Science, Art, Litt, Science based Art & Science Communication

Qs people asked me on science and my replies to them - Part 125

Q: Dr. Krishna, is it true that children who 're raised in dust and dirty conditions will be more immune to diseases than children who 're brought up in a clean environment? If this is true then what is the use of being clean?

Krishna: Several people asked me this Q. Yes, if you are exposed to more microbes in a dirty environment you develop immunity to them. Children develop less allergies.

But things are not that simple and rosy. It is a complex web and scary too at times.

To develop immunity, first a child will have to be exposed to micro-organisms. When the number of a particular species of a micro-organism a child is exposed to is more than the immune system can cope - this usually happens in very dirty conditions - the child develops various diseases and health conditions which make the child very weak and in severe cases if medical help is not available, the child can even die. That is more tragic. A disease-survived weak child gets more deadly diseases. This is a vicious cycle.

Dirty conditions also invite more disease carrying vectors like flies, mosquitoes, fruit-flies etc.

Moreover, very small children have less developed immune systems which cannot fight diseases. Once they develop dangerous diseases, death becomes inevitable.

Then do you think dirty conditions are good? No!

The best solution is being moderately clean and getting vaccinated. With vaccination you and your child will get exposed to killed or weakened microbes that cannot cause disease but at the same time you develop immunity to the microbe. Moderate cleaning keeps away most disease causing vectors and little bit exposure to pathogens and allergens make you immune to most diseases.

Q: Is it true that bathing in a tub makes you more dirty?

Krishna: If you are very dirty and when several people use the same tub for bathing, the answer is an emphatic yes. It is like bathing in your own dirt if you are very dirty. The dirt just comes off in the water and you are sitting in dirty water.

Moreover, various orifices of your body carry lots of microbes which can enter the water and coat you with microbial films.

Soaps you use can remove some of the microbes but with lots of the minute creatures all over the place you cannot avoid getting more vulnerable. Microbes are getting more and more resistant these days. Even if you use soaps and disinfectants, they might not work fully. Bleach and alcohol can work but you cannot bathe in those solutions.

If you enter a bath tub and stay there for some time, you will have to take a shower again to clean yourself. Period.

Q: Do we get water borne diseases when we bathe in rivers?

Krishna: If the water is crystal clear, you can bathe in rivers. Earlier people used to bathe in them without getting affected much.

But almost all the rivers are polluted now. Bathing in the dirty water can now get you - diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, giardiasis (an infection in your small intestine caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia), amoebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, dysentery, botulism, E. coli infection , salmonellosis, vibrio illness ( microbes enter through wounds and cause infection), M. marinum infection, swimmer's ear (infection of ear), hepatitis, acute gastrointestinal illness [AGI], polio, nematode and helminth infestations and several other diseases and health conditions. I have seen people taking water into their mouths while swimming in water. Most of them don't even wear protective gear to protect their eyes, nose and ears. If you have any cuts or wounds you should never enter dirty water bodies.

Yes, it is better to not to bathe in rivers now. Use only treated (for removal of contamination) or hot water to clean yourself.

Put a drop of untreated water under the microscope and you will see microbes similar to these ....

( 'Under the Microscope' art work by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa

Source: http://www.kkartfromscience.com )

Q: Should new born babies be bathed immediately after birth?

Krishna: These are WHO's recommendations (1):

WHO emphasizes key elements of newborn care including delayed bathing, skin-to-skin contact and immunization. WHO says bathing should be delayed until 24 hours after birth. If this is not possible due to cultural reasons, bathing should be delayed for at least 6 hours [according to medical practitioners the vernix (white waxy coating) is an excellent moisturizer and skin protector].

Consider the use of chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care for babies born at home to reduce newborn
mortality. For newborns who are born at home in settings with high neonatal mortality (30 or more neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births) it is recommended to apply chlorhexidine (7.1% chlorhexidine digluconate aqueous solution or gel, delivering 4% chlorhexidine) daily to the umbilical cord stump during the first week of life. This is a new recommendation, and clean, dry cord care remains the standard recommendation for newborns born in health facilities and at home in low neonatal mortality settings. The use of chlorhexidine in these situations may be considered only to replace application of a harmful traditional substance, such as cow dung or urine, to the cord stump.

Q: Can children have baths when they have infections like chicken pox? Why do scars occur and how can we avoid them?

Krishna: Yes, it's fine for your children to have a bath or a shower 'with clean water' despite being covered in chicken pox spots. Some children find that bathing in lukewarm water helps to ease the itching and if it works for your children you could let them have baths or showers until the spots become less itchy. Children with infections definitely feel better after a bath.

Scarring usually arises as a result of secondary infection of the chicken pox blisters, hence the advice not to scratch the blisters. Scratching the blisters may transfer bacteria from ones nails into the pox lesion thereby causing further inflammation that might leave a small permanent crater in the skin. Therefore, if your skin is very itchy apply some calamine lotion to the skin and re-apply the lotion frequently because its duration of action is quite short.

Also, it is important to understand that you have to use very clean water to avoid secondary infections.

Q: Does eating coconuts during chicken pox infection cause eye scarring and blindness?

Krishna: It just is a superstition. Coconuts don't cause blindness.

The chicken pox infection can cause sudden blindness or stroke and can be life-threatening. The varicella zoster virus, of the herpes virus family, can cause chicken pox and may reactivate later in life in the form of shingles, a very painful rash.

Some studies link the virus that causes chicken pox and shingles to a condition that inflames blood vessels on the temples and scalp in the elderly, called giant cell arteritis. One of these studies is published in the February 18, 2015, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of neurology. The condition can cause sudden blindness or stroke and can be life-threatening. The Varicella zoster virus, of the herpes virus family, can cause chicken pox and may reactivate later in life in the form of shingles, a very painful rash.

Shingles is a disease that causes a painful, blistering rash to form on the body and sometimes the face. The Varicella-zoster virus causes it. This is the same virus that causes chickenpox. Once you’ve had chickenpox, the virus stays in your system. It can reemerge decades later as shingles. In about 10 to 20 percent of people with shingles, the rash appears in and around the eye. This type of shingles is called ophthalmic herpes zoster, or herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Shingles in the eye can cause scarring, vision loss, and other long-term problems. You can prevent shingles of the eye and its complications by getting vaccinated if you’re over age 50.

Also Herpes simplex type 1, or HSV1, which causes cold sores on your lips and mouth, can also lead to eye problems. It usually results in an infected cornea. This is known as herpes simplex keratitis. Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV2) can also cause keratitis, mostly in newborns, but it’s rare. A swollen cloudy cornea results because of the infection and people think it is eating copra during chicken pox infection causes it which is not true.

Consult an eye doctor as soon as you notice itching or redness in the eye to avoid other complications. Doctors will prescribe antiviral eye drops, pills, or both.

Q: Can depression or tension lead to fever? If yes, then what is the scientific reason behind it?

Krishna: Yes, psychogenic fever ( some also call it functional hyperthermia) it is a stress-related, psychosomatic condition that manifests itself in a high body temperature. It is caused by exposure to emotional events or to chronic stress and mostly seen in young women. Some patients develop extremely high core body temperature (Tc) (up to 41°C) when they are exposed to emotional events, whereas others show persistent low-grade high Tc (37–38°C) during situations of chronic stress. The mechanism for psychogenic fever is not yet fully understood. However, clinical case reports demonstrate that psychogenic fever is not attenuated by antipyretic drugs, but by psychotropic drugs that display anxiolytic and sedative properties, or by resolving patients' difficulties via natural means or psychotherapy.

Animal studies have demonstrated that psychological stress increases Tc via mechanisms distinct from infectious fever (which requires proinflammatory mediators) and that the sympathetic nervous system, particularly β3-adrenoceptor-mediated non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, plays an important role in the development of psychological stress-induced hyperthermia. Acute psychological stress induces a transient, monophasic increase in Tc. In contrast, repeated stress induces anticipatory hyperthermia, reduces diurnal changes in Tc, or slightly increases Tc throughout the day. Chronically stressed animals also display an enhanced hyperthermic response to a novel stress, while past fearful experiences induce conditioned hyperthermia to the fear context. The high Tc that psychogenic fever patients develop may be a complex of these diverse kinds of hyperthermic responses (ref 2) .

Q: Can kissing babies get them diseases?

Krishna: If you have infections, don't even go near any baby. New born babies are more vulnerable to infections. An infant’s immune system doesn’t mature until around 2 to 3 months. This means that a 2-week-old baby’s immune system can’t fight viruses or bacteria nearly as well as a 3-month-old infant’s can. If the baby is weak because of malnutrition or infections, even after 3 months, the baby's immune system will be weak.

However, it should be noted that the mother’s immune system does continue to protect her infant with antibodies that were shared through the placenta immediately after birth. Those antibodies stay active for the first few weeks of a baby’s life. Later - after two months - the baby has to be immunized. Breastfeeding also boosts this early immunity.

Exposure to infected people and germs have to be restricted until the baby reaches atleast six month mark.

Herpes simplex viruses (that cause cold sores near mouth) can cause serve complications in newborns, and when left untreated, the infection results in death in 60 percent of cases, studies say. These viruses can infect the brain, leading to a condition called herpes encephalitis, which can result in seizures, intellectual disabilities, vision and hearing loss, according to some reports. The viruses can also infect multiple organs at the same time, including the liver, lungs and kidneys, and about 30 percent of infants with these widespread infections die. So if you have cold sores, don't kiss a baby.

Not only that don't share food with babies. If you have dental infections, babies can develop cavities in their milk teeth too! Don't share cups or utensils too. Several studies established the fact that the transmission of cavity-causing bacteria from moms or other adults in the family to babies is real and very much possible. When teeth first erupt in a baby, the enamel is very soft. They’re brand new virgin surfaces and are very susceptible.

If you are very healthy, just took a bath, you can give a dry peck on the cheeks of a six month old baby.

Yes, I know, we all love babies and like to hold, cuddle, rock and kiss babies. But don't try to spread diseases to the most vulnerable ones with your careless love.

And mothers, wipe your baby's check with a clean wet ( use boiled water to wet it) cloth as soon as someone gives a kiss to your baby.

Q: What are the new updates on bacteriophages that we can exploit to our benefit?

Krishna: There is an exciting new discovery I came across recently. The virus called VP882 was doing something that should be impossible for a thing that is not a bacterium, and not technically even alive: intercepting molecular messages exchanged by its host bacteria, and reading them to determine the best time to annihilate the whole bacterial colony!

Not only did it turn out to be true for VP882, researchers learned, there is a family of bacteria-infecting viruses (a subgroup of a kind called bacteriophages, or just “phages”) that eavesdrop on their hosts’ routine molecular communications with other bacteria. This is a spy phage! This phage spy is interestingly listening to its host bacteria - to its molecular communication with other bacteria - silently and choosing the opportune time to strike. That means VP882’s kill trigger could be easily manipulated to target any bacteria, scientists say—opening the possibility that the virus could be engineered into an ideal killing machine for dangerous pathogens.

Isn't that mind-blowingly thrilling?! Anybody who says science is boring must be blind and deaf to these new explorations we come across each day .

Q: Is there evidence of consciousness?

Krishna: The very fact that you are reading this answer and are able to realize that you are reading it and trying to understand it is evidence of your consciousness.

An experimental evidence: If you assume consciousness exists, then you can try to turn it off, and we do just this through a very common tool: anesthesia. “Loss of consciousness” due to an anesthetic chemical and return of consciousness as soon as the 'blockage' or 'disruption' or 'turning off neurons' is removed is evidence enough to say consciousness exists.

Consciousness is a coherent network of information processing propagated by neurons.

This is evidence from data interpretation from experiments.

Q: Is sleep loss of consciousness?

Krishna: Sleep is a different state of or change of consciousness, not loss of consciousness according to neuro-scientists. It is not a loss of consciousness as in anesthesia, rather, it is a different type of conscious experience. There tends to be more activity in your brain when you are asleep when compared to being awake, so based on mechanistic action alone you can easily say that sleeping is not an absence of consciousness (such as is the case in brain death). If anything your consciousness goes into “screen saver” mode (your dreams) which keeps it disconnected from physical reality. By doing this you are left self-paralyzed in order to grow and heal and consolidate information as happens during sleep.

Q: Why does my brain work sometimes fast and sometimes slow?

Krishna: Processing speed of a brain means: the rate at which a human can take in a bit of new information, reach some understanding on it and then formulate a response.

A lot of things control this ... like the quality of sleep or lack of it, the food you eat - brain needs energy too to process things, lack of enough knowledge and exercise to process things, medicines you take, multi-tasking - if you try to do too many things at a time, it slows down very frequently like mine does, conditioning of brain - sometimes your brain simply refuses to think on its own for various reasons and just blindly follow others, emotional states like fear, stress, etc., age - old age declines the speed of brain processing, health conditions like diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure or other so-called vascular risk factors can wear away at the blood vessels feeding the brain's white matter, starving axons of much needed oxygen and glucose making the processing slow (some people may have a genetic predisposition to age-related white matter decay). In some individuals, slowed processing speed could be the first sign of a neurodegenerative illness, such as Alzheimer's disease. Head trauma, including concussions, may play a role too in slowing down the processing in the brain.

With so many things trying to control your brain, anything could slow down the normal processing.

Q: Why do people like you with lots of scientific knowledge think differently from others who lack it?

Krishna: The answer is quite obvious!

The knowledge we have shapes up our thinking. For instance, I know how some microbes cause health problems. I have complete picture of the process in front of my mind. I have irrefutable evidence of it. Therefore, that sculpts my thinking and behaviour.

On the other hand people without this knowledge don't have any picture of microbial world before them. In a way they are blind or atleast partially blind. How can a blind person see things that can influence his thinking process? He merely does things like how a blind man goes about in the world.

I have seen people around me doing silly things because they don't have any scientific knowledge. Even when I tell them briefly about these things, they fail to realize the full potential of the danger. Partial knowledge makes people complacent.

A few years back I visited a few people whose houses 're in a low lying area. Whenever the drainage pipes got blocked in their area, the drainage water used to enter their houses. I warned them that it 's dangerous because this water could spread severe harmful contagious diseases and told them to raise the drainage pipe levels in their houses. 'It costs lots of money', was their excuse for not accepting my warning. So they simply laughed it away and ignored my piece of advice.

Later some of these people died because of septicemia and hepatitis infections. Then only they realized the severity of my warning. Now, of course they did exactly what I told them to do! It took some loss of life to wake them up to the real danger!

Had I not told them about the dangers of coming into contact with drainage water, they would have thought God's wrath had caused this misery and performed some rituals to pacify the Gods but with no results!

That is the difference between having full knowledge, partial knowledge or no knowledge at all!

And that is why we try to circulate atleast partial knowledge ( full knowledge is complicated and people usually don't like to deal with it like the experts do) so that people can come to their senses when their thinking based on ignorance doesn't work. But going as far as death takes them to realize their mistakes is a real tragedy. So my sincere request is ... listen to experts in science. They are your well wishers, not your enemies. Above all they are people who can predict things with accuracy based on their knowledge. Ignore them at your own peril.

Q: In what way AI and robots more good at surgeries than a well trained doctor?

Krishna: Robots are fatigue resistance and can work for several hours at a stretch unlike human beings. They also have increased range of motion and resistance to shaking. It was found that robots do work more accurately than human beings.

A human surgeon (master) controls the robot (slave), situated near the patient and a few feet away from the operator, in real time. The technical benefits of using surgical robots have translated into improved outcomes and reduced complications for certain procedures such as prostate surgery.

Q: How do sugars we eat affect our health apart from making us fat and unhealthy?

Krishna: Recent research (3) shows that these simple sugars (like sucrose and fructose) impact good microbes in our gut.

Simple sugars…like those in high fructose corn syrup or the table sugar formally known as sucrose…were thought to be absorbed in the small intestine, so a lot of our gut bacteria would never actually be exposed to them. Because fiber and complex carbs, made of long chains of sugar molecules, are harder to digest…they make it all the way to the large intestine, where they promote the growth of good bacteria like Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron…a microbe found in individuals who are healthy and lean.

But now what this study actually shows is that both fructose and sucrose do make it to the colon where the microbiota exist. And second that these sugars impact a good bacterium even though nutrition is not involved. In other words, the bacteria are not using fructose and sucrose as food. Instead, the sugars serve as signals that shut down production of a protein that is beneficial for Bacteroides which need to colonize the intestine. That is bad news.

Q: Does physical exercise affect our brains too?

Krishna: Yes, undoubtedly. Exercise affects the brain in many ways. It increases heart rate, which pumps more oxygen to the brain. It aids the release of hormones which provide an excellent environment for the growth of brain cells. Exercise also promotes brain plasticity by stimulating growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain. Research from UCLA even demonstrated that exercise increased growth factors in the brain which makes it easier for the brain to grow new neuronal connections.

From a more feel-good perspective, the same antidepressant-like effects associated with the "runner's high" has been correlated with a drop in stress hormones. A study from Stockholm showed that the antidepressant effect of running was also associated with more cell growth in the hippocampus, an area of the brain responsible for learning and memory. The study went as far as to say “Thus, suppression of cell proliferation in the hippocampus could constitute one of the mechanisms that underlie depression, and physical activity might be an efficient antidepressant.

Q: Is it possible that some PhDs never heard about a few terms in their own fields?

Krishna: Yes, it is possible! A PhD in any topic is actually very specific in the material it covers. It doesn't deal with everything in the subject. However, a person who went to do research in any field would usually have studied all the general areas of his or her field in that PG course.

Recently some physicists agreed that they never heard the term exergy (available energy). They explained this 's because they branched into and working in separate areas of physics (not thermodynamics to which this term belongs) where this term is not used! A person whose research topic was semiconductors will not have any special ability to talk about astrophysics or quantum computing. They know a lot about semiconductors alright but not about supernovae and terms used to describe it. The point here is that physics is a very broad subject, and it’s quite possible for two physicists to have almost entirely different sets of physics knowledge in their brains, regardless of being masters or research scholars at PhD level.

Also this term exergy must have been coined by some person who 's not very much known in the field and as it 's not widely accepted, it 's not a specialist term. Therefore, they use common language terms instead of it. People usually describe things instead of using a specific term. For this reason, it’s highly likely that the majority of physics PhD candidates have never encountered ‘exergy’ in their lives, and probably haven’t studied any more thermodynamics than any other physics student covers in the first or second year of their undergraduate degree. It just isn’t a particularly important thing. Moreover, it is not surprising if a PhD candidate has forgotten some stuff that he once knew, but hasn't used for several years, if his field of study goes nowhere near this topic. What matters to a physicist isn't a comprehensive knowledge of phrases and terminology — but an understanding of the concepts to do research.

So they don't worry about some unknown jargon.

Science is such a vast subject and keeping up with all of it is highly impossible to even specialists in the subject. So don't expect that the experts would know everything about science. They don't most of the time!

Q: What is the use of having so much knowledge? One day you will die and all that learning is going to be a waste!

Krishna: Don't be so optimistic about wasting my knowledge! :) I might be a mortal but my knowledge is immortal! I am sharing it with several people who will see to it that it continues to live as long as this world exists. Moreover, I and everybody who come in contact with this knowledge can use it throughout our lives improving tremendously the quality of each life that goes the scientific way .

Knowledge will never go waste. That is a rule etched in stone.

Q: Will science get success in controlling the minds of the other people with the help of a device?

Krishna: What?! Any sane minded scientist will detest to do such things. Science wants to help people, not control them in any way.

Okay, scientists controlled by Governments when forced to do such things, might try and succeed.

Controlling insane minds (because of bad circuits in the brain) using medicines can be done.

Q: Is weight-gain in old people bad?

Krishna: Unintensional weight change for aging adults, either gain or loss, was found to be bad in recent studies (4).

This study has found that a weight change of ten percent or more increases the risk of death in middle-aged and elderly Singaporean Chinese. The researchers found that both moderate-to-large weight gain and weight loss, defined as a change of ten percent or more in weight, are linked to increased risk of death among middle-aged and elderly Chinese Singaporeans, particularly from cardiovascular disease. Surprisingly, weight loss was associated with higher risk than weight gain. Furthermore, excessive weight loss increased risk of death among participants who were overweight or obese to start with, and excessive weight gain might increase risk even among participants with low or normal body mass index at baseline.

The findings suggest that moderate-to-large weight change in mid-life and older age should be monitored closely by health practitioners, and weight loss, especially, should be considered critically in elderly individuals as it may be related to loss of muscle mass, frailty and poor control of chronic diseases.

Therefore, maintaining a constant weight is important and when drastic changes occur that go either way, you should immediately go for health check-ups. Unexplained, unintentional weight loss is often a result of illness and should be evaluated by a health care professional.

Q: How do I view spirits, angels, demons that I know are there but my naked eye cannot see them?

Krishna: You know that they are there? Good, how do you know? Show me the evidence!

If you really want to see them you have to take some hallucinogenic drugs!

But I don’t recommend them as they are dangerous.

If you take them you will have hallucinations and delusions including the ones you mentioned.

You can also ‘imagine things’ if you have fear, extreme emotions, mental conditions and things like that.

According to science there is no evidence of ghosts, spirits , devils etc. So there is no choice but to go the alternate ways if you want to ‘see them’ !

Science and the paranormal

Q: Can papaya leaf extracts cure dengue like some people claim?

Krishna: There are 'dubious' ( dubious statistics, problematic blinding, and interpretation problems to suggest how this drug may be helpful in increasing the lowered platelet count, a symptom of dengue fever that may cause bleeding, ref 5) research studies on this. No significant differences can be observed between patients receiving papaya drug vs. control group, when these papaers were analyzed by experts (8).

Facebook is not the right place to publish work on health issues. Why don't they publish in a good journal like lancet or BMJ? Because good journals don't accept false claims! Some results were published in an Indian journal (6, 7) which contained several errors. One study was also not blinded, which means that expectations of drug performance from the patients and health practitioners can hugely impact the results. Moreover, while a dose of this drug up to 0.25 g to 0.5 g/Kg body weight is considered safe, higher doses can lead to side effects such as rash, itching, pain abdomen, nausea and vomiting. These side effects are the very debilitating side effects of dengue fever that patients are trying to recover from.

Why are these claims false? The FB post fails to mention that even if the drug may be slightly effective in increasing the platelet count, it is not an indication of recovery from the dengue infection itself. Moreover, the studies do not measure the effects of ‘Caripill’ ( a pill based on papaya leaf extract) in those patients where platelet count is at dangerous low (i.e. in extremes forms of dengue) or compared the data with patients who received transfusion therapy. The studies do not measure the changes in dengue viral load or the extend of symptoms such as fever or rashes, which are the a real indicators of recovery. With large errors bars in the research data, it is likely that this drug is effective in only in some patients, not all, and is not devoid of producing adverse effects as projected.

Caripill papaya drug may have a weak effect on platelet counts, but that does not reduce the viral infection itself, according to experts. It is highly likely that dengue patients are returning to normal health without any treatments. That is, similar to other non-life-threatening viral infections, patients’ innate immune system develops antibodies against dengue serotypes without external interventions. Even if Caripill has an effect on increasing platelets, it does not reflect on the recovery of the dengue symptoms or protect from getting dengue hemorrhagic fever (8).

Therefore, dubious claims that have no solid evidence cannot be accepted as a medical fact. My advice to you is please don't go for these pills, until facts are fully established.

Q: What are some learnings in microbiology that can make our life simpler?

Krishna: When you have the whole picture of the microbial world before you, along with some knowledge about your body, you can hoodwink the harmful microbes perfectly and escape infections to a large extent! That is how my ‘healthiness made simpler’ to me.

the-road-to-a-healthy-life

A Novel Way to Fight Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Q: Do you agree with The Economist's article on why doing a PhD is a waste of time?

https://medium.economist.com/why-doing-a-phd-is-often-a-waste-of-ti...

Krishna: No, I don’t agree with it at all.

First, PhD or research training wasn’t boring at all in my case. I enjoyed the thrill every moment of it. I was completely immersed in it as it was very thrilling and challenging.

Second a person who really is interested in scientific research and experienced the thrill of it, will not think much about the money aspect. I never do.

PhD is completely different from your Masters degree in science and without the training you find it difficult to do regular research as a scientist or a professor.

After completing my PhD, I am more confident now and became more independent. I wasn’t so confident after completing my masters. PhD training has a definite advantage over PG.

Also, I am more ‘learned’ now, ‘know more’ now, ‘more intelligent’ now, ‘more creative’ now, and feel like a ‘complete person’.

The article in The Economist was written by a person who couldn’t go very far and therefore is a frustrated being.

My world is different from it and therefore my view is completely dissimilar from this person’s analysis.

References:

1. https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/publications/WHO-MCA-...

2. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23328940.2015.1056907

3. https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/12/12/1813780115

4. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-018-0259-y

5. https://www.facebook.com/healthdigest/photos/a.187939824672351/2106...

6. Gadhwal, A. K., Ankit, B. S., Chahar, C., Tantia, P., Sirohi, P., & Agrawal, R. P. (2016). Effect of Carica papaya leaf extract capsule on platelet count in p.... J Assoc Physicians India, 64(6), 22-6.

7. Kasture, P. N., Nagabhushan, K. H., & Kumar, A. (2016). A multi-centric, double blind, placebo controlled, randomized, pros...J Assoc Physicians India, 64(6), 15-20.

Qs people asked me on science and my replies to them - Part 125

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