Krishna: 

Salinization of soil is an excessive accumulation of water-soluble salts.

What causes It? It happens either naturally or because of improper anthropogenic activities, particularly farming practices. Besides, some earths are initially saline due to low salt dissolution and removal. Causes include, dry climates and low precipitations when excessive salts are not flushed from the earth, high evaporation rate, which adds salts to the ground surface, poor drainage or waterlogging when salts are not washed due to a lack of water transportation, irrigation with salt-rich water, which amplifies salt content in earths, removal of deep-rooted vegetation and a raised water table as a consequence, leakage from geological deposits and penetration into groundwater, sea-level rise when sea salts seep into lower lands, breezes in the coastal areas that blow salty air masses to the nearby territories, seawater submergence followed by salt evaporation, and inappropriate application of fertilizers when excess nitrification accelerates soil salinization.

Salinization of soil negatively impacts plant development and induces land degradation. Saline earths show lower agricultural productivity. Plant withering occurs to a large extent because of it and crop loss causes economic distress. Reduction of biodiversity complicates the problem more. Appearance of salt-tolerant plants in the area and their further dominance becomes a huge headache to deal with.

You can prevent it by optimizing irrigation (reduce salty water usage). Add organic matter and manure to keep moisture and reduce irrigation. Restrain from deep tillage/heavy machinery not to transfer soil salts to the root zone area, which induces salinization. Use cover crops or mulch to protect the ground surface.

Finally, yes, soil salinity can be reversed in the initial stages, but it takes time and the process is expensive.

Managing soil salinity at early stages helps to reverse it. However, heavy contamination leads to complete loss of farmlands and desertification due to the negative effect of salinity on soil properties.

Solutions include improving the efficiency of irrigation channels, capturing and treating salty drainage water, setting up desalting plants, increasing the amount of water that gets into aquifers, increasing drainage for better flushing (to remove salts ), planting salt-tolerant crops, removing the salt crystals from the surface mechanically, restoring the balance via chemical amendments (e.g., gypsum or organic acids), and reducing evaporation with mulch or crop residue.

You can also pre-treat seeds with Sodium Chloride to promote seed germination , grow crops that can absorb moisture properly to avoid prolonged wetness of lands, and apply fertilizers rationally, as an overuse of certain chemicals promote more salinization.

Q: I have seen some videos in which people can move their joints to extremes without any difficulty. Can we do this too?

Krishna: Don't try this. Not everybody can be so flexible like they show in those videos

It all depends on your body type. There is a false assumption that anyone can be flexible, do splits and backbends however that’s not true. Some people are born with more flexibility than others.

Joint hypermobility ( or hyper flexibility) refers to increased active or passive movement of a joint beyond its normal range. One can have joint hypermobility without having a hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD)

Hypermobility disorders, which typically have a genetic cause and alter the connective tissues,  affect flexibility, in that people with the conditions show an excessive range of motion in their joints. 

Your flexibility is influenced by a variety of genetically inherited traits, including the structure of your joints, the length of your muscle fibres and the suppleness of your connective tissues.

We naturally lose some flexibility with age. This decrease is brought on by alterations in the tendons and ligaments that make up connective tissues, which lose their elasticity as we age.

Collagen and elastin are two proteins that are essential for preserving the elasticity and flexibility of our connective tissues. Collagen formation declines with age, and the existing collagen stiffens and becomes brittle.

Other age-related joint changes can impact flexibility, such as cartilage wear and tear, and sarcopenia or age-related muscle loss. This is why young people are generally more flexible than older adults.

If you try this, you will hurt yourself. Don't do that. Because you are not hyperflexible  like those persons in the videos. 

Q: Can science give birth to a new nature?

Krishna: A totally new nature? I don’t think so.

However, science and scientists can ‘modify nature’ to suit living beings to some extent and help us live comfortably for a longer period.

They alter lands for their personal uses like agriculture or building their habitats.

They build dams to control water flow to produce electricity and also increase irrigation chances throughout the year.

They can perform surgeries and correct congenital disorders of living bodies.

They can domesticate animals, create hybrid varieties to meet their needs.

Studying and understanding nature is not to create a new nature, just to redesign it for the welfare of the world.

However, Some people complain that science also brings with it a few bad things like commercial GM crops, nuclear bombs etc. along with the good it does to the mankind.

But according to the scientific community – science is like a knife. A knife can be used to cut throats and spill blood. It can also be used for good purposes like cutting fruits and vegetables. It depends on the person who uses it. Likewise science (represented by a test tube in the painting) can also be used for the benefit of living beings as well as for their destruction. Which way it goes is in the hands of the person who uses it. The choice is definitely yours, Homo sapiens.(1)

Footnotes:

1. https://www.kkartfromscience.com/popup/as10.html

Q: What do you think of plagiarism in science writing?

Krishna:

I spoke with some scientists and science writers in China, Russia and other countries whose first language is not English in this regard and we had a detailed discussion. 

Publishing in English is absolutely necessary to get recognition even if you don't know English. This has become a necessary evil. The people who speak English don't learn other languages but expect others to learn their language. Their monopoly is hurting people in other regions. All the major and important  science publications occur in English.

So others have to comply with the unwritten but demanding rules of the scientific world.

Now when a person whose first language is not English tries to write in English, his or her  language will not be as fluent as the ones the natives speak. Several papers are being rejected just because the authors' English  language is not fluent.

The authors in desperation are trying to use language translators. Most of these programmed 'translators' use a similar language as   the research papers of English writers. Sometimes they even 'copy' them. 

Sometimes, the original text is being quoted.

Despite giving citations this is being treated as 'plagiarism' by the Westerners. 

So these non-English speaking people say, "Their rules are very harsh and don't understand the problems faced by non-English speaking writers and authors. To hell with them".

Q: After some time, iron becomes rust, and this is irreversible. With sandpaper, we can remove the rust. Can we say that rusting is reversible when we use sandpaper?

Krishna: Rust is a general name for a complex of oxides and hydroxides of iron.

For light to moderate rust, you can use sanding sheets or abrasive pads. It's a simple method where you rub the rusty surface until you reach clean metal. For larger surfaces or tougher rust, power tools like electric sanders or drills with brush attachments can save time and effort.

You cannot reverse the reaction of rust, but you can remove rust from a surface and there are methods to prevent further rusting. During rusting, iron undergoes a series of changes and results in the formation of iron oxide (rust). This change cannot be reversed and is hence termed as a permanent change.

Any change which can be reversed or are temporary are called as reversible changes. Chemical reaction which can be reversed are called as reversible reaction.

A + B ⇄ C + D

Here A and B are two reactants which reacted to form C and D. The two headed arrow indicates that the reaction is reversible and A and B can be obtain back from C and D.

Any change which can not be reversed or are permanent are called as irreversible changes. Chemical reaction which cannot be reversed are called as irreversible reaction such reactions new substance is formed.

A + B →C + D

Here A and B are two reactants which reacted to form C and D. The single headed arrow indicates that the reaction is irreversible and A and B cannot be obtain back from C and D. Hence new substance is formed.

Rust is the crumbly, brown material which is caused by the chemical reaction of iron, water and oxygen.

So rusting of iron is an irreversible change in the normal conditions i.e. rust once formed can not be converted back into pure iron.

Here, you are not reversing the reaction at all when you are using the sand paper to remove it!

Having said that , I also want to add that almost all iron ores are oxides, so in that sense these materials are important precursors to iron metal and its many alloys.

Rust is apparently a hydrated form of iron(III)oxide. The formula is approximately Fe2O3•32H2O, although the exact amount of water is variable.

Rust is the common name for a very common compound, iron oxide. Iron oxide, the chemical Fe2O3, is common because iron combines very readily with oxygen -- so readily, in fact, that pure iron is only rarely found in nature.

Iron(III) oxide; Image source: Wikipedia

Heat is required to convert Fe2O3 into pure iron in the presence of excess carbon. Iron can be extracted from the iron(III) oxide found in iron ores (such as haematite) via an oxidation-reduction reaction with carbon. The thermochemical equation for this process is: 2 Fe2O3(8) + 3 C(s) → 4 Fe(1) + 3 CO2(g) ΔΗ +467,9 kJ (1).

So with some ‘intervention’ iron oxide found in the ore is converted into iron. That is how iron is extracted from ores.

Footnotes:

1. https://brainly.com/question/33304563

Q: Does too much reading turn you nuts?