Randomized trials show no evidence of non-specific vaccine effects

Researchers  have conducted randomized trials involving thousands of children in Guinea-Bissau and Denmark to demonstrate so-called non-specific vaccine effects—that is, whether vaccines also protect against diseases other than the one they are designed to prevent.

A new comprehensive Danish review now shows that the trials have been unable to demonstrate non-specific effects for the widely used vaccinations against measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. The study has just been published in the journal Vaccine.

It is concerning that such a prominent research group has conducted so many randomized trials over such a long period without finding real results. Randomized trials are normally considered the gold standard in medical research, so if they do not show anything, one should be very cautious about presenting it as convincing evidence.

The new study is the first to systematically analyze all of Benn and Aaby's randomized trials. While others have previously criticized individual studies, the researchers behind the new review examined the full body of work.

Researchers find indications that the researchers systematically selected and highlighted results that supported their theories, while downplaying the fact that they did not confirm the primary hypothesis the trials were actually designed to test. When you look at the overall picture, there are almost no real findings left.

The results meant it was time to change the global approach to vaccination—all new vaccines should routinely be assessed for non-specific effects, and vaccination programs should be revised worldwide.

Part 1

The new review is based on 13 randomized trials presented in 26 articles containing more than 1,400 separate statistical analyses. Only one of the 13 randomized trials demonstrated the effect it was designed to detect—and that trial was stopped early and was considered unsuccessful by the researchers themselves.

The review showed that only about 7% of the many hypotheses tested by the researchers could be expected to be correct. Notably, this did not apply to the researchers' own primary hypotheses—these were not supported by the corrected results.

In 23 out of 25 articles, the researchers highlighted secondary findings as support for their theories, but in 22 of these cases the evidence disappeared after proper statistical handling. Overall, the researchers' interpretation did not take into account how many analyses they had conducted, and they did not focus on the main outcomes of the trials.
The researchers stress that the purpose was not to determine whether non-specific vaccine effects exist, but to examine Benn and Aaby's research practices.

"We hope that others in the field will now re-evaluate the evidence—what do we actually know about non-specific vaccine effects? Although Benn and Aaby have contributed about one-third of all research in the area, others have also studied the question, and this should be included to form a complete picture.

 Henrik Støvring et al, What is actually the emerging evidence about non-specific vaccine effects in randomized trials from the Bandim Health Project?, Vaccine (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127937

Part 2

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What puts the ‘cable’ in cable bacteria
The ‘wires’ that cable bacteria use to conduct electricity seem to be made of repeating units of a compound that contains nickel and sulfur. Researchers found that these units make up ‘nanoribbons’, which are woven together like a plait to form the larger wires. The work has yet to be peer reviewed, but if confirmed, the finding could be the first known example of a biologically produced metal–organic framework. “If it holds true, this is a major step in our understanding of what cable bacteria can accomplish,” says electromicrobiologist Lars Peter Nielsen, who co-discovered the microorganisms in 2009.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681601v1

https://www.science.org/content/article/metal-scaffolds-turn-bacter...