Research unveils patterns in brain activity associated with intergroup conflicts

This study is among the first to investigate the synchronization of neural activity within groups in relation to individual and group-level decision-making.

 the first to uncover brain-to-brain coupling at the level of larger groups, and crucially, to show that this neural synchronization predicts collective decision making. Their work could open up new horizons for future studies exploring how social interactions can shape brain activity and how these socially shaped neural patterns can in turn drive collective actions.

This his work reveals how individuals in already established groups interact and make group decisions. We also collected new data regarding the formation of group, to reveal the neural mechanism of how single individuals form a group. In our next studies, we are interested in exploring the influence of group structure (such as peer group, leader-follower etc.) on intergroup interaction.

A new theorem predicts that stationary black holes must have at least one light ring

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-theorem-stationary-black-holes.html?u...

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-sea-snail-human-insulin-hybrid.html?u...

Sea snail, human insulin hybrid could lead to better diabetes treatments

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"'Encoding mode' is more than simply paying attention to the task at hand. It is paying attention to encoding, which selectively ramps up activity in the part of the brain that is the most important for making new memories: the hippocampus. 

Zhisen J. Urgolites el al., "Spiking activity in the human hippocampus prior to encoding predicts subsequent memory," PNAS (2020). www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2001338117

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-brain-ready.html?utm_source=...

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-remote-neurons.html?utm_source=nwlett...

A remote control for neurons: Researchers have created a new technology that enhances scientists' ability to communicate with neural cells using light.

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-geometry-intricately-fabricated-glass...

Geometry of intricately fabricated glass makes light trap itself

Extinction rate is accelerating, according to researchers

Loss of land-based vertebrates is accelerating, study finds

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-loss-land-based-vertebrates.html?utm_...

'Black nitrogen': Researchers discover new high-pressure material and solve a puzzle of the periodic table

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-black-nitrogen-high-pressure-material...

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-human-factor-limits-climate.html?utm_...

The human factor limits hope of climate fixes

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-scientists-reveal-energy-exchange-tro...

Scientists reveal energy exchange between troposphere and ionosphere in Congo Basin

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-today-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-grea...

Study shows today's atmospheric carbon dioxide levels greater than 23 million-year record

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-hot-stars-plagued-giant-magnetic.html...

Hot stars are plagued by giant magnetic spots

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-milky-hot-halo-astronomers.html?utm_s...

The Milky Way has one very hot halo, astronomers find

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-patterns-spiral-galaxies-universe.htm...

Study finds that patterns formed by spiral galaxies show that the universe may have a defined structure

Class of stellar explosions found to be galactic producers of lithium

Classical novae

The formation of the universe, commonly referred to as the "Big Bang," primarily formed the elements hydrogen, helium and a little lithium. All the other chemical elements, including the majority of lithium, are formed in stars.

Classical novae are a class of stars consisting of a white dwarf (a stellar remnant with the mass of the sun but the size of Earth) and a larger star in close orbit around the white dwarf.

Gas falls from the larger star onto the white dwarf, and when enough gas has accumulated on the white dwarf, an explosion, or nova, occurs. There are about 50 explosions per year in our galaxy and the brightest ones in the night sky are observed by astronomers worldwide.

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-class-stellar-explosions-galactic-lit...

Carbon–Oxygen Classical Novae Are Galactic 7Li Producers as well as Potential Supernova Ia Progenitors, Astrophysical Journal (2020). iopscience.iop.org/article/10. … 847/1538-4357/ab8d23

Wallpaper image crashing Android phones

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-wallpaper-image-android.html?ut...

The warning posted by Ice Universe ironically prompted some in the Android community to go out of their way to install the image to see what happens, and wound up suffering crashes. One flabbergasted Twitter user commented to Ice Universe, "You asked people to not set this as their wallpaper with a warning, and all of a sudden everybody is trying it. What a stupid world [we] are living in."

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https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/oldest-land-animal-1.5592917?utm...

Scientists find oldest fossil of a land animal

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https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01574-4?utm_source=Natur...

Scientists probe risk from infected animals: What’s the risk that animals will spread the coronavirus?
Researchers say there’s an urgent need to find out whether animals can catch the virus and pass it to people.

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Scientists say, 'no jokes please' or 'positive pseudo-science': This is not the time to suggest, even jokingly, that this is an opportunity to churn out our best work 'like Newton did during the plague'.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01591-3?utm_source=Natur...

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https://www.the-scientist.com/infographics/Infographic-dna-isnt-alw...

DNA Isn’t Always Right-Handed

https://www.ehn.org/impact-of-climate-change-on-wildlife-2646126504...

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https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/neuroscience/air-pollution...

How air pollution messes with our minds

Air pollution inflames the brain, sparking reactions that lead to diseases such as dementia and autism

--

https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-found-a-way-to-infect-...

Scientists Find a Way to Infect Mice With Coronavirus. Here's Why That's So Important

--

https://www.sciencealert.com/new-clinical-trial-points-to-how-psilo...

First-of-Its-Kind Study Hints at How Psilocybin Works in The Brain to Dissolve Ego

--

https://www.sciencealert.com/as-the-world-gets-hotter-thousands-of-...

Thousands of Species Are Fleeing to Earth's Poles en Masse, And a Pattern's Emerging

--

https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-reported-the-first-cas...

For The First Time Ever, Scientists Have Created Hexagonal Salt

--

https://www.scidev.net/global/food-security/news/famine-risk-for-mi...

Famine risk for millions in second locust wave

Atmospheric scientists identify cleanest air on Earth in first-of-its-kind study

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-atmospheric-scientists-cleanest-air-e...

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https://www.livescience.com/27853-who-invented-zero.html#:~:text=%2...

Who Invented Zero?

--

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-inflammation-boosts-cognitiv...

Reducing inflammation boosts cognitive recovery after stroke, may extend treatment window

--

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-sars-cov-infection-cells-nas...

Researchers map SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells of nasal cavity, bronchia, lungs

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-neutron-stars.html?utm_source=nwlette...

Researchers discover a new type of matter inside neutron stars

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-terahertz-disrupt-proteins-cells.html...

Terahertz radiation can disrupt proteins in living cells

Terahertz radiation is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between microwaves and infrared light, which is often known as the "terahertz gap" because of the current lack of technology to manipulate it efficiently. Because terahertz radiation is stopped by liquids and is non-ionizing—meaning that it does not damage DNA in the way that X-rays do—work is ongoing to put it to use in areas such as airport baggage inspections. It has generally been considered to be safe for use in tissues. However, some recent studies have found that it may have some direct effect on DNA, though it has little ability to actually penetrate into tissues, meaning that this effect would only be on surface skin cells.

"It was quite interesting for us to see that terahertz radiation can have an effect on proteins inside cells without killing them cells themselves. We will be interested in looking for potential applications in cancer and other diseases."

Shota Yamazaki et al. Propagation of THz irradiation energy through aqueous layers: Demolition of actin filaments in living cells, Scientific Reports (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65955-5

Searching for new sources of matter–antimatter symmetry breaking in Higgs boson interaction with top quarks

When a particle is transformed into its antiparticle and its spatial coordinates inverted, the laws of physics are required to stay the same—or so we thought. This symmetry—known as CP symmetry (charge conjugation and parity symmetry) – was considered to be exact until 1964, when a study of the kaon particle system led to the discovery of CP violation.

CP violation is an essential feature of our universe. The imbalance between matter and antimatter, which led to the present-day universe, is a consequence of CP-violating processes that occurred just moments after the Big Bang. However, the size of CP violation, observed so far exclusively in the weak interaction, is insufficient to account for the present matter–antimatter imbalance. New sources of CP violation must therefore exist.

The discovery of the Higgs boson has opened up opportunities for physicists to search for these new sources of CP violation. The ATLAS Collaboration at CERN has performed a direct test of the CP properties of the interaction between the Higgs boson and top quarks. The result is based on an analysis of the full Run-2 dataset from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), looking at collision events where the Higgs boson is produced in association with one or two top quarks, and decays into two photons. A similar analysis has been recently released by the CMS Collaboration.

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-sources-matterantimatter-symmetry-hig...

New discovery could highlight areas where earthquakes are less likely to occur

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-discovery-highlight-areas-earthquakes...

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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/covid-19-surgisphere-...

Governments & WHO changed Covid-19 policy based on suspect data from tiny company Surgisphere whose employees include a scifi writer & adult content model, provided database behind Lancet and New England Journal of Medicine hydroxychloroquine studies

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https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-exploring-nature-anomalous-p...

Exploring the nature of anomalous psychedelic experiences

--

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-fruit-reveals-link-gut-death...

Fruit fly study reveals link between the gut and death by sleep deprivation

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-dna-barcoded-microbial-spores-agricul...

DNA-barcoded microbial spores can trace origin of objects, agricultural products

--

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-tumors-disrupt-immune-body.h...

Tumors disrupt the immune system throughout the body

--

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-hairy-lab-grown-human-skin-c...

Researchers grow hairy skin from human stem cells

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-black-holes-hologram.html?utm_source=...

Black holes are like a hologram

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-one-of-a-kind-microscope-enables-brea...

Dramatic breakthrough in the field of quantum science: a quantum microscope that records the flow of light, enabling the direct observation of light trapped inside a photonic crystal.

Solar geoengineering schemes could have other long-lasting effects on the climate:Reflecting sunlight to cool the planet will cause other global changes

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-sunlight-cool-planet-global.html?utm_...

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https://theconversation.com/the-fascinating-history-of-clinical-tri...

The fascinating history of clinical trials

https://theconversation.com/randomised-control-trials-what-makes-th...

Randomised control trials: what makes them the gold standard in medical research?

--

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/science/mass-extinctions-are-acc...

Five hundred species are likely to become extinct over the next two decades, according to a new study.

--

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/humans-inoculated-with-g...

Humans Inoculated with Genetically Modified Malaria Parasites

Engineered Plasmodium parasites form the basis of two experimental malaria vaccines that showed safety and encouraging immune responses in clinical trials.

--

https://www.sciencealert.com/colliding-neutron-stars-have-just-reve...

There's Now Strong Evidence That an Exotic Type of Matter Exists Inside Neutron Stars

--

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/06/why-coronavirus-hits-men-ha...

Why coronavirus hits men harder: sex hormones offer clues

Sport: Why does crowd noise matter?

But why do we care so much about crowd noise, and why do many of us feel we need it?

It’s because it bonds us with members of our tribe, provides us a sense of connection, and acts as a psychological cue for when to pay particular attention to the action, like a goal opportunity. Without it, sport just doesn’t seem as exciting.

https://theconversation.com/why-does-crowd-noise-matter-139662?utm_...

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https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-what-a-second-wave-might-lo...

Coronavirus: what a second wave might look like

https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-and-diabetes-the-different-...

Coronavirus and diabetes: the different risks for people with type 1 and type 2

Cluster headache is more than ‘just a headache’ – but this excruciating condition is often misdiagnosed

https://theconversation.com/cluster-headache-is-more-than-just-a-he...

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https://theconversation.com/evolution-why-it-seems-to-have-a-direct...

Evolution: why it seems to have a direction and what to expect next

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-stellar-snake-cosmic-neighborhood.htm...

Stellar 'snake' found in the cosmic neighborhood

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-mysterious-interstellar-visitor-dark-...

Mysterious interstellar visitor was probably a 'dark hydrogen iceberg,' not aliens

--

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-battery-components-recycled-fer...

Battery components recycled into fertilizer

--

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-robot.html?utm_source=nwletter&...

What will it take for us to trust a robot?

--

https://theconversation.com/hydrogen-cars-wont-overtake-electric-ve...

Hydrogen cars won’t overtake electric vehicles because they’re hampered by the laws of science

--

How to avoid disinformation and misinformation on Facebook and Twitter

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-disinformation-misinformation-f...

Published scientific research, like any piece of writing, is a peculiar literary genre.

https://www.nytimes.com/article/how-to-read-a-science-study-coronav...

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$$ https://phys.org/news/2020-06-poisoned-arrow-defeat-antibiotic-resi...

Researchers develop 'poisoned arrow' to defeat antibiotic-resistant bacteria

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-people.html?utm_source=nwletter&u...

People try to do right by each other, no matter the motivation, study finds

--

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-twins-sensitivity-partly-gen...

Study in twins finds our sensitivity is partly in our genes

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-lefties-rightif-one-in-a-million-gard...

Two lefties make a right—if you are a one-in-a-million garden snail

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-reveals-pathway-blocks-life.html?utm_...

Study reveals continuous pathway to building blocks of life

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-synthetic-red-blood-cells-mimic.html?...

Synthetic red blood cells mimic natural ones, and have new abilities

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-dark-energy-expansion-cosmic.html?utm...

New test of dark energy and expansion from cosmic structures

** https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/sars-cov-2-spike-protein...

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Shares Sequence with a Human Protein

Eight amino acids are identical to part of the human epithelial sodium channel, leading researchers to suspect the virus might interfere with the channel’s function.

--

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-transport-crucial...

How to Transport Crucial Vaccines without Cooling

Unlike vials, flexible films could preserve medicines for long periods, with no refrigeration needed

--

Ladybird Beetle Inspired Compliant Origami and deployable wing module for multi-modal robot

A mirror image of Earth and sun

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-mirror-image-earth-sun.html?utm_sourc...

The modern world is fast becoming a wireless, infrared world

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-modern-world-fast-wireless-infr...

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-robot-dog-hounds-thai-shoppers....

Robot dog hounds shoppers to keep hands virus-free

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-molecules-captured-video-unprecedente...

Single molecules captured on video at an unprecedented 1,600 frames per second

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why do we burp?

There are two types of burping, but mainly we burp to get rid of swallowed air from our stomach.

There are two types of burping. The first is known as gastric burping, which comes from your stomach. It is the most common type of burp.

Gastric burping is a normal way our body gets rid of swallowed air. We may not realise it, but every time we swallow food, around a tablespoon worth of air also enters our stomach.

Eventually, this buildup of air stretches the stomach and causes both the valves to relax at both the top and bottom of your food pipe.

For the air that escapes upwards from your stomach, your muscles help to push the air out. These muscles are in a part of your body called your “diaphragm”, and also the muscles at the front of your tummy, which you might call your “abs” or “six-pack”.

These muscles push the air up your oesophagus and then out of your mouth (or sometimes your nose!).

https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-why-do-we-burp-137493?utm_...

Revolutionary microscopy technique sees individual atoms for first time

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01658-1?utm_source=Natur...

India expands use of controversial drug for coronavirus despite safety concerns
Top medical agency says its studies show hydroxychloroquine can prevent infection, but regulators in other countries are investigating adverse effects.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01619-8?utm_source=Natur...

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https://www.wired.com/story/tear-gas-rubber-bullets-nonlethal-harm-...

A Brief History of Human Coronaviruses

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/a-brief-history-of-human...

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Some People May Have a Head Start Against Coronavirus, Surprising Evidence Shows

https://www.sciencealert.com/surprise-finding-suggests-some-people-...

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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/12/where-is-the-edg...

Where, exactly, is the edge of space? It depends on who you ask.

The oldest and largest known monument built by the Mayan civilisation has been found in Mexico. Called Aguada Fénix, it is a huge raised platform 1.4 kilometres long.
 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2245181-weve-just-found-the-la...

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https://www.newscientist.com/article/2244765-parkinsons-disease-may...

Parkinson’s disease may spread from brain to gut and vice versa

Preserving fruits and vegetables in a natural way ....

Read the abstract at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201908291.

This news release can be found online at https://news.rice.edu/2020/06/04/egg-based-coating-preserves-fresh-...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-06/ru-ecp060420.php

Egg-based coating preserves fresh produce

Why we should trust registered clinical trials

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-06/bu-wws060420.php

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Oxidative stress and growth factors associated with development of high myopia

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200604/Oxidative-stress-and-gro...

--

Can you fold paper more than 7 times with hydraulic press

Scientists develop unique polymer coating to tackle harmful fungi

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-scientists-unique-polymer-coating-tac...

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-shocker-japan-firms-electrifyin...

Shocker! Japan firms' electrifying fabric zaps bacteria

--

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-microglia-olfactory-bulb-nos...

Microglia in the olfactory bulb have a nose for protecting the brain from infection

Thwarting deadly heart blockages with organic nanoparticles

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-thwarting-deadly-heart-blockages-nano...

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-scientists-iron-physics-wrinkling.htm...

Scientists iron out the physics of wrinkling

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-proton.html?utm_source=nwletter&u...

Physicists around the world are cracking open the proton, within the nucleus of the atom, to see what's inside.

--

** https://phys.org/news/2020-06-thousands-tons-ocean-pollution-habits...

Thousands of tons of ocean pollution can be saved by changing washing habits

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-anti-virus-masks-plague-hong-kong.htm...

Anti-virus face masks plague beaches

How researchers are dealing with the plastic problem ....

--

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-politics-coronavirus.html?utm_s...

How governments control coronavirus data

How is a metal formed?

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-metal.html?utm_source=nwletter&ut...

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https://sciencex.com/news/2020-06-weve-deadly-bacteria-common-sugar...

Scientists have discovered how the deadly bacteria use a common sugar to spread through the body. It could help us stop them!

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-bacteria-mass-suicide-defend-colony.h...

Bacteria perform mass suicide to defend their colony

 https://theconversation.com/why-do-protests-turn-violent-its-not-ju...

Why do protests turn violent?

--

https://theconversation.com/plates-cups-and-takeaway-containers-sha...

Plates, cups and takeaway containers shape what (and how) we eat

--

Excited delirium: How debatable excuses can be used to defend some cases of police brutality

Excited (or agitated) delirium is characterized by agitation, aggression, acute distress and sudden death, often in the pre-hospital care setting. It is typically associated with the use of drugs that alter dopamine processing, hyperthermia, and, most notably, sometimes with death of the affected person in the custody of law enforcement. Subjects typically die from cardiopulmonary arrest, although the cause is debated. Unfortunately an adequate treatment plan has yet to be established, in part due to the fact that most patients die before hospital arrival. While there is still much to be discovered about the pathophysiology and treatment, it is hoped that this extensive review will provide both police and medical personnel with the information necessary to recognize and respond appropriately to excited delirium.

https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/what-excited-d...

Nobel prizewinners have different career patterns than peers

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-nobel-prizewinners-career-patterns-pe...

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https://www.sciencealert.com/70-of-those-infected-with-the-coronavi...

Preliminary Research Says 70% of Those Infected With Coronavirus Don't Pass It On

Japan's success stems from adherence to the "3 C's rule." The government told people to avoid closed spaces, crowded places, and close-contact settings – all of which are ripe for superspreading events.

Superspreader events, in which one person infects a disproportionately large number of others, are the primary means by which the coronavirus spreads, new preprint research suggests.

How long does the coronavirus last inside the body?

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/06/how-long-does-co...

--

https://www.quantamagazine.org/why-sleep-deprivation-kills-20200604/

Why Sleep Deprivation Kills
Going without sleep for too long kills animals. Newly published work suggests that the answer lies in an unexpected part of the body.

--

$$ https://www.sciencealert.com/this-is-how-a-medical-study-gets-vette...

This Is How a Medical Study Gets Published in a Scientific Journal, And Why Most Don't

--

https://theconversation.com/will-flu-or-cold-viruses-push-the-new-c...

Will flu or cold viruses push the new coronavirus out of circulation this winter?

--

https://theconversation.com/scientists-around-the-world-are-already...

Scientists around the world are already fighting the next pandemic

--

Are viruses alive? Perhaps we’re asking the wrong question

https://theconversation.com/are-viruses-alive-perhaps-were-asking-t...

A Digital Locksmith Has Decoded Biology’s Molecular Keys

https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-machine-learning-system-decodes-...

--

https://www.sciencealert.com/what-s-5g-and-why-are-people-so-scared...

What's 5G, And Why Are People So Scared of It? Here's What You Need to Know

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-scientists-uncultivated-bacteria-arch...

Scientists propose new naming system for uncultivated bacteria and archaea

--

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-philosophy-lab-vision-imposs...

'Philosophy lab test' finds objective vision impossible

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-technique-individual-molecules-cellul...

New technique pinpoints locations of individual molecules in their cellular neighborhoods

--

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-victoria-plate-africa-rotates.html?ut...

Why the Victoria Plate in Africa rotates

--

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/which-experts-sho...

Which Experts Should You Listen to during the Pandemic?

It should be a no-brainer: your best bet is to follow those who have actual expertise $$

--

https://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-think-they-ve-figured-out-a...

Physicists Think They've Figured Out a Way to Save Schrödinger's Cat

How to Stop People From Using Your Wi-Fi

Unauthorized access can slow network speeds and open major security risks

https://www.lifewire.com/detect-and-remove-wi-fi-freeloaders-from-y...

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https://network.febs.org/channels/665-research/videos/23389-exercis...

https://network.febs.org/channels/665-research/videos/23390-subcuta...

 award winning sci-com videos

--

https://theconversation.com/what-is-tear-gas-139958?utm_medium=emai...

What is tear gas?

--

Mesmerizing Video Shows Swimming Feather Star
The marine invertebrate, is known as a living fossil

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/12/swimming-feather-st...

--

https://www.sciencealert.com/physicist-proposes-a-pretty-depressing...

Physicist Proposes a Pretty Depressing Explanation For Why We Never See Aliens

--

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-kubeetle-s-insect-inspired-robo...

KUBeetle-S: An insect-inspired robot that can fly for up to 9 minutes

--

https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-how-far-away-can-dogs-smel...

How far away can dogs smell and hear?

 Despite the popularity of spicy cuisine among Homo sapiens, the hotness in chili peppers has always been something of an evolutionary mystery.

A plant creates fruit in order to entice animals to eat and disperse its seeds, so it doesn't make sense for that fruit to be painfully hot, said University of Florida zoology professor and evolutionary ecologist Douglas Levey.

But according to new research by Levey and six colleagues from other universities, chilies have a very good reason to make themselves hot. It boils down to protection.

Based on research on wild chili plants in rural Bolivia, the scientists found that the leading cause of seed mortality is a fungus called Fusarium. The fungus invades the fruits through wounds made by insects and destroys the seeds before they can be eaten and dispersed.

Capsaicin, the chemical that makes the peppers hot, drastically slows microbial growth and protects the fruit from Fusarium. And while capsaicin deters local mammals, such as foxes and raccoons, from consuming the chilies, birds don't have the physiological machinery to detect the spicy chemical and continue to eat the peppers and disperse seeds, Levey said.

The researchers' findings will be released today in a paper published online by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-08/uof-nrr081108.php#:...

Why chilli peppers are hot: Capsaicin, the chemical that makes the peppers hot, drastically slows microbial growth

Tear gas ....

https://theconversation.com/what-is-tear-gas-139958?utm_medium=emai...

The term tear gas refers to a group of chemical irritants that can be used to control or disperse crowds. The chemicals that are used for this purpose cause irritation of mucous membranes and of the eyes including tearing (hence the name “tear gas”), twitching around the eyes, cough, difficulty breathing and irritation to the skin.

They are believed to be short-term irritants and unlikely to kill or cause permanent harm, especially if delivered at relatively low levels, on a single occasion and in open spaces. At high levels in closed spaces, though, they can be lethal.

The chemicals are solids, not gasses, but may be delivered dispersed as aerosols in pyrotechnic mixtures that disperse the chemical during the explosion or in solutions delivered as a spray. There are multiple tear gas chemicals, the most likely of which is called 2-chlorobenzalmalonitrile or CS, which was named for Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton, American chemists who invented it in 1928. CS was adopted as the official military riot control chemical in 1959. There have been many instances of tear gas use around the world.

How does tear gas work?

These chemicals react with sensory nerve receptors that can cause pain and discomfort in skin, eyes and mucous membranes. They act almost instantly, but the irritation they induce is usually resolved in about 30 minutes to a....

Can tear gas cause permanent harm?

In low level and infrequent exposures, they are unlikely to cause permanent harm. They have been used for years by the military to train on gas mask use. There is some human evidence reported of long-term effects mainly from high dose exposures in indoor situations and for long time periods.

However, there is little human data on specific vulnerable populations.

Is tear gas a chemical weapon?

The 1993 International Chemical Weapons Convention, Geneva banned tear gas from being used where military forces are at war. However, a number of countries, including the U.S., have approved the use of tear gas for civilian riot control and for crowd control of non-military persons.

Magnet tricks

Science experiments

https://theconversation.com/glacier-mice-these-herds-of-moss-balls-...

Glacier mice: these herds of moss-balls roam the ice – and we’re uncovering their mysteries

Glacier mice don’t appear on just any ice sheet – there are only a few glaciers worldwide where they can be found. In 2012, we travelled to one called Falljökull to study their movements.

We dissected some of these moss balls and inserted accelerometers. These devices measure movement, and are used to orient mobile phones so that if you rotate them, their displays turns accordingly. The data we collected from accelerometers helped crack the puzzle of how moss in contact with the ice can survive when other plants would usually die.

The glacier mice rotated often, at least once every few days. It is this rotation that enables the glacier mice to grow moss around the whole of their outer surfaces – sometimes creating near perfect spheres. If the glacier mice stopped rotating, the moss that comes into permanent contact with the glacier surface would die.

Glacier mice are often found teetering on icy pedestals, and that’s because each of these moss balls actually reduces the amount of melting that occurs underneath it. So over a period of hours and days, the glacier mouse becomes elevated on a pedestal of ice and it eventually rolls off.

This process repeats itself over and over, so that the ball exposes a different surface to the sun each time it falls. In time, this means the moss ball rotates often and evenly enough to prevent any part staying in contact with the ice too long.

Recent research on glacier mice in Alaska found that glacier mice can live for more than six years in this pattern. But scientists still don’t know why groups of glacier mice tend to move herd-like on the ice surface, sometimes south, sometimes west, but always in concert with each other. Wind, gravity and melting patterns aren’t enough to fully explain the mystery, so research continues.

Bird mummy' mystery - solved

In a Fascinating Twist, Animals That Do Math Also Understand More Language Than We Think

https://www.sciencealert.com/some-animals-that-do-math-can-understa...

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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200608092932.htm

Ground-breaking research makes childhood vaccines safe in all temperatures

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-scientists-lament-humpty-dumpty-effec...

Scientists lament 'Humpty Dumpty' effect on world's spectacular, rare wildlife

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https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-flame-retardants.html?utm_so...

Study finds another reason to wash hands: Flame retardants

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-entire-roman-city-revealed.html?utm_s...

Entire Roman city revealed without any digging

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-parasitic-fungi-blue-green-algae.html...

Parasitic fungi keep harmful blue-green algae in check

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-heart-milky-stars-closer-threatening....

At the heart of the Milky Way, stars draw closer, threatening planets in their orbit

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https://theconversation.com/climate-explained-does-your-driving-spe...

Does your driving speed make any difference to your car’s emissions?

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Sci-com from women

https://news.ufl.edu/2020/06/women-in-science-media/

Reasons Why The Coronavirus Is Not ‘Man-made’ Controversial claims over the coronavirus’ origin have proliferated on the internet. Here, we examine the scientific evidence that supports its natural origins.

https://www.asianscientist.com/2020/06/features/coronavirus-origin-...

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https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/we-are-never-just-scien...

We Are Never Just Scientists
The gender and racial gaps in scientific professions illustrate the need for greater inclusion at all levels

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https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/two-genetic-regions-link...

Two Genetic Regions Linked with Severe COVID-19

A rare heart bone is discovered in chimpanzees

Very few species of animals have this bone—called an os cordis—therefore this is a particularly rare find.

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-rare-heart-bone-chimpanzees.html?utm_...

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-bike-human.html?utm_source=nwletter&a...

What a bike moving at near the speed of light might look like to a human observer

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-erosion-himalayas-tectonic-movements-...

Erosion of the Himalayas governed by tectonic movements

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** https://phys.org/news/2020-06-women-travel-related-greenhouse-gas-e...

Women generate lower travel-related greenhouse gas emissions, study finds

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-astrophysicists-cornerstone-einstein-...

Astrophysicists confirm cornerstone of Einstein's Theory of Relativity

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-sun-clock-quantifies-extreme-space.ht...

New 'sun clock' quantifies extreme space weather switch on/off

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-bogus-contact-apps-deployed.htm...

Bogus 'contact tracing' apps deployed to steal data: researchers

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-scientists-neural-network-absor...

Scientists create a neural network for adaptive shock absorbers

After a century of searching, scientists find new liquid phase

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-century-scientists-liquid-phase.html?...

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-ancient-enzymes-contribute-greener-ch...

Ancient enzymes can contribute to greener chemistry

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-giant-jellyfish-deadly.html?utm_sourc...

What makes a giant jellyfish's sting deadly

The researchers used mass spectrometry to identify 13 toxin-like proteins in this lethal fraction. Some of the jellyfish proteins were similar to harmful enzymes and proteins found in poisonous snakes, spiders and bees. Instead of any one toxin being lethal, it's likely that multiple poisons work in concert to cause death, the researchers say.

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https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01721-x?utm_source=Natur...

Thousands of scientists worldwide went on strike for Black lives
Academics and scientific organizations stopped research activities on 10 June to reflect and take action on systemic inequalities in science.

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https://elifesciences.org/articles/58874?utm_source=content_alert&a...

Memory: How the brain constructs dreams

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https://theconversation.com/weight-loss-heres-why-those-last-few-po...

Weight loss: here’s why those last few pounds can be hardest to lose – according to science

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Females Gain Ground as Biomedical Research Subjects

A study finds improvement in the proportion of scientific projects that include both sexes, but analyzing results by sex is not routine.

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/females-gain-ground-as-b...

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-human-embryo-like-stem-cells.html?utm...

Human embryo-like model created from human stem cells

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-scientists-unexpected-widespread-eart...

Scientists detect unexpected widespread structures near Earth's core

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-quantum-state-space.html?utm_source=n...

Quantum 'fifth state of matter' observed in space for first time

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https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-reprogramming-immune-child-o...

Reprogramming of immune system cures child with often-fatal fungal infection $$

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-skyrmions-biological-cells.html?utm_s...

Researchers discover skyrmions can split like biological cells

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-factors-height-mountains.html?utm_sou...

Which factors control the height of mountains?

Which factors control the height of mountains?
A surprising answer: It is not erosion and weathering of rocks that determine the upper limit of mountain massifs, but rather an equilibrium of forces in the Earth's crust.

New insight into the Great Dying

New insight into the Great Dying: A new study shows for the first time that the collapse of terrestrial ecosystems during Earth's most deadly mass extinction event was directly responsible for disrupting ocean chemistry.

https://phys.org/news/2020-06-insight-great-dying.html?utm_source=n...

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-pretty-pink-india-crater-lake.html?ut...

Pretty in pink: India crater lake changes colour overnight

A crater lake in India's western Maharashtra state has turned pink overnight, delighting nature enthusiasts and surprising experts who attributed it to changing salinity levels and the presence of algae in the water.

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-drug-carrying-platelets-propel-...

Drug-carrying platelets engineered to propel themselves through biofluids

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-twitter-limit-unread-articles.h...

Twitter moves to limit sharing on unread articles : aimed at slowing the spread of unverified information.

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-aqua-fi-underwater-wifi-lasers....

Aqua-Fi: Underwater WiFi developed using LEDs and lasers

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-beacons-safer-tunnel-evacuation...

Sound beacons support safer tunnel evacuation

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https://techxplore.com/news/2020-06-fraudulent-online-portals.html?...

How to handle fraudulent reviews on online portals? Study gives tips to managers

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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200610102721.htm

Study of 62 countries finds people react similarly to everyday situations

Tear gas:

From chaos to free will

A crude understanding of physics sees determinism at work in the Universe. Luckily, molecular uncertainty ensures this isn’t so $$

https://aeon.co/essays/heres-why-so-many-physicists-are-wrong-about...

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https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_cox_what_is_a_coronavirus

** What is a coronavirus?

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https://www.sciencenews.org/article/humans-cannot-hear-difference-b...

No, you can’t hear the difference between sick and healthy coughs

Humans can’t seem to pick up on subtle variations in the sounds

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-physicists-publish-worldwide-consensu...

An international team of more than 170 physicists published the most reliable prediction so far for the theoretical value of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-ingredients-life-stellar-nurseries-st...

Ingredients for life appear in stellar nurseries long before stars are born

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-adding-noise.html?utm_source=nwletter...

Adding noise for completely secure communication

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-quantum-effect-large-metal.html?utm_s...

Quantum effect observed in 'large' metal

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https://phys.org/news/2020-06-remixed-mantle-early-plate-tectonics....

Remixed mantle suggests early start of plate tectonics