**T Cells and Neurons Talk to Each Other

Post-viral fatigue syndrome- the condition affecting some COVID-19 survivors

https://theconversation.com/what-is-post-viral-fatigue-syndrome-the...

3 scientists win Nobel physics prize for black hole research

Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for advancing our understanding of Krishna (means ‘black’ in Sanskrit :)) holes.

Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez explained to the world these dead ends of the cosmos that devour light and even time. Staples of both science fact and fiction, black holes are still not completely understood but are deeply connected, somehow, to the creation of galaxies, where the stars and life exist.

Penrose, of the University of Oxford, received half of the prize for discovering that Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts the formation of black holes.

Announcement of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics

Deciphered: evolution of the Y chromosome in great apes 

New analysis of the DNA sequence of the male-specific Y chromosomes from all living species of the great ape family helps to clarify our understanding of how this enigmatic chromosome evolved. A clearer picture of the evolution of the Y chromosome is important for studying male fertility in humans as well as our understanding of reproduction patterns and the ability to track male lineages in the great apes, which can help with conservation efforts for these endangered species.

A team of biologists and computer scientists sequenced and assembled the Y chromosome from orangutan and bonobo and compared those sequences to the existing human, chimpanzee, and gorilla Y sequences. From the comparison, the team were able to clarify patterns of evolution that seem to fit with behavioural differences between the species and reconstruct a model of what the Y chromosome might have looked like in the ancestor of all great apes.

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The Y chromosome is important for male fertility and contains the genes critical for sperm production, but it is often neglected in genomic studies because it is so difficult to sequence and assemble . The Y chromosome contains a lot of repetitive sequences, which are challenging for DNA sequencing, assembling sequences, and aligning sequences for comparison. There aren't out-of-the-box software packages to deal with the Y chromosome, so we had to overcome these hurdles and optimize our experimental and computational protocols, which allowed us to address interesting biological questions.

The Y chromosome is unusual. It contains relatively few genes, many of which are involved in male sex determination and sperm production; large sections of repetitive DNA, short sequences repeated over and over again; and large DNA palindromes, inverted repeats that can be many thousands of letters long and read the same forwards and backwards.

Previous work by the team comparing human, chimpanzee, and gorilla sequences had revealed some unexpected patterns. Humans are more closely related to chimpanzees, but for some characteristics, the human Y was more similar to the gorilla Y.

Monika Cechova et al, Dynamic evolution of great ape Y chromosomes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2020). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001749117

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-evolution-chromosome-great-apes-decip...

**Individual suicide risk can be dramatically altered by social 'sameness,' study finds

Similarities among individuals living in the same communities can dramatically change their risk of dying by suicide, according to a new study

Bernice A. Pescosolido et al, Cross-level sociodemographic homogeneity alters individual risk for completed suicide, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2020). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006333117

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-individual-suicide-social-sameness.ht...

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Safeguarding iconic buildings from bomb explosions

 Researchers have developed a technique to prevent glass facades on iconic buildings from shattering if the building is targeted by terrorists in a bomb explosion.

In the study researchers looked at the "maximum credible load" of an explosion and how to minimize the problem of a deadly wave of shattered glass which can cause traumatic injury and death.

The study went beyond previous research in the field with a sophisticated coupling analysis, which did not just look at the way the glass responds to an explosion but also modeled the explosive source, the pressure wave transmission and fluid-structure interaction.

The researchers modeled the shock waves that traveled through the air and then they studied how it hit the structures.

The solution is to absorb the energy of the blast with a shock absorbing layer between the glass panels in the laminated glass and through the members of the supporting system as well as to make the cable trusses stronger. The glass is certainly going to crack, but this interlayer holds the particles together.

 R.R.C. Piyasena et al. Fully coupled modeling technique for blast analysis of cable truss facades, Engineering Failure Analysis (2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104771

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-10-safeguarding-iconic-explosions....

**A new interpretation of quantum mechanics suggests that reality does not depend on the person measuring it

Quantum mechanics arose in the 1920s, and since then scientists have disagreed on how best to interpret it. Many interpretations, including the Copenhagen interpretation presented by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, and in particular, von Neumann-Wigner interpretation, state that the consciousness of the person conducting the test affects its result. On the other hand, Karl Popper and Albert Einstein thought that an objective reality exists. Erwin Schrödinger put forward the famous thought experiment involving the fate of an unfortunate cat that aimed to describe the imperfections of quantum mechanics.

In their most recent article, Finnish civil servants Jussi Lindgren and Jukka Liukkonen, who study quantum mechanics in their free time, take a look at the uncertainty principle that was developed by Heisenberg in 1927. According to the traditional interpretation of the principle, location and momentum cannot be determined simultaneously to an arbitrary degree of precision, as the person conducting the measurement always affects the values.

However, in their study Lindgren and Liukkonen concluded that the correlation between a location and momentum, i.e., their relationship, is fixed. In other words, reality is an object that does not depend on the person measuring it. Lindgren and Liukkonen utilized stochastic dynamic optimization in their study. In their theory's frame of reference, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is a manifestation of thermodynamic equilibrium, in which correlations of random variables do not vanish.

"The results suggest that there is no logical reason for the results to be dependent on the person conducting the measurement. According to our study, there is nothing that suggests that the consciousness of the person would disturb the results or create a certain result or reality

This interpretation supports such interpretations of quantum mechanics that support classical scientific principles.

"The interpretation is objective and realistic, and at the same time as simple as possible. We like clarity and prefer to remove all mysticism

Jussi Lindgren et al. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle as an Endogenous Equilibrium Property of Stochastic Optimal Control Systems in Quantum Mechanics, Symmetry (2020). DOI: 10.3390/sym12091533

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-quantum-mechanics-reality-person.html...

Researchers crack quantum physics puzzle

Scientists have re-investigated a sixty-year-old idea by an American physicist and provided new insights into the quantum world.

The research could lead to improved spectroscopic techniques, laser techniques, interferometric high-precision measurements and atomic beam applications.

Quantum physics is the study of everything around us at the atomic level, atoms, electrons and particles. Atoms and electrons which are so small, one billion placed side by side could fit within a centimeter. Because of the way atoms and electrons behave, scientists describe their behaviour as like waves.

Waves, unlike particles which travel in straight lines, can go around obstacles, but if there are enough random obstacles, the waves cannot get through because they interfere with each other and cancel themselves out.

At low temperatures, matter, which is made up of atoms and particles, can be made to behave much like light; that is, light behaves the same way all waves do whether it be light waves or ocean waves. In its interaction with matter, light can behave like it is composed of particles which don't go around objects but instead travel in a straight line.

In the Quantum Information Lab researchers took this one step further and added an ultra-cold atom experiment to the mix. With the aid of high tech lasers, they manipulated these ultra-cold atoms until they were so cold, their wave behaviour became visible to the eye.

This is about a billionth of a degree above absolute zero (-273.15 degrees C) so that is pretty chilly. Physicists have created customized patterns of obstacles to stop the waves, and when they take a picture, they can find out where these atoms are. This way, they can see what exactly is required to get their quantum-mechanical waves to reflect off obstacles, and why the waves do not get in.

Donald H. White et al. Observation of two-dimensional Anderson localisation of ultracold atoms, Nature Communications (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18652-w

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-quantum-physics-puzzle.html?utm_sourc...

Scientists unravel the mystery behind new plant species found in the Swiss Alps, which only took 150 years to evolve

A new plant species in Swiss alps Cardamine insueta

took only 150years to evolve. Scientists think this is because of traits C. insueta inherited from its parent plants - each with its own distinct habitat. Depending on the environmental situation, the plant activates a different set of genes it inherited from its two parent species.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2020.567262/full
https://www.businessinsider.in/science/biology/news/new-swiss-alps-...

Study solves an HIV mystery

In some patients with HIV who take medication, the virus still shows up in their blood. A study  has found “repliclones”—large clones of HIV-infected cells that produce infectious virus particles—are to blame.

A patient with HIV who insists they are adhering to the daily medication regimen meant to keep the virus in check, but testing says otherwise. It seems the virus is still showing up in the patient’s blood, which clinicians thought couldn’t happen when the infection is controlled with medication. scientists report that they’ve solved the mystery—and the answer has clinical implications.

In a study  infectious disease researchers show that the issue isn’t nonadherence to medication or resistance to the drugs. Instead, the patients are victims of what the scientists have dubbed “repliclones”—large clones of HIV-infected cells that produce infectious virus particles.

Repliclones can grow large enough and produce enough virus to make it appear that antiretroviral therapy isn’t working completely even when it is.--

In short, rather than the virus infecting new cells, already infected HIV-producing cells are growing into large clones that make and release virus. Current medications for HIV infection block the virus from infecting new cells but don’t affect virus production from cells or clones of cells that are already infected.

HIV replicates by taking over a cell’s machinery and using it to produce more virus, which can then go on to infect other cells. Antiretroviral therapy, which is taken daily, prevents the virus from infecting new cells. So, even though HIV can’t yet be cured, it can be controlled to the point that it isn’t detectable in blood tests.

https://www.upmc.com/media/news/100520-mellors-replicones

https://researchnews.cc/news/2885/Study-solves-an-HIV-mystery#.X31H...

Himalayan glaciers melting because of high-altitude dust

Desert dust from as far away as Saudi Arabia gets picked up by winds that carry it to the snowpack of the Himalayas, where it accelerates glacial warming and snowmelt, scientists say. 

Himalayan glaciers melting because of high-altitude dust

Quantum heat engine behaviour observed in a qubit

Although many of today's accepted theories of classical thermodynamics predate even the industrial revolution they helped to propel, many open questions remain around how these ideas translate to the level of single quantum systems. In particular, the potential for superposition of states has as yet unexplored implications for thermodynamic behavior. Now, a collaboration of researchers has produced a quantum device that can not only behave analogously to a heat engine and a refrigerator, but also a superposition of both at the same time.

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They came together to examine the behavior of qubits based on impurities in silicon for quantum interferometry before turning their attention to how the behavior of these systems might resemble classical heat engines.

 K. Ono et al. Analog of a quantum heat engine using a single-spin qubit, Physical Review Letters (2020). Accepted manuscript: journals.aps.org/prl/accepted/ … b682605ce40bdae2719c

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-quantum-behaviour-qubit.html?utm_sour...

2 scientists win Nobel chemistry prize for gene-editing tool

The Nobel Prize in chemistry went to two researchers Wednesday for a gene-editing tool that has revolutionized science by providing a way to alter DNA, the code of life—technology already being used to try to cure a host of diseases and raise better crops and livestock.

Emmanuelle Charpentier  and Jennifer A. Doudna  won for developing CRISPR-cas9, a very simple technique for cutting a gene at a specific spot, allowing scientists to operate on flaws that are the root cause of many diseases.

Announcement of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-nobel-prize-chemistry-awarded-charpen...

Scientists clarify how the brain separates present from past dangers

A team of neuroscientists has identified processes the brain undergoes to distinguish real and present dangers from those linked to past experiences in mice. The findings have implications for our understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)—an affliction marked by the inability to distinguish between past and present dangers or to recognize "safe" situations.

Memories of a traumatic episode can last for a long time. But we are able to use such memories selectively: to predict and respond to a subsequent, related danger while also recognizing when threats do not exist. This is especially important for survival behaviour in an uncertain environment such as a conflict zone or at times of social unrest.

This has significant implications for memory disorders such as PTSD, where patients have difficulty distinguishing between safety and threat cues.

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Learning to identify and appropriately respond to cues in an uncertain environment is crucial for animal survival, the researchers note. Specifically, cues that reliably predict danger prompt behaviors such as freezing in order to escape detection. However, along with the threat-predicting cues, an uncertain environment can present cues that predict safety—or, specifically, lack of danger. Animals, then, need to respond to the threat-predicting cue with defensive behaviors and, conversely, to safety cues by ceasing a threat response and resuming normal behaviors.

 the scientists sought to identify the cellular molecules, or substrates, for long-term storage of threat and safety-cue-associated memories.

It has been long established that a region of the brain, the amygdala, plays a fundamental role in the processing and storing of emotion-related information. Less understood, however, are the cellular engines and architecture that underlie it—specifically, the identity of cell types that store cue-related information and allow animals to respond appropriately even after considerable time has elapsed after the initial threat exposure.

Also well understood are the formation and consolidation of long-lasting memories, which occur through changes in the cellular landscape of proteins—a dynamic that captures significant features of an event, in part by synthesis of new proteins.

In the new work, the scientists aimed to better understand these mechanisms by disrupting key steps in protein synthesis in specific cell types—a maneuver that would reveal their significance. This procedure allowed the researchers to identify key players in this intricate process.

Amygdala inhibitory neurons as loci for translation in emotional memories, Nature (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2793-8 , www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2793-8

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-10-scientists-brain-dangers.htm...

Traveling brain waves help detect hard-to-see objects

Imagine that you're late for work and desperately searching for your car keys. You've looked all over the house but cannot seem to find them anywhere. All of a sudden you realize your keys have been sitting right in front of you the entire time. Why didn't you see them until now?

A team of scientists has uncovered details of the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of objects. They found that patterns of neural signals, called traveling brain waves, exist in the visual system of the awake brain and are organized to allow the brain to perceive objects that are faint or otherwise difficult to see.

They have discovered that faint objects are much more likely to be seen if visualizing the object is timed with the traveling brain waves. The waves actually facilitate perceptual sensitivity, so there are moments in time when you can see things that you otherwise could not. It turns out that these traveling brain waves are an information-gathering process leading to the perception of an object.

They found that the brain's ability to recognize targets was directly related to when and where the traveling brain waves occurred in the visual system: when the traveling waves aligned with the stimulus. There is a spontaneous level of activity in the brain that appears to be regulated by these traveling waves.

Spontaneous travelling cortical waves gate perception in behaving primates, Nature (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2802-y , www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2802-y

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-10-brain-hard-to-see.html?utm_s...

Extremely rare Higgs boson decay process spotted

The Higgs boson reached overnight fame in 2012 when it was finally discovered in a jumble of other particles generated at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland. The discovery was monumental because the Higgs boson, which had only been theorized about previously, has the special property of endowing other elementary particles with mass. It is also exceedingly rare and difficult to identify in the debris of colliding particles.

Caltech physicists played a major role in the Higgs boson discovery, a result that earned theoretical physicist Peter Higgs a share of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, and now they continue to make significant findings about rare Higgs boson processes.

This summer, for the first time, particle physicists using data collected by the experiment known as the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) at the LHC, have found evidence that the Higgs boson decays into a pair of elementary particles called muons. The muon is a heavier version of the electron, and both muons and electrons belong to a class of particles known as fermions, as described in the widely accepted model of particles called the Standard Model. The Standard Model classifies all particles as either fermions or bosons. Generally, fermions are building blocks of all matter, and bosons are the force carriers.

A muon is also what is known as a second-generation particle. First-generation fermion particles such as electrons are the lightest of particles; second- and third-generation particles can decay to become first-generation particles. The new finding represents the first evidence that the Higgs boson interacts with second-generation fermions.

In addition, this result provides further evidence that the decay rate of the Higgs to fermion pairs is proportional to the square of the mass of the fermion. This is a key prediction of the Higgs theory. With more data, the LHC experiments are expected to confirm that indeed the Higgs gives the fundamental particles their mass.

Joseph Lykken et al. The future of the Higgs boson, Physics Today (2013). DOI: 10.1063/PT.3.2212

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-extremely-rare-higgs-boson.html?utm_s...

Aerodynamicists reveal link between fish scales and aircraft drag

Reducing drag means faster aircraft speeds and less fuel consumption this is an important area of study for aerodynamicists

Through their biomimetic study, Professor Bruecker's team has discovered that the fish-scale array produces a zig-zag motion of fluid in overlapping regions of the surface of the fish, which in turn causes periodic velocity modulation and a streaky flow that can eliminate Tollmien-Schlichting wave induced transition to reduce skin friction drag by more than 25 percent.

An examination of oil flow visualization using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on sea bass and common carp enabled the authors to come up with a working hypothesis:

"Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to study the flow pattern over the surface and revealed a hitherto unknown effect of the scales as a mechanism to generate a regular pattern of parallel streamwise velocity streaks in the boundary layer. To prove their existence also on the real fish skin, oil flow visualization was done on sea bass and common carp, which indeed confirmed their presence in a regular manner along their real body, with the same arrangement relative to the scale array as observed along the biomimetic surface. These results let the authors hypothesize about a possible mechanism for transition delay, inspired by various previous fundamental transition studies, where streaky structures generated by cylindrical roughness elements or vortex generator arrays have shown a delay of transition."

**Aerodynamicists reveal link between fish scales and aircraft drag

Reducing drag means faster aircraft speeds and less fuel consumption this is an important area of study for aerodynamicists

Through their biomimetic study, Professor Bruecker's team has discovered that the fish-scale array produces a zig-zag motion of fluid in overlapping regions of the surface of the fish, which in turn causes periodic velocity modulation and a streaky flow that can eliminate Tollmien-Schlichting wave induced transition to reduce skin friction drag by more than 25 percent.

An examination of oil flow visualization using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on sea bass and common carp enabled the authors to come up with a working hypothesis:

"Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to study the flow pattern over the surface and revealed a hitherto unknown effect of the scales as a mechanism to generate a regular pattern of parallel streamwise velocity streaks in the boundary layer. To prove their existence also on the real fish skin, oil flow visualization was done on sea bass and common carp, which indeed confirmed their presence in a regular manner along their real body, with the same arrangement relative to the scale array as observed along the biomimetic surface. These results let the authors hypothesize about a possible mechanism for transition delay, inspired by various previous fundamental transition studies, where streaky structures generated by cylindrical roughness elements or vortex generator arrays have shown a delay of transition."

New research: nitrous oxide emissions 300 times more powerful than CO₂ are jeopardising Earth’s future

Nitrous oxide from agriculture and other sources is accumulating in the atmosphere so quickly it puts Earth on track for a dangerous 3℃ warming this century,  new research has found.

This colossal amount of nitrogen makes crops and pastures grow more abundantly. But it also releases nitrous oxide (N₂O), a greenhouse gas.

The study found that N₂O emissions from natural sources, such as soils and oceans, have not changed much in recent decades. But emissions from human sources have increased rapidly.

Agriculture caused almost 70% of global N₂O emissions in the decade to 2016. The emissions are created through microbial processes in soils. The use of nitrogen in synthetic fertilisers and manure is a key driver of this process.

Other human sources of N₂O include the chemical industry, waste water and the burning of fossil fuels.

https://theconversation.com/new-research-nitrous-oxide-emissions-30...

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-bacterial-clone-is-behind-a-concerni...

2,500 y/o mummy in "perfect condition" revealed after discovery of 59 sarcophagi

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sd0BomMDDk&feature=emb_logo

Neurobiology of conversation: Brain activity depends on who you're talking to

Our brains respond differently when talking to a person from a different socioeconomic group than during a conversation with someone of a similar background, a novel new imaging study shows.

While neuroscientists have used brain imaging scans to track in great detail neural responses of individuals to a host of factors such as stress, fear, addiction, and even love and lust, new research shows what happens in the brains of two individuals engaged in a simple social interaction.

The study reveals the distinct neurobiology of a conversation between two people of different backgrounds.

When a  professor talks to a homeless person, his or her frontal lobe activates a different neural network than if they were chatting with another colleague. Our brain has apparently designed a frontal lobe system that helps us deal with our diversity.

The researchers found that in both subjects the activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is involved in control of cognitive processes, was much higher when they talked with someone from a different socioeconomic background than with someone of similar status.

There is a neurobiology of socialness, and neurobiology allows us to modulate our response to diversity.  We want to be inclusive, we want equity, and theoretically, neuroscience can say something about how we can achieve that.

https://news.yale.edu/2020/10/05/neurobiology-conversation-brain-ac...

https://researchnews.cc/news/2902/Neurobiology-of-conversation--Bra...

Study Points to Novel Role for Microglia in Down Syndrome

New method can pinpoint cracks in metal long before they cause catastrophes

Fatigue failure plagues all metals and mitigating it is of great importance.

It is the leading cause of cracks in metallic components of aircraft.

That is why it is common practice in the airline industry to adhere to regular—and expensive—replacement schedules for many parts. But the life of those parts could be more accurately determined by better understanding the origins of crack initiation.

Whether it is the pounding of vehicles on bridges or shifts in air pressure on airplanes, such continuous change called "cyclic loading" gradually induces slips in the internal molecular structure of the most durable metals until cracks occur that could have been anticipated long before their perilous appearance.

With the lack of understanding of the mechanisms that lead to crack initiation, it has been difficult to predict with any reasonable accuracy the remaining life of a cyclically loaded material. The component could actually be fine and never fail but they throw it away anyway solely on the bases of statistical arguments. That's a huge waste of money.

Most current tests to understand the origins of crack initiation have focused on the moments just prior to or after cracking to assess what happened in the makeup of the metal. And many of those tests use far larger samples that preclude tracking the initiation of damage, which is a sub-micrometer scale feature. The new method narrows the lens as small as feasible and begins when metals are first exposed to loads that lead to localized damage that could become cracks.

 "The heterogeneity of persistent slip band nucleation and evolution in metals at the micrometer scale" Science (2020). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.abb2690

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-method-metal-catastrophes.html?utm_so...

Generating photons for communication in a quantum computing system

Researchers using superconducting quantum bits connected to a microwave transmission line have shown how the qubits can generate on demand the photons, or particles of light, necessary for communication between quantum processors.

The advance is an important step toward achieving the interconnections that would allow a modular quantum computing system to perform operations at rates exponentially faster than classical computers can achieve.

 B. Kannan et al. Generating spatially entangled itinerant photons with waveguide quantum electrodynamics, Science Advances (2020). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8780

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-photons-quantum.html?utm_source=nwlet...

**Duplications and inversions of DNA segments lead to the masculinization of female moles

Female moles are intersexual while retaining their fertility. Typical for mammals, they are equipped with two X chromosomes, but they simultaneously develop functional ovarian and testicular tissues. In female moles, both tissue types are united in one organ, the ovotestis—a feature unique among mammals.

The testicular tissue of the female mole does not produce sperm, but large amounts of the sex hormone testosterone, meaning the females have similarly high levels as the males. Presumably, this natural "doping" makes the female moles aggressive and muscular, an advantage for life underground, where they have to dig burrows and fight for resources.

Scientists are now reporting on the genetic peculiarities that lead to this characteristic sexual development in moles. According to the study, it is primarily changes in the structure of the genome that lead to altered control of genetic activity. In addition to the genetic program for testicular development, this also stimulates enzymes for male hormone production in the females.

the researchers have completely sequenced the genome of the Iberian mole (Talpa occidentalis) for the first time. Moreover, they examined the three-dimensional structure of the genome within the cell. In the nucleus, genes and their associated control sequences form regulatory domains—relatively isolated "neighborhoods" consisting of large regions where DNA sections interact frequently with each other.

In the course of the moles' evolution, then not only would individual letters of the DNA have changed, also larger pieces of the genome would have shifted.

If segments of DNA move from one location to another, completely new or reorganized regulatory domains can emerge and thus activate new genes and enhance or attenuate their expression.

When comparing the genome to that of other animals and humans, the team discovered an inversion—i.e., an inverted genomic segment—in a region known to be involved in testicular development. The inversion causes additional DNA segments to get included in the regulatory domain of the gene FGF9, which reorganizes the control and regulation of the gene. "This change is associated with the development of testicular tissue in addition to ovarian tissue in female moles.

The team also discovered a triplication of a genomic region responsible for the production of male sex hormones (androgens), more specifically the androgen production gene CYP17A1. "The triplication appends additional regulatory sequences to the gene—which ultimately leads to an increased production of male sex hormones in the ovotestes of female moles, especially more testosterone

 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz2582 "The mole genome reveals regulatory rearrangements associated with adaptive intersexuality" Science (2020). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aaz2582

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-duplications-inversions-dna-segments-...

Ants adapt tool use to avoid drowning

Researchers have observed black imported fire ants using sand to draw liquid food out of containers, when faced with the risk of drowning. This is the first time this sophisticated tool use has been reported in animals.

Aiming Zhou et al, Ants adjust their tool use strategy in response to foraging risk, Functional Ecology (2020). DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13671

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Nanoscale machines convert light into work

Researchers have developed a tiny new machine that converts laser light into work. These optically powered machines self-assemble and could be used for nanoscale manipulation of tiny cargo for applications such as nanofluidics and particle sorting.

The work addresses a long-standing goal in the nanoscience community to create self-assembling nanoscale machines that can perform work in conventional environments such as room temperature liquids.

The machines are based on a type of matter known as optical matter in which metal nanoparticles are held together by light rather than the chemical bonds that hold together the atoms that make up typical matter.

Both the energy for assembling the machine and the power to make it work come from light. Once the laser light is introduced to a solution containing nanoparticles, the entire process occurs on its own. Although the user does not need to actively control or direct the outcome, this could readily be done to tailor the machines for various applications.

In optical matter, a laser light field creates interactions between metal nanoparticles that are much smaller than the wavelength of light. These interactions cause the particles to self-assemble into ordered arrays. This is a similar principle to optical trapping, in which light is used to hold and manipulate particles, biological molecules and cells.

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In the new work, the researchers created an optical matter machine that operates much like a mechanical machine based on interlocking gears. In such machines, when one gear is turned, a smaller interlocking gear will spin in the opposite direction. The optical matter machine uses circularly polarized light from a laser to create a nanoparticle array that acts like the larger gear by spinning in the optical field. This "optical matter gear" converts the circularly polarized light into orbital, or angular, momentum that influences a nearby probe particle to orbit the nanoparticle array (the gear) in the opposite direction.

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In previous work, the researchers discovered that when optical matter is exposed to circularly polarized light, it rotates as a rigid body in the direction opposite the polarization rotation. In other words, when the incident light  rotates one way the optical matter array responds by spinning the other. This is a manifestation of "negative torque". The researchers speculated that a machine could be developed based on this new phenomenon.

John Parker et al, An Optical Matter Machine: Angular Momentum Conversion by Collective Modes in Optically Bound Nanoparticle Arrays, Optica (2020). DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.396147

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-nanoscale-machines.html?utm_source=nw...

Human spatial memory prioritizes high calorie foods

Humans more accurately recall the locations of high calorie than low calorie foods, according to a study . The findings suggest that human spatial memory, which allows people to remember where objects are in relation to each another, has evolved to prioritize the location of high calorie foods.

The findings indicate that human spatial memory is biased towards locating high calorie foods. This bias could have helped human ancestors to survive in environments with fluctuating food availability by enabling them to efficiently locate calorie-dense foods through foraging.

Human spatial memory implicitly prioritizes high-calorie foods, Scientific Reports (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72570-x , www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-72570-x

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-10-human-spatial-memory-priorit...

**New model may explain rarity of certain malaria-blocking mutations

A new computational model suggests that certain mutations that block infection by the most dangerous species of malaria have not become widespread in people because of the parasite's effects on the immune system.

Several protective adaptations to malaria have spread widely among humans, such as the sickle-cell mutation. Laboratory experiments suggest that certain other mutations could be highly protective against the most dangerous human-infecting malaria species, Plasmodium falciparum. However, despite being otherwise benign, these mutations have not become widespread.

To help clarify why some protective mutations may remain rare, Penman and colleagues developed a computational model that simulates the epidemiology of malaria infection, as well the evolution of protective mutations. Importantly, the model also incorporates mechanisms of adaptive immunity, in which the immune system "learns" to recognize and attack specific pathogens, such as P. falciparum.

Analysis of the model's predictions suggests that if people rapidly gain adaptive immunity to the severe effects of P. falciparum malaria, mutations capable of blocking P. falciparum infection are unlikely to spread among the population. The fewer the number of infections it takes for people to become immune to the severe effects of malaria, the less likely it is that malaria infection-blocking mutaions will arise.

understanding how humans have adapted to malaria could help open up new avenues for treatment.

 Penman BS, Gandon S (2020) Adaptive immunity selects against malaria infection blocking mutations. PLoS Comput Biol 16(10): e1008181. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008181

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-rarity-malaria-blocking-mutations.htm...

Thinning forests no defence against fires

Having logging machines "thin" forest for fire reduction is largely ineffective, a new peer-reviewed, scientific study has found.

The study compared fire severity in unthinned versus thinned forest burned in the 2009 wildfires. It covered two forest types-mixed species forest and ash forest.

The scientific evidence showed that across almost every forest age and type, thinning made little difference. It actually increased the likelihood of a crown burn in older, mixed species forests, and slightly reduced the chance of crown burn in younger aged, mixed species forest.

The impact of thinning varied with forest type, the age of the forest and fire conditions.

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Across most forest types and ages, thinning had little impact on forest fire severity, although it did worsen severity in mixed species forest aged 70 years plus and did reduce it in mixed species forest aged 20-40 years. Overall, the evidence indicates thinning forests does not reduce fire risk.

Chris Taylor et al. Does forest thinning reduce fire severity in Australian eucalypt forests?, Conservation Letters (2020). DOI: 10.1111/conl.12766

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-thinning-forests-defence.html?utm_sou...

Signals from distant stars connect optical atomic clocks across Earth for the first time

Using radio telescopes observing distant stars, scientists have connected optical atomic clocks on different continents.

 Marco Pizzocaro et al, Intercontinental comparison of optical atomic clocks through very long baseline interferometry, Nature Physics (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-01038-6

In this new research, highly-energetic extragalactic radio sources replace satellites as the source of reference signals. The group of Sekido Mamoru at NICT designed two special radio telescopes, one deployed in Japan and the other in Italy, to realize the connection using the technique of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). These telescopes are capable of observations over a large bandwidth, while antenna dishes of just 2.4 meter diameter keep them transportable.

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-distant-stars-optical-atomic-clocks.h...

Stomach Acid & Heartburn Drugs Linked with COVID-19 Outcomes

Millimetre-precision drug delivery to the brain

Researchers  have developed a method for concentrating and releasing drugs in the brain with pinpoint accuracy. This could make it possible in the future to deliver psychiatric and cancer drugs and other medications only to those regions of the brain where this is medically desirable.

In order to prevent a drug from acting on the entire brain and body, the new method involves special drug carriers that wrap the drugs in spherical lipid vesicles attached to gas-​containing ultrasound-​sensitive microbubbles. These are injected into the bloodstream, which transports them to the brain. Next, the scientists use focused ultrasound waves in a two-​stage process. Focused ultrasound is already employed in oncology to destroy cancer tissue at precisely defined points in the body. In the new invention, however, the scientists work with much lower energy levels, which do not damage the tissue.

Ozdas MS, Shah AS, Johnson PM, Patel N, Marks M, Yasar TB, Stalder U, Bigler L, von der Behrens W, Sirsi SR, Yanik MF: Non-​invasive molecularly-​specific millimeterresolution manipulation of brain circuits by ultrasound-​mediated aggregation and uncaging of drug carriers. Nature Communications, 1 October 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41467-​020-18059-7

https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2020/10/millimetre...

https://researchnews.cc/news/2923/Millimetre-precision-drug-deliver...

This ‘squidbot’ jets around and takes pics of coral and fish

More Humans Are Growing an Extra Artery in Our Arms, Showing We're Still Evolving

Researchers have noticed an artery that temporarily runs down the centre of our forearms while we're still in the womb isn't vanishing as often as it used to.

That means there are more adults than ever running around with what amounts to be an extra channel of vascular tissue flowing under their wrist.

Since the 18th century, anatomists have been studying the prevalence of this artery in adults and our study shows it's clearly increasing.

The prevalence was around 10 percent in people born in the mid-1880s compared to 30 percent in those born in the late 20th century, so that's a significant increase in a fairly short period of time, when it comes to evolution.

Recently increased prevalence of the human median artery of the forearm: A microevolutionary change

The median artery has been considered as an embryonic structure, which normally regresses around the 8th week of gestation. However, various prevalences have been reported in adults since the 18th century. Furthermore, in a study by Henneberg and George (1995; Am J Phys Anthropol 96, 329–334), has suggested that increasing prevalence of the median artery during the 20th century was a ‘possible secular trend’. The present study, conducted nearly a quarter of a century later, is a continuation of that study. A total of 26 median arteries were found in 78 upper limbs obtained from Australians aged 51 to 101 years, who died in the period 2015–2016, a prevalence rate of 33.3%. Analysis of the literature showed that the presence of the median artery has been significantly increasing (p = .001) over time, from approximately 10% in people born in the mid‐1880s to approximately 30% by the end of the 20th century. The significance of the prevalence increased to a p value

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/joa.13224

A bird is male on one side and female on the other

Male rose-breasted grosbeaks have some red-pink feathers while females’ are yellow and brown

A rose-breasted grosbeak has a pink breast spot and a pink “wing pit” and black feathers on its right wing — tell tale shades of males. But on its left side, the songbird displays yellow and brown plumage, hues typical of females.

Gynandromorphs are found in many species of birds, insects and crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters. This bird is likely the result of an unusual event when two sperm fertilize an egg that has two nuclei instead of one. The egg can then develop male sex chromosomes on one side and female sex chromosomes on the other, ultimately leading to a bird with a testis and other male characteristics on one half of its body and an ovary and other female qualities on the other half.

Unlike hermaphrodites, which also have genitals of both sexes, gynandromorphs are completely male on one side of the body and female on the other.

We don’t yet know if these birds behave more like males or females, or if they can reproduce

R.J. Agate et al. Neural, not gonadal, origin of brain sex differences in a gynandrom.... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 100, April 15, 2003, p. 4873. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0636925100.

Some Fish Can Regenerate Their Eyes. Know what? Mammals Have Those Genes Too to do that.

But, they are switched off! Scientists want to switch them on again.

Damage to the retina is the leading cause of blindness in humans, affecting millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, the retina is one of the few tissues we humans can't grow back. Unlike us, other animals such as zebrafish are able to regenerate this tissue that's so crucial to our power of sight. We share 70% of our genes with these tiny little zebrafish, and scientists have just discovered some of the shared genes include the ones that grant zebrafish the ability to grow back their retinas.

The genes activated were involved in containing the injury, calling in immune cells to clean up damaged tissue and fight off potential invaders.

But then, a network that suppresses these genes kicked in only in their mouse subjects, keeping them from transforming into cells that produce other kinds of retinal cells. Researchers suspect that the loss of this ability may be linked to a trade-off between regenerating central nervous system cells and parasite resistance. Glia help restrict the spread of infections, and if they're turned into neuron-producing cells, they can't do this.

The researchers also noticed that after a retinal injury glial cells in all three species stopped making nuclear factor I (NFI), a protein that stops the cell from accessing bits of DNA, essentially turning genes off.

But in mice, this molecule started appearing again fairly soon. So, the team stopped Müller glia cells producing NFI and the cells started making retinal neurons in adult mice after injury.

This is a highly complicated system with many independent mechanisms involved that need to be further explored. But understanding these pathways may one day allow scientists to help us better repair damaged sight.

Gene regulatory networks controlling vertebrate retinal regeneration

Study reveals that methods to infer the connectivity of neural circuits are affected by systematic errors

Researchers  have recently carried out a study investigating the effectiveness of existing methods for algorithmically estimating the wiring of neural networks. Their findings suggest that even the most sophisticated among these methods are biased and tend to infer connections between neurons that are not actually connected, but rather highly correlated.

Because it is difficult to directly measure the wiring diagrams of neural circuits, there has long been an interest in estimating them algorithmically from multicell activity recordings. But this study shows even sophisticated methods, applied to unlimited data from every cell in the circuit, are biased toward inferring connections between unconnected but highly correlated neurons. This failure to 'explain why' connections occurs when there is a mismatch between the true network dynamics and the model used for inference, which is inevitable when modeling the real world.

Abhranil Das et al. Systematic errors in connectivity inferred from activity in strongly recurrent networks, Nature Neuroscience (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0699-2

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-10-reveals-methods-infer-neural...

'Universal law of touch' will enable new advances in virtual reality

Seismic waves, commonly associated with earthquakes, have been used by scientists to develop a universal scaling law for the sense of touch.

Rayleigh waves are created by impact between objects and are commonly thought to travel only along surfaces. The team discovered that, when it comes to touch, the waves also travel through layers of skin and bone and are picked up by the body's touch receptor cells.

Using mathematical modelling of these touch receptors the researchers showed how the receptors were located at depths that allowed them to respond to Rayleigh waves. The interaction of these receptors with the Rayleigh waves will vary across species, but the ratio of receptor depth vs wavelength remains the same, enabling the universal law to be defined.

The team also found that the interaction of the waves and receptors remained even when the stiffness of the outermost layer of skin changed. The ability of the receptors to respond to Rayleigh waves remained unchanged despite the many variations in this outer layer caused by, age, gender, profession, or even hydration.

For most mammals, touch is the first sense to develop. They must feel vibrations on the surface of their skin to enable them to respond to various stimuli in their environment, a process called vibrotaction. But how do mammals perceive these vibrations? Through mathematical modeling of the skin and touch receptors, researchers showed that vibrotaction is dominated by “surface” Rayleigh waves traveling cooperatively through all layers of the skin and bone. Applying their model to experimental data, they identified a universal scaling law for the depth of touch receptors across multiple species, indicating an evolutionarily conserved constant in the sensation of vibrations.

 J.W. Andrews el al., "A universal scaling law of mammalian touch," Science Advances (2020). advances.sciencemag.org/lookup … .1126/sciadv.abb6912

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-universal-law-enable-advances-virtual...

**Do cloth masks work? Only if you machine wash them after every single use

A new publication from researchers  advises daily washing of cloth masks to reduce the likelihood of contamination and transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Cloth masks must be washed daily at high temperatures to be protective against infection, a new analysis shows. It was found that if cloth masks were washed in the hospital laundry, they were as effective as a surgical mask.

It is important to note that given the study was conducted over five years ago, the researchers did not test for SARS-CoV-2—instead, they included common respiratory pathogens such as influenza, rhinoviruses and seasonal coronaviruses in their analysis. It is based on self-reported washing data and was conducted by health workers in high risk wards in a healthcare setting.

"While someone from the general public wearing a cloth mask is unlikely to come into contact with the same amount of pathogens as healthcare worker in a high risk ward, we would still recommended daily washing of cloth masks in the community. COVID-19 is a highly infectious virus, and there is still a lot that we don't know about it, and so it's important that we take every precaution we can to protect against it and ensure masks are effective.

According to the analysis, handwashing the masks did not provide adequate protection. Healthcare workers who self-washed their masks by hand had double the risk of infection compared to those who used the hospital laundry

The WHO recommends machine washing masks with hot water at 60 degrees Celsius and laundry detergent, and the results of our analysis support this recommendation.

Washing machines often have a default temperature of 40 degree or 60 degrees, so do check the setting. At these very hot temperatures, handwashing is not possible. The clear message from this research is that cloth masks do work—but once a cloth mask has been worn, it needs to be washed properly each time before being worn again, otherwise it stops being effective.

There is much research on the design, fabric and construction of masks, but washing is also key for protection.

Chandini Raina MacIntyre et al. Contamination and washing of cloth masks and risk of infection among hospital health workers in Vietnam: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial, BMJ Open (2020). DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042045

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-10-masks-machine.html?utm_sourc...

Bacteria-fighting cells in the airways boost infection risk from viruses

Having more bacteria-fighting immune cells in the nose and throat may explain why some people are more likely to be infected by respiratory viruses.

researchers found that volunteers who succumbed to infection from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) had more specialized white blood cells called neutrophils in their airways before exposure to the virus, compared to those who staved off infection. According to the researchers, this type of neutrophil-driven inflammation in the nose and throat—typically associated with fighting off bacterial infections—may compromise our ability to fight off invading viruses and make us more susceptible to viral infections. The findings could help researchers to understand why people respond differently to the same viral threat, predict who is more at risk of infection, and even lead to preventative treatments to protect against RSV and potentially other respiratory viruses, including influenza and coronaviruses. when they analyzed samples from participants' airways taken before they were exposed to the virus, the team found evidence of neutrophil activation in the nasal mucosa—the cells lining the inside of the nose—in those who became infected with the virus. These immune cells are known to release proteins which help create an antibacterial environment in response to a threat. But the researchers believe this antibacterial immune response may come at a cost, making a host more susceptible to viruses by effectively switching off the early warning system, letting them slip through the net to cause infection.

 Neutrophilic inflammation in the respiratory mucosa predisposes to RSV infection. Science, science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aba9301

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-10-bacteria-fighting-cells-airw...

4-D nanoparticles open new perspectives in safer treatment of tumor...

In the context of nanomedicine, nanoparticles are effective because they can be endowed with multiple functions and are able to hit their target without the need for extremely high doses, which are associated with dangerous side effects. However, they tend to remain in the body for an indefinite time, with important risks to the health of patients. Ideally, nanomedicines should behave like a 4-D material, developing nanoparticles for diagnosis (for example by magnetic resonance imaging or CT scan) and cancer therapy that have as their main requirement the ability to biodegrade, not to accumulate in the body, limiting it in this way the side effects.

inorganic nanoparticles based on an alloy of gold and iron, two biocompatible elements, which are therefore particularly suitable for applications in the biomedical field, are able to biodegrade spontaneously in living organisms.

 how the possibility of capturing these "4-D nano-comets" is fundamental in the field of nanomedicine, and especially for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, showing that metastable gold-iron-based nanoalloys could be ideal candidates for the purpose.

The research, which started with a theoretical-computational investigation, has shown how the atoms of gold and iron, two biocompatible elements that are particularly suitable for applications in the biomedical field, must be arranged inside the nanoparticles so that the latter biodegrade spontaneously in living organisms. The key to the whole study was to find a way to "force" iron and gold to coexist in proportions that are not practicable in nature. For this purpose, laser synthesis techniques in liquid were used to produce bi-metallic Au-Fe nanoparticles capable of biodegradation. These metastable nanoparticles have also been tested in vivo, where they have been shown to leave the organism after a not excessively long period, as opposed to other nanoparticles based only on gold or only on iron oxide, which instead tend to persist for much longer times.

Having a 4-D nanomaterial exploitable as a multimodal imaging agent is particularly important at a clinical level because it allows reducing both the dose administered to the patient and the waiting time before the imaging itself, which are crucial in the treatment of tumors. The next step will be the investigation of the theranostic (i.e., diagnostic and therapeutic) potential of these 4-D nanomedicines.

Veronica Torresan et al. 4D Multimodal Nanomedicines Made of Nonequilibrium Au–Fe Alloy Nanoparticles, ACS Nano (2020). DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03614

https://sciencex.com/news/2020-10-d-nanoparticles-perspectives-safe...

Finding the Best Hot Pepper Cures Using SCIENCE

How SARS-CoV-2 disables the human cellular alarm system

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-sars-cov-disables-human-cellular-alar...

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How gut bacteria manipulates your immune system – by mimicking it

Scientists are discovering how microbes ‘speak’ with the body

https://massivesci.com/articles/gut-bacteria-immune-system-protein-...

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What do we really know about the safety of probiotics?

Messing with our gut microbiome could hurt us

https://massivesci.com/articles/probiotics-microbiome-supplements/

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Initiative pushes to make journal abstracts free to read in one place

Cheese Preservative Slows Oral Cancer Spread in Mice: Study

The results add to mounting evidence of microbes’ roles in tumor growth and point to the possibility of impeding malignancies by inhibiting bacteria.

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/cheese-preservative-slow...

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How media algorithms try to manipulate your decisions and how to overcome them

https://theconversation.com/do-social-media-algorithms-erode-our-ab...

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Astronomers Are Using Black Hole Echoes to Help Map The Universe

https://www.sciencealert.com/echoes-from-black-holes-could-be-the-n...

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Chemists create new crystal form of insecticide, boosting its ability to fight mosquitoes and malaria

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-chemists-crystal-insecticide-boosting...

 Fertiliser use is fuelling climate-warming nitrous oxide emissions: study

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-no2-idUSKBN26S35W

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Life in the Clouds

High above our heads, even beyond 120,000 feet up, scientists have found tiny organisms called microbes. These high-flyers were swept up from the ground by winds and storms, or spewed out through volcanic processes. While most of these high-altitude microbes are dead, some are still alive, or have produced material called spores that could activate in the future. David J. Smith, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Ames Research Center, uses airplanes to collect these microbes, analyze them in the laboratory, and expose them to even higher altitudes with balloon experiments to see how they will respond. If microbes can inhabit our clouds, what about other planets? While more research is needed, Smith and others are fascinated by the possibility that airborne microbes could also be found elsewhere in the solar system, and beyond.

Scientists May Be Able to Treat Tinnitus With Electronic Music And Tongue Buzzing

People who experience tinnitus (the perception of noise or ringing in the ears) might finally have some hope for alleviating their symptoms, after an experimental device that stimulates the tongue was found to ease the condition in a sample of 273 volunteers with a chronic case of it.The tongue buzzing is combined with a carefully prepared audio stream fed through headphones, sounding a little like ambient electronic music. The combined treatment caused an improvement in symptoms for 86 percent of the participants, with an average drop of around 14 points on a tinnitus severity ranking scored from 1 to 100. Even better, the improvements lasted for up to a year for many of the individuals involved. These are promising signs for the 10-15 percent of people worldwide who live with the phantom sounds and ringing ears caused by tinnitus.

A  device – called the Lenire – aims to heighten the sensitivity of the brain, effectively crowding out the overactive parts of the brain that would otherwise cause tinnitus symptoms.

https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/12/564/eabb2830

https://www.sciencealert.com/audible-tones-and-tongue-buzzing-could...

New virtual reality software allows scientists to 'walk' inside cells

Virtual reality software which allows researchers to 'walk' inside and analyse individual cells could be used to understand fundamental problems in biology and develop new treatments for disease. The software, called vLUME, was created by scientists. It allows super-resolution microscopy data to be visualised and analysed in virtual reality, and can be used to study everything from individual proteins to entire cells.

Super-resolution microscopy, which was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2014, makes it possible to obtain images at the nanoscale by using clever tricks of physics to get around the limits imposed by light diffraction. This has allowed researchers to observe molecular processes as they happen. However, a problem has been the lack of ways to visualise and analyse this data in three dimensions.

vLUME is revolutionary imaging software that brings humans into the nanoscale. It allows scientists to visualise, question and interact with 3-D biological data, in real time all within a virtual reality environment, to find answers to biological questions faster. It's a new tool for new discoveries. Viewing data in this way can stimulate new initiatives and ideas.

vLUME: 3D virtual reality for single-molecule localization microscopy, Nature Methods (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0962-1

https://techxplore.com/news/2020-10-virtual-reality-software-scient...

Experimental COVID-19 treatment given to Trump found to relieve symptoms in macaques and hamsters

A team of researchers with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., working with the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, has found that the antibody cocktail given to President Trump was effective in reducing COVID-19 symptoms in rhesus macaques and golden hamsters. 

The US president had received an experimental antibody cocktail along with doses of vitamin D, zinc and a heartburn medicine. The experimental antibody cocktail he was given was provided courtesy of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a company that has been conducting research into the use of such antibody cocktails as therapies for a host of viral infections, including COVID-19. In this new effort, the researchers tested the antibody cocktail with rhesus macaques and golden hamsters.

In the first part of the study, the researchers administered the cocktail (which they call REGN-COV2) to healthy rhesus macaques. Prior research had shown that they can infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but typically exhibit only mild symptoms. Three days after receiving the cocktail, the monkeys were injected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and then monitored to see if the treatment had any impact. They found that monkeys who had received the treatment prior to infection exhibited far fewer symptoms than a control group and had a much lower viral load.

The researchers also injected some of the monkeys with the cocktail after they were infected and found that doing so also reduced symptoms and resulted in faster viral clearance. The researchers next repeated the same experiments with golden hamsters. They, too, have been found to be susceptible to COVID-19, but have much more severe symptoms, including major weight loss. They found that giving it to them two days before they were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus resulted in greatly reduced symptoms and they did not suffer weight loss. And giving it to the hamsters after an infection had set in also resulted in reduced symptoms and faster viral clearance.

The researchers suggest that REGN-COV2 may offer therapeutic benefits both as a treatment and as a preventative measure for COVID-19.

Alina Baum et al. REGN-COV2 antibodies prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters, Science (2020). DOI: 10.1126/science.abe2402

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-10-experimental-covid-treatment...

Dueling proteins give shape to plants

In an elegant choreography, plants take cues from their environment and channel them into flowers, roots, or branches.

Researchers have been studying two key groups of proteins that influence plant form and timing of developmental transitions. Terminal Flower 1 (TLF1) proteins promote branch formation. When it is repressed, flowers grow. Flowering Locus T (FT) proteins, on the other hand, promote flowering in response to seasonal cues like day length. Strangely enough, the two proteins are almost identical.

These two elements have significance galore. Besides flowering, they're involved in tuberization in potatoes, bulb formation in onions, tendril formation in grapes, growth cessation in trees, lots of things.

Manipulating these genes, some have argued, could lead to the next "green revolution" as one could theoretically "trick" a plant that normally only flowers in the long days of summer to flower quickly, and thus produce fruit or seed, in the short days of winter with a deft genetic edit of TFL1. Or, in an area with a longer growing season, a clever manipulation of growth architecture via FT could encourage increased branching and then a later, and more abundant, flowering and fruit development on the many branches.

Nature Communications (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18782

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Plants have already been bred to have reduced TFL1 activity. Tomato gardeners may know these as determinant plants, which set all their flowers at the same time, as opposed to the indeterminant variety, which continue to branch, flower, and fruit over a period of months. Determinant plants make commercial agriculture more efficient, as fruits can be harvested in one go as opposed to repeated passes.

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-dueling-proteins.html?utm_source=nwle...

Scientists engineer bacteria-killing molecules from wasp venom

A team led by scientists  has engineered powerful new antimicrobial molecules from toxic proteins found in wasp venom. The team hopes to develop the molecules into new bacteria-killing drugs, an important advancement considering increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which can cause illness such as sepsis and tuberculosis.

The  researchers altered a highly toxic small protein from a common Asian wasp species, Vespula lewisii, the Korean yellow-jacket wasp. The alterations enhanced the molecule's ability to kill bacterial cells while greatly reducing its ability to harm human cells. In animal models, the scientists showed that this family of new antimicrobial molecules made with these alterations could protect mice from otherwise lethal bacterial infections.

 Osmar N. Silva el al., "Repurposing a peptide toxin from wasp venom into antiinfectives with dual antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties," PNAS (2020). www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2012379117

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-scientists-bacteria-killing-molecules...

Carnivores living near people feast on human food, threatening ecosystems

Ecologists  have found that carnivores living near people can get more than half of their diets from human food sources, a major lifestyle disruption that could put North America's carnivore-dominated ecosystems at risk. The researchers studied the diets of seven predator species across the Great Lakes region of the U.S. They gathered bone and fur samples for chemical analysis from areas as remote as national parks to major metropolitan regions like Albany, New York. They found that the closer carnivores lived to cities and farms, the more human food they ate.

 Philip J. Manlick el al., "Human disturbance increases trophic niche overlap in terrestrial carnivore communities," PNAS (2020). www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2012774117

https://phys.org/news/2020-10-carnivores-people-feast-human-food.ht...