifting before a big quake.</span></p>
<p>In looking for an earthquake precursor, the researchers obtained and studied precise GPS data for geographical areas surrounding the epicenters of 90 quakes over magnitude 7 over the past several years. They found a pattern—a slip between<span> </span><a href="https://phys.org/tags/tectonic+plates/" rel="tag" class="textTag">tectonic plates</a><span> </span>that caused the land above them to move in a measurable, horizontal direction.</p>
<p>They also found that such slips could be observed and measured using GPS, that they occurred up to two hours before the earthquake struck and were too small to show up on standard seismographs. Most important, they saw the same slip in all the earthquakes they studied.</p>
<p><span>The work suggests that a reliable earthquake</span><span> system could be designed based on a precise GPS listening system. On the downside, researchers note that more work is required to prove that such a precursor exists for all, or at least most, large earthquakes</span><span>. Also, they add, some upgrades to GPS technology are required to allow for measuring individual events around the clock.</span></p>
<p><span> </span>Quentin Bletery et al, The precursory phase of large earthquakes,<span> </span><i>Science</i><span> </span>(2023).<span> </span><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adg2565" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2565</a></p>
<p>Roland Bürgmann, Reliable earthquake precursors?,<span> </span><i>Science</i><span> </span>(2023).<span> </span><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adi8032" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DOI: 10.1126/science.adi8032</a></p> 833
Why can't we predict volc…tag:kkartlab.in,2014-11-12:2816864:Comment:1217392014-11-12T06:07:20.323ZDr. Krishna Kumari Challahttps://kkartlab.in/profile/DrKrishnaKumariChalla
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<h1 class="text-extra-large line-low mb-2">Why can't we predict volcanic eruptions like we do hurricanes?</h1>
<p>"Volcanology is progressing similarly to<span> </span><a class="textTag" href="https://phys.org/tags/extreme+weather/" rel="tag">extreme weather</a><span> </span>forecasting, but is a few decades behind," says Kolzenburg, a volcanologist at the University of Buffalo in the United States. "First, we already have a long record of<span> …</span></p>
<p>833</p>
<h1 class="text-extra-large line-low mb-2">Why can't we predict volcanic eruptions like we do hurricanes?</h1>
<p>"Volcanology is progressing similarly to<span> </span><a href="https://phys.org/tags/extreme+weather/" rel="tag" class="textTag">extreme weather</a><span> </span>forecasting, but is a few decades behind," says Kolzenburg, a volcanologist at the University of Buffalo in the United States. "First, we already have a long record of<span> </span><a href="https://phys.org/tags/weather/" rel="tag" class="textTag">weather</a><span> </span>data to draw on. Second, hurricanes are more frequent and often seasonal, whereas<span> </span><a href="https://phys.org/tags/major+volcanic+eruptions/" rel="tag" class="textTag">major volcanic eruptions</a><span> </span>are infrequent. Last, volcanoes are technically and logistically difficult to monitor."</p>
<p>Weather forecasting based on an understanding of atmospheric science coupled to regular observations is around 200 years old. Satellites build on this data by drilling down to local scales, contributing<span> </span><a href="https://phys.org/tags/precise+measurements/" rel="tag" class="textTag">precise measurements</a><span> </span>to variables such as humidity or wind speed.</p>
<p>But while weather is everywhere, volcanoes are scattered around the planet, complicating data gathering. Expensive seismometers for detecting geophysical signals are not evenly distributed globally, and rely on specialist skillsets. Additionally, different types of magma can make eruptions too fast to reach in time, or conversely too infrequent to justify the expense of constant observation—not to mention the potential dangers involved!</p>
<p>But perhaps the biggest impediment is that, as Kolzenburg puts it, "it is orders of magnitude more difficult to 'see' into Earth than to image weather patterns."</p>
<p>To accurately predict volcanic behavior, scientists would have to measure magma temperature and<span> </span><a href="https://phys.org/tags/chemical+composition/" rel="tag" class="textTag">chemical composition</a>, to understand how viscosity and volatility might drive pressure. They would also need to know a lot about what Kolzenburg calls "the geometry of the plumbing system."</p>
<p>"Even with robust sensors, it's virtually impossible to get all the input data that would be needed to predict such a dynamic system," adds Kolzenburg, who was principal investigator of the EU-funded DYNAVOLC project on volcano modeling.</p>
<p><b>Citizen science for volcano monitoring</b></p>
<p>Modern seismology tools, coupled with better understanding of the underlying processes through analysis of previous eruptions, experimental research and numerical modeling, are revealing more about the volumes, movements and characteristics of magma. We now know for example that magma chambers are not large cauldrons of magma, but small pockets dispersed throughout the crust, much like a sponge.</p>
<p>Additionally, satellites and airborne sensors streaming data in near real time have proven a game changer for helping predict how active eruptions might develop once under way.</p>
<p>While expensive cutting-edge technology like muon tomography could create 3D images of volcanic structures, what really excites Kolzenburg, is people power:</p>
<p>"We've recently seen, with the La Palma, Nyiragongo and Kilauea eruptions, an<span> </span><a href="http://www.jvolcanica.org/ojs/index.php/volcanica/article/view/137">international grassroots community pool of resources</a>. I'd put my faith in this interface of shared fieldwork, analytics and modeling, combined with seismology, to track the evolution of future eruptions."</p>
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<div class="d-inline-block text-medium my-4"><h1 class="text-extra-large line-low mb-2">Ice-capped volcanoes slower to erupt, study finds</h1>
<p><span>Lilian C. Lucas et al, The Impact of Ice Caps on the Mechanical Stability of Magmatic Systems: Implications for Forecasting on Human Timescales, </span><i>Frontiers in Earth Science</i><span> (2022). </span><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.868569" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DOI: 10.3389/feart.2022.868569</a><span>. </span><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.868569/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.frontiersin.org/articles/1 … art.2022.868569/full</a></p>
<p><a href="https://phys.org/news/2022-05-ice-capped-volcanoes-slower-erupt.html?utm_source=nwletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-nwletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://phys.org/news/2022-05-ice-capped-volcanoes-slower-erupt.htm...</a></p>
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