Large magma bodies found beneath dormant volcanoes

New research challenges the long-standing belief that active volcanoes have large magma bodies that are expelled during eruptions and then dissipate over time as the volcanoes become dormant.

Researchers used seismic waves to identify magma chambers beneath the surface of six volcanoes of various sizes and dormancy within the Cascade Range, which includes half of the U.S. volcanoes designated by the U.S. Geological Survey as "very high threat." The team found that all of the volcanoes, including dormant ones, have persistent and large magma bodies.

The study was published in Nature Geoscience .

The results are surprising given that some of these volcanoes, such as the Crater Lake volcano in Oregon, have not been active in millennia.

Regardless of eruption frequency, we see large magma bodies beneath many volcanoes, the researchers said. It appears that these magma bodies exist beneath volcanoes over their whole lifetime, not just during an active state.

The fact that more volcanoes have sustained magma bodies is an important consideration for how researchers may monitor and predict future volcanic activity.

Guanning Pang et al, Long-lived partial melt beneath Cascade Range volcanoes, Nature Geoscience (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01630-y

An overlooked nuclear force helps keep matter stable, study reveals

Researchers have revealed how a special type of force within an atom's nucleus, known as the three-nucleon force, impacts nuclear stability. The study, published in Physics Letters B, provides insight into why certain nuclei are more stable than others and may help explain astrophysical processes, such as the formation of heavy elements within stars.

All matter is made of atoms, the building blocks of the universe. Most of an atom's mass is packed into its tiny nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons (known collectively as nucleons). Understanding how these nucleons interact to keep the nucleus stable and in a low energy state has been a central question in nuclear physics for over a century.

The most powerful nuclear force is the two-nucleon force, which attracts two nucleons at long range to pull them together and repels at short range to stop the nucleons from getting too close.

Scientists have formed a good understanding of the two-nucleon force and how it impacts nuclear stability. On the other hand, three-nucleon force, which is when three nucleons interact with each other simultaneously, is much more complicated and poorly understood.

The researchers describe nuclear forces by likening them to a game of catch. With the two-nucleon force, two players, or nucleons, interact by throwing a ball to each other. The ball, a subatomic particle called a meson, can vary in heaviness, with the lightest meson, known as a pion, responsible for the long-range attraction between nucleons.

With the three-nucleon force, there are three players, or nucleons, and balls, or mesons, are passed between them. At the same time as throwing and catching the balls, the players, or nucleons, also spin and move in an orbit within the nucleus.

Although the three-nucleon force has historically been considered to be of little significance when compared to the two-nucleon force, a growing number of recent studies have highlighted its importance. Now, this new study clarifies the mechanism of how the three-nucleon force enhances nuclear stability, and demonstrates that as the nucleus grows, the force gains in strength.

The researchers used advanced nuclear theory and supercomputer simulations to study the exchange of pions between three nucleons. They found that when two pions are exchanged between three nucleons, the nucleons are constrained in how they move and spin, with only four combinations possible. Their calculations revealed that one of these combinations, known as the "rank-1 component," plays a crucial role in promoting nuclear stability.

Increased stability occurs, the researchers explain, due to enhancing a process known as spin-orbit splitting. When nucleons spin and orbit in the same direction, the alignment of these nucleons leads to a reduction in energy. But when nucleons spin and orbit in opposing directions, these nucleons exist in a higher energy state. This means that nucleons "split" into different energy shells, providing the nucleus with a stable structure.

The supercomputer simulations showed that while the three-nucleon force increases the energy state of the nucleons with an aligned spin and orbit, it causes the nucleons with opposing spins and orbits to gain even more energy. This results in a larger energy gap between the shells, making the nuclei even more stable .

Part 1

Importantly, this effect becomes more pronounced in heavier nuclei that contain more nucleons. In the heaviest element examined—carbon-12, which has 12 nucleons—the three-nucleon force caused the energy gap to widen by a factor of 2.5.

This effect is so large that it has almost equal weighting to the impact of the two-nucleon force.
The three-nucleon force could play a key role in understanding how heavy elements form from the fusion of lighter elements in stars. As this force grows stronger in heavier nuclei, it increases their stability by creating larger energy gaps between nuclear shells.

This stability makes it more challenging for the nucleus to capture additional neutrons, which are essential for forming heavier elements. In cases where the nucleus already contains a "magic number" of protons or neutrons that completely fills its shells, the nucleus becomes exceptionally stable, which can further hinder the fusion process.
Finally, the researchers discovered another surprising effect of the three-nucleon force on nucleon spins. With only the two-nucleon force, the spin states of both nucleons can be measured individually. However, the three-nucleon force creates quantum entanglement, where two of the three nucleons have spins that exist in both states at once until measured.

Tokuro Fukui et al, Uncovering the mechanism of chiral three-nucleon force in driving spin-orbit splitting, Physics Letters B (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138839

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Ocean-surface warming has more than quadrupled since the late-1980s, research shows

The rate of ocean warming has more than quadrupled over the past four decades, a new study has shown. Ocean temperatures were rising at about 0.06 degrees Celsius per decade in the late 1980s, but are now increasing at 0.27 degrees Celsius per decade.

Published 28 January 2025 in Environmental Research Letters, the study helps explain why 2023 and early 2024 saw unprecedented ocean temperatures.

This accelerating ocean warming is driven by the Earth's growing energy imbalance—whereby more energy from the sun is being absorbed in the Earth's system than is escaping back to space. This imbalance has roughly doubled since 2010, in part due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, and because the Earth is now reflecting less sunlight to space than before.

Global ocean temperatures hit record highs for 450 days straight in 2023 and early 2024. Some of this warmth came from El Niño, a natural warming event in the Pacific.

When scientists compared it to a similar El Niño in 2015–16, they found that the rest of the record warmth is explained by the sea surface warming up faster in the past 10 years than in earlier decades; 44% of the record warmth was attributable to the oceans absorbing heat at an accelerating rate.

Quantifying the acceleration of multidecadal global sea surface warming driven by Earth's energy imbalance, Environmental Research Letters (2025). DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8a

Microplastics found in the brains of mice within hours of consumption

A team of environmental biologists  has found that it takes microplastics consumed by mice just a few hours to make their way to their brains.

In their paper published in the journal Science Advances, the group describes experiments they conducted with lab mice consuming water tainted with different sized microplastics, and what they learned by doing so.

Prior research has shown that microplastics have made their way into the environment to such an extent that they have made their way into the bodies of nearly everyone on Earth (*). It is still not known what harm consumption of such materials causes, but most in the medical field believe they are likely causing damage that is blamed on other sources. Still, many in the field suggest that there is enough evidence of possible health problems associated with microplastics that action should be taken globally to address their impact.

In this new effort, the research team sought to learn more about the medical impact of a mammal consuming different sizes of microplastics. The experiments consisted of feeding test mice water with different sized bits of fluorescent plastic in it, from micro to nano. They then tracked the progress of the plastic bits to see where they wound up in the bodies of the mice.

Knowing that the plastic would make its way from the digestive tract into the bloodstream, the researchers used two-photon microscopy to capture imagery of it inside blood vessels. Also, suspecting that the tiniest bits would make it into their brains, the team installed tiny windows in their skulls, allowing them to track the movement of the plastic in their brains.

In studying the imagery they created, the researchers were able to watch as the plastics made their way around the mice's bodies, eventually reaching their brains. They also noted that the plastic bits tended to get backed up, like cars in a traffic jam at different points. In taking a closer look at some of the backups in the brain, the researchers found that the plastic bits had been captured by immune cells, which led to even more backups.

Wondering if the plastic in their brains was causing any impairment, the researchers tested several of the mice and found that many of them experienced memory loss, reductions in motor skills and lower endurance.

*  Richard C. Thompson, Twenty years of microplastics pollution research—what have we learned?, Science (2024). DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2746. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2746

Haipeng Huang et al, Microplastics in the bloodstream can induce cerebral thrombosis by causing cell obstruction and lead to neurobehavioral abnormalities, Science Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adr8243

Why the first stars couldn't grow forever

Star formation in the early universe was a vigorous process that created gigantic stars. Called Population III stars, these giants were massive, extremely luminous stars that lived short lives, many of which ended when they exploded as primordial supernovae.

But even these early stars faced growth limitations.

Stellar feedback plays a role in modern star formation. As young stars grow, they emit powerful radiation that can disperse nearby gas they need to keep growing. This is called protostellar radiative feedback, and it takes place in addition to the restrictive effect their magnetic fields have on their growth.

However, new research shows that the growth of Pop III stars was limited by their magnetic fields.

The research is titled "Magnetic fields limit the mass of Population III stars even before the onset of protostellar radiation feedback"

The paper is published on the arXiv preprint server.

Piyush Sharda et al, Magnetic fields limit the mass of Population III stars even before the onset of protostellar radiation feedback, arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2501.12734

Scientists create 'molecular trap' to remove pollutants from water

Scientists have developed a new material that could help reduce water pollution caused by harmful chemicals, such as from leftover medicines and hygiene products, that end up in rivers and lakes.

Water pollution is one of the growing challenges of modern life. Many everyday items, from medications to cosmetics, leave behind residues that don't fully break down after use. These pollutants often find their way into water systems, where they disrupt ecosystems and cause harm to plants, animals and humans.

The research, published in the journal Cell Reports Physical Science, describes a new method using a molecular  structure called a metal-organic cage (MOC). These tiny cages act like traps designed to catch and hold harmful molecules commonly found in our water supplies.

The cages are made up of metal ions  connected by organic molecules forming a hollow pyramid-like structure. These hollow spaces at the center of these structures are where the MOCs trap specific molecules, like pollutants or gases.

The new structure incorporates chemical groups called sulfonates to make it compatible with water, allowing it to function in real-world water systems, like rivers or wastewater.

It uses a natural effect called hydrophobic binding, where contaminant molecules preferentially "stick" to the inside of the cage rather than staying in the water. This allows the material to selectively capture and hold pollutants, even in challenging water environments.

Jack D. Wright et al, Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Pollutants within a Large Water-Soluble [Fe₄L₆]^4- Cage, Cell Reports Physical Science (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2025.102404

Catching the culprits: DNA 'fingerprints' of drug-makers can be linked to capsules and packaging

DNA profiling technologies are rapidly advancing, creating the potential to identify individuals involved in making, packing and transporting illegal capsules by analyzing the exterior of the illicit drugs and the plastic bag in which they are carried.

Experiments carried out by Flinders University forensic science experts have found that DNA accumulates in different areas, depending on an individual's involvement in the process, which could aid identification of people involved in the drug-making and trade.

The work is published in the journal Forensic Science International: Genetics.

The study also found DNA from the surface of capsules can be transferred to the inner surface of ziplock bags (ZLBs) commonly used in transportation.

This small-scale study indicates that capsule packers deposit less DNA than capsule makers who spend more time handling drug casing, and those that make the capsules can leave enough DNA for a complete profile with as little as 30 seconds of contact.

Furthermore, the DNA yield on these commonly used plastic bags is higher when handled by several people compared with little-to-no contact.

"Generating informative DNA profiles from the inside surface of the ziplock bag could be more useful than the outer side, as could be testing of other 'protected' areas of the bag such as the zip or inner edge of the seal.

Illicit substances frequently distributed in secure ziplock bags can be seized by police and tested by forensic investigators.

Strong DNA profiles 're generated for the individual who made the capsules and for the individual responsible for packing the ziplock bag.

Madison Nolan et al, Illicit drug distribution: Evaluation of DNA transfer between ziplock bags and capsules, Forensic Science International: Genetics (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2024.103182

Octopuses have some of the oldest known sex chromosomes, study finds

The octopus just revealed another one of its secrets: what determines its sex.

Researchers have identified a sex chromosome in the California two-spot octopus. This chromosome has likely been around for 480 million years, since before octopuses split apart from the nautilus on the evolutionary tree. That makes it one of the oldest known animal sex chromosomes.

The finding also is evidence that octopuses and other cephalopods, a class of sea animals that includes squid and nautiluses, do use chromosomes to determine their sex, answering a longstanding mystery.

The researchers  described the findings Feb. 3 in the journal Current Biology.

In humans and most mammals, sex is determined largely by chromosomes. But "there's a tremendous amount of diversity" in how animals determine their sex.

In turtles, for instance, sex is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. Some fish have a gene that determines sex, but not a whole chromosome. Even in humans, the X/Y sex chromosome system isn't as clear-cut as it might look on paper; gene mutations or inheriting extra sex chromosomes can lead to development that doesn't neatly fit in a male/female binary.

When  researchers recently sequenced the DNA of a female California two-spot octopus, they found something unexpected: a chromosome with only half the amount of genetic material. It looked different from all the others, and it hadn't been found in male octopuses whose DNA was previously sequenced.

This particular chromosome had half the amount of sequencing data, which indicated there was only one copy.

To confirm, the researchers sorted through other octopus genomic data previously collected by other researchers.

They found another example of the half-sized chromosome in another species of octopus. They also found it in squid, which diverged evolutionarily from octopuses somewhere between 248 and 455 million years ago. And after more digging, they also found evidence for the chromosome in the nautilus, a mollusk that split apart from the octopus approximately 480 million years ago.

The fact that these species share this unique chromosome suggests that it's been around in some form for a very long time.

This indicates that their common ancestor had this similar sex determination system.

That's somewhat unusual for sex chromosomes. Because they directly impact reproductive capabilities, they're subject to a lot of selective pressure and so tend to undergo rapid evolutionary change. But cephalopods seem to have found what works and have stuck with it.

Other ancient sex chromosomes have been discovered in plant groups like mosses and liverworts, which were some of the first plants to evolve. And insect sex chromosomes might be 450 million years old, but they've also changed a lot over time.

Cephalopod Sex Determination and its Ancient Evolutionary Origin, Current Biology (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.01.005. www.cell.com/current-biology/f … 0960-9822(25)00005-3

Many animals and plants are losing their genetic diversity, making them more vulnerable

Two-thirds of animal and plant populations are declining in genetic diversity, which makes it harder to adapt to environmental changes, according to research published this week.

Long before a species goes extinct, the population becomes smaller and more fragmented, shrinking the number of potential mates and therefore genetic mixing. This leaves a species more vulnerable to future threats such as disease.

A surprising trend was that we saw genetic diversity declining even among many species that aren't considered at risk. 

Researchers examined data for 628 species studied between 1985 and 2019. The greatest losses in genetic variation were seen in birds and mammals.

Findings were published in the journal Nature.

When a species has different genetic solutions, it's better able to deal with changes. 

If a new disease spreads through a population or climate change alters summer rainfall, some individuals will fare better than others, in part because of their genes. Higher genetic diversity also means there's a greater chance of a species' survival.

Conservation efforts to connect isolated populations—basically expanding the dating pool for a particular species—can help maintain or even restore genetic diversity.

Isolated populations suffer. The solution is to reconnect them, stress the biologists.

Catherine Grueber, Global meta-analysis shows action is needed to halt genetic diversity loss, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08458-x. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08458-x

Heart health differences in men and women: Tiny RNA molecules play key role, study finds

There are notable differences between men and women in their susceptibility to many human diseases, including cardiovascular disease. For example, women typically have smaller hearts that pump faster, while men have larger hearts that pump more blood with each heartbeat.

Researchers have been making massive efforts to understand what, in the underlying biology, predisposes people to sex-specific cardiovascular disease.

They recently made a large stride in the field, uncovering one of the molecular reasons behind sex disparities in heart disease.

They discovered that a microRNA called miR-871—one of the smallest RNAs found in cells—plays a significant role in the physiological and pathological differences observed between men's and women's hearts. Their findings were published in Circulation Research.

The findings demonstrate that miRNAs on the X chromosome can directly control male-female differences in the heart. The findings also show that male-female differences in biology can be established after a gene is turned on.

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded nucleic acids that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression, effectively turning genes down to fine-tune protein production in the body. Although these tasks may seem minor, they significantly influence most bodily functions, from the cellular development of organs to the rhythmic beating of our hearts.

Part 1

Out of four microRNAs located on the X chromosome, the researchers homed in on miR-871. This microRNA reduces the amount of sarcalumenin or SRL, a protein, produced in the heart. SRL helps the heart cells recharge and reset after each muscle contraction and keeps the heart "in rhythm." MiR-888, the human equivalent of miR-871, similarly regulates SRL levels in the human heart.

Researchers confirmed their findings by manipulating the levels of miR-871. They used genetic techniques to inhibit the production of miR-871 in female mice. This intervention increased SRL levels and improved the heart's ability to recharge between beats. Consequently, the hearts of the female mice began to resemble the beating pattern and functionality of male hearts.
Researchers may use this information to develop therapies that modify human microRNA levels to treat heart diseases. MicroRNA-based therapies are already being explored for other conditions.

James I. Emerson et al, X-Chromosome–Linked miRNAs Regulate Sex Differences in Cardiac Physiology, Circulation Research (2024). DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.124.325447

Part 2

How the hippocampus coordinates memory encoding and retrieval

A team of scientists has unveiled how the hippocampus orchestrates multiple memory processes, including encoding new information, forming memories, and retrieving them. The study is published in Nature Communications.

 By applying advanced dimensionality reduction techniques to fMRI data, the researchers demonstrated the hippocampus's critical role in coordinating these processes.

The human brain processes and integrates diverse information simultaneously to form memories. For example, while watching a movie, the brain integrates multiple pieces of information, such as identifying the characters and understanding the evolution of their relationships, to later recall the storyline.

The team hypothesized that the hippocampus coordinates these processes by aligning low-dimensional subspaces of neural activity, which represent different memory functions.

And their results showed that -
Aligned subspaces for the two types of novelty, suggesting that the hippocampus integrates diverse forms of novel information.
Alignment between novelty and memory formation subspaces, with participants showing better memory performance when these alignments were stronger.
Distinct alignment patterns for retrieval, where the subspace for memory retrieval aligned with memory formation but not with novelty, suggesting process-specific coordination by the hippocampus.

This work expands our understanding of memory by uncovering the hippocampus's coordinating role and the neural dynamics supporting it.

 Dasom Kwon et al, Coordinated representations for naturalistic memory encoding and retrieval in hippocampal neural subspaces, Nature Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-55833-x

Scientists find more microplastics in human brains than in kidneys and livers—and levels are rising

Tiny plastic particles may accumulate at higher levels in the human brain than in the kidney and liver, with greater concentrations detected in postmortem samples from 2024 than in those from 2016, suggests a paper published in Nature Medicine. Although the potential implications for human health remain unclear, these findings may highlight a consequence of rising global concentrations of environmental plastics.

The amount of environmental plastic nano- and microparticles, which range in size from as small as 1 nanometer (one billionth of a meter) up to 500 micrometers (one millionth of a meter) in diameter, has increased exponentially over the past 50 years. However, whether they are harmful or toxic to humans is unclear. Most previous studies used visual microscopic spectroscopy methods to identify particulates in human tissues, but this is often limited to particulates larger than 5 micrometers.

Researchers now  used novel methods to analyze the distribution of micro- and nanoparticles in samples of liver, kidney, and brain tissues from human bodies that underwent autopsy in 2016 and 2024. A total of 52 brain specimens (28 in 2016 and 24 in 2024) were analyzed.

The team detected these particles in all of the samples and found similar concentrations in the samples of liver and kidney tissues obtained in 2016. However, brain samples taken from that time, all derived from the frontal cortex region, contained substantially higher concentrations of plastic particles than the liver and kidney tissues.

They  also found that liver and brain samples from 2024 had significantly higher concentrations of plastic micro- and nanoparticles than those from 2016. They compared these findings with those of brain tissue samples from earlier time frames (1997–2013) and noted that there were higher concentrations of plastic particles in the more recent tissue samples. They also found a higher concentration of micro- and nanoplastic particles in brains from 12 individuals with a documented dementia diagnosis than in those without.

The authors note that the findings identify an association but do not establish a causal link between plastic particles and health effects.

Alexander J. Nihart et al, Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains, Nature Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03453-1

Mothers of twins face a higher risk of heart disease in the year after birth

The risk of being admitted to the hospital with heart disease is twice as high the year after birth for mothers of twins compared to singleton births, according to research published in the European Heart Journal. The risk is even higher in mothers of twins who had a high blood pressure condition during pregnancy.

The rate of twin pregnancies worldwide has risen in recent decades, driven by fertility treatments and older maternal ages. Previous studies have shown no long-term increased risk of cardiovascular disease when following people with twin pregnancies for decades after delivery. However, this is counterintuitive to what we observe clinically when caring for patients with twin pregnancies.

Given the unacceptably high rate of maternal mortality in the first year after birth due to cardiovascular disease, researchers wanted to examine whether twin pregnancies increase this risk.

The researchers studied data on 36 million hospital deliveries taken from the US Nationwide Readmissions Database of US hospitals from 2010 to 2020. They divided pregnant patients into four groups: those who had twins but normal blood pressure during pregnancy, those who had twins and hypertensive disease of pregnancy (high blood pressure conditions), those who had singleton pregnancies with normal blood pressure, and those who had singleton pregnancies with hypertensive disease of pregnancy.

Hypertensive disease of pregnancy includes gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and superimposed pre-eclampsia.

For each group, researchers calculated the proportion of patients who were readmitted to the hospital within a year of childbirth with any type of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack, heart failure, or stroke.

Researchers found that the proportion of readmissions for cardiovascular disease within a year of giving birth was higher overall for those with twins (1,105.4 per 100,000 deliveries) than singleton pregnancies (734.1 per 100,000 deliveries).

Part 1

Compared to singleton pregnancies with normal blood pressure, people with twins with normal blood pressure were around twice as likely to be hospitalized with cardiovascular disease. For those with twins with high blood pressure during pregnancy, the risk is more than eight times higher.

However, one year after birth, deaths from any cause, including heart disease, were higher among patients with singleton pregnancies who had high blood pressure conditions compared to patients with twins with high blood pressure conditions. This suggests that the risk to mothers of twins decreases in the longer term, while the mothers of singletons may have other pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors.
Recommendations: People with twin pregnancies should be aware of the short-term increase in cardiovascular disease complications in the first year after birth, even if they had a pregnancy that was not complicated by high blood pressure conditions, such as pre-eclampsia. For patients having fertility treatments, especially for those with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as older age, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure or heart disease, patients should be advised that twin pregnancies may increase cardiovascular disease complications in the short term.

Given these higher risks, health care providers and health insurance companies should continue to provide follow-up for up to a year after birth for high-risk pregnancies such as twin pregnancies.

 Cande V. Ananth et al, Hospitalization for cardiovascular disease in the year after delivery of twin pregnancies, European Heart Journal (2025). DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf003

Part 2

The link between renal failure and Parkinson's disease: Researchers illuminate the underlying mechanisms

Lewy body diseases (LBDs) are a class of debilitating neurodegenerative disorders linked to the abnormal aggregation of the protein α-synuclein in nerve cells. When misfolded, this protein can produce clumps known as Lewy bodies, which can adversely impact the functioning of cells, contributing to neurodegeneration.

Recent studies also showed that LBDs, particularly Parkinson's disease, often initiate in the gut and that, in some cases, kidney failure contributes to their emergence. So far, however, the exact physiological processes connecting kidney failure to PD are being studied now.

Researchers  recently carried out a study to better understand these mechanisms by further examining the link between kidney failure and LBDs. Their findings, published in Nature Neuroscience, show that renal dysfunction can cause the accumulation of α-synuclein in the kidneys, which can in turn cause the protein to spread to the brain, in some cases facilitating the development of PD.

Building on previous studies that unveiled a link between kidney function and the incidence of PD, researchers now carried out experiments to further illustrate the mechanisms behind this connection. To do this, they first stained kidney samples extracted from patients diagnosed with PD and those extracted from people with chronic renal diseases.

They found that α-synuclein was deposited in the kidneys of these patients. 

To illustrate the role of renal failure in PD, they induced renal failure in mouse models of PD and found that renal failure exacerbates PD-like pathology. Injection of α-synuclein fibrils into the kidney induced the spread of α-synuclein pathology to the brain, whereas deletion of α-synuclein in blood cells alleviated PD pathology in a mouse model of PD.

Essentially, the researchers found that the kidneys of patients presenting renal failure contained a large amount of the protein α-synuclein. They were then able to shed light on how this α-synuclein accumulation could lead to PD, specifically following the spread of this protein to the brain.

They also showed that severing the connections between the kidneys and the brain in male mice blocked the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain following renal failure.

Xin Yuan et al, Propagation of pathologic α-synuclein from kidney to brain may contribute to Parkinson's disease, Nature Neuroscience (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01866-2.

Half a degree rise in global warming will triple area of Earth too hot for humans, scientists warn

An international group of scientists has revealed how continued global warming will lead to more parts of the planet becoming too hot for the human body over the coming decades.

The paper, published in Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, finds that the amount of landmass on our planet that would be too hot for even healthy young humans (18 to 60-year-olds) to keep a safe core body temperature will approximately triple (to 6%)—an area almost the size of the US—if global warming reaches 2°C above the preindustrial average.

Under these conditions, they also warn that the area of land where the over 60s will be at risk will increase to about 35%.

Last year was the first calendar year with a global mean temperature of more than 1.5°C above the preindustrial average, and at current rates of warming, 2°C could be reached by mid to late century.

These findings show the potentially deadly consequences if global warming reaches 2°C. Unsurvivable heat thresholds, which so far have only been exceeded briefly for older adults in the hottest regions on Earth, are likely to emerge even for younger adults.

In such conditions, prolonged outdoor exposure—even for those in the shade, subject to a strong breeze, and well hydrated—would be expected to cause lethal heatstroke. It represents a step-change in heat-mortality risk, they warn.

Earth's most extreme heat events and mortality impacts under climate warming, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00635-w

Climate change is overhauling marine nutrient cycles, scientists say

Computer models reveal how human-driven climate change will dramatically overhaul critical nutrient cycles in the ocean. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,  researchers report evidence that marine nutrient cycles—essential for sustaining ocean ecosystems—are changing in unexpected ways as the planet continues to warm.

Model studies have suggested that when the ocean warms it gets more stratified, which can drain certain parts of the surface ocean of nutrients. 

Although models suggest a connection between ocean temperatures and surface ocean nutrients, this is the first study to confirm climate change's impacts on nutrient cycles.

The researchers  discovered that over the last half-century, there's been a major decline in phosphorus—a nutrient that plays a key role in the health of marine food webs—in southern hemisphere oceans.

There can be cascading effects up the food web, they say. Because plankton—microorganisms that form the bases of many marine food webs—rely on phosphorous as a food source. "When phytoplankton have less phosphorus, they become less nutritious, which can impair zooplankton and fish growth rates."

Surprisingly, concentrations of nitrate—a nutrient the team expected to decline—appear to remain steady. Nitrate is crucial for ecosystem functioning, so that it's not in decline is a good sign.

Nevertheless, nitrate concentrations may still decline in the future as the climate continues to change.

Skylar D. Gerace et al, Observed declines in upper ocean phosphate-to-nitrate availability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2411835122

Decoding a butterfly's travel map: Scientists find globetrotting not in genes

Painted lady butterflies are world travelers. The ones we encounter in Europe fly from Africa to Sweden, ultimately returning to areas north and south of the Sahara. But what determines whether some butterflies travel long distances while others travel short distances? A group of scientists shows that the different migration strategies are shaped by environmental conditions rather than being encoded in the butterfly's DNA.

Researchers, alongside citizen science projects, have been trying to decode the butterfly travel map. Their interdisciplinary publication provides new insights.

The results are now published in PNAS Nexus.

The painted lady is a strikingly beautiful and colorful butterfly species. But what makes them particularly special is their incredible long-distance migrations.

These butterflies go on a yearly 10,000 km journey between Africa and Europe. They do so through a succession of generations, looking for the best breeding conditions for their offspring. Each individual travels in one section of the annual migratory cycle, with its offspring continuing their journey.

The colorful insects begin their grand voyage in spring, starting from Northwest Africa and flying over the Mediterranean Sea to Europe. Subsequent generations then make their way to Great Britain, even reaching the Arctic tundra of Sweden to spend the summer.

Until recently, it was believed that once the butterflies reach Sweden, they perish due to the colder climates that arise there at the end of summer. However, studies have shown that painted ladies return to warmer regions in autumn, confirming a circular migratory pattern. While some end up staying in the Mediterranean area, others travel back to Africa, even crossing the Sahara. But how come?

Researchers set out to understand this phenomenon.

They utilized isotope geolocation to estimate the geographic origin of each butterfly. The key principle of this method is that the isotopic makeup—or the stable isotopes—of the adult butterfly's wings mirrors the isotopic signature of the plants they ate as a caterpillar. 

 Isotopes are different forms of the same element, with identical chemical properties but slightly different atomic masses.

The researchers spent several years developing this technique, testing different isotopes, refining statistical approaches, and incorporating machine-learning techniques to enhance accuracy and resolution.

The analysis confirmed the diverse travel behavior among individuals: some took a long migration trip south from Scandinavia, crossing the Sahara, while others migrated a short distance, staying north of the desert in the Mediterranean region.

The scientists then used whole genome sequencing to compare DNA sequences of each individual. Interestingly, there was no genetic difference between short-trip and long-trip butterflies.

Part 1

This finding fundamentally differs from what is observed in some birds, another well-studied migratory group. For example, in willow warblers, a large chromosomal region has been associated with variable migratory direction, illustrating how different phenotypes arise from distinct genomic compositions.

Additionally, migration patterns in painted ladies could not be associated with factors such as sex, wing size, or wing shape.

According to the scientists, so-called phenotypic plasticity might explain the different migration styles. "Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to change its phenotype—in this case, its engagement in long- or short-distance migration—in response to environmental conditions without altering its genetic makeup.
For instance, in summer, butterflies in Sweden might be prompted to migrate a long distance south across the Sahara due to the quick shift in day lengths or other seasonal cues. In contrast, butterflies in Southern France, where the days are longer, may not encounter those migratory cues and therefore only undertake short-distance journeys, staying in the Mediterranean area.

Megan S Reich et al. Isotope geolocation and population genomics in Vanessa cardui: Short- and long-distance migrants are genetically undifferentiated, PNAS Nexus (2025). DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae586. academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/art … /4/2/pgae586/7994570

Part 2

How eye saccades enable mammals to simultaneously chase prey and navigate through complex environments

How do predators use their vision to both navigate through the terrain while tracking prey running for its life? Pursuing prey through a complex environment is a major challenge for the visual system, as not only does the prey constantly change direction, sometimes in the opposite direction to the pursuer, but running after something evokes self-induced motion-blur that degrades vision.

To investigate this question, researchers reconstructed the visual fields of freely moving ferrets that were chasing a fleeing target and discovered that eye saccades (very rapid coordinated eye movements) align the world motion—and not the actual thing they are chasing—to the retina and retinal specializations used for high-acuity vision.

Saccades achieve this by countering head rotations to align the area of the sharpest vision with the direction of intended travel and the area of the least motion-induced blur. This enables image blur, which degrades vision, to be minimized over these specialized retinal areas during turns when chasing targets that are trying to evade capture.

These eye movements are seen in freely moving ferrets, mice, rats and tree shrews, suggesting a generalized mechanism enabling mammals to navigate complex environments during pursuit.

The research is published in the journal Current Biology.

 Eye saccades align optic flow with retinal specializations during object pursuit in freely moving ferrets, Current Biology (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.12.032. www.cell.com/current-biology/f … 0960-9822(24)01700-7

Human influence has led to loss of dialects in chimpanzees, long-term study suggests

A new study, conducted on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, provides evidence that the gestures used by male chimpanzees from four neighboring communities during copulation requests may reflect different dialects. One gesture, used predominantly in one community, disappeared from the repertoire 20 years ago after a poaching incident and did not return. This incident documents a cultural loss associated with human-induced population decline, a phenomenon rarely documented in animals.

Much like people from different regions speak with different accents or use unique expressions, many animals have their own "dialects." Songbirds such as sparrows and finches, or even whales, learn their songs from others, resulting in variations that are as unique to a region as local accents in humans. However, in primates, which are phylogenetically closer to humans, evidence for community-specific dialects remains surprisingly scarce, presenting an intriguing area for further scientific investigation.

Researchers observed members of the four neighboring communities of wild chimpanzees every day from the time they left their nests in the morning until they went to sleep at night. Their work is published  in the journal Current Biology.

Researchers identified four types of communicative gestures, 'heel kick,' 'knuckle knock,' 'leaf clip' and 'branch shake,' used by male chimpanzees to attract females to mate with them. Between 2013 and 2024, they found differences in the frequency of use of these communicative gestures between neighboring chimpanzee communities, but also between populations across Africa.

Using long-term data from 45 years of research in the Taï Chimpanzee Project, the researchers also revealed variations in gesture use over time. These findings highlight the ability of humans' closest living relatives to produce cultural differences in communicative signals.

The consistent use of the same mating request signal forms within communities, but different signal forms between neighboring communities that experience regular gene flow through female migration, suggests socially learned dialects in chimpanzees, evidence that has rarely been demonstrated before.

These days, males in the North group, one of the four communities, have not been observed to use the 'knuckle knock' for 20 years, although all males in the North group used this gesture before 2004.

Following a series of human-induced events leading to demographic loss, the last adult male of the North group was killed by a poacher, resulting in several years without an adult male.

The loss of competition between adult males for females or the loss of all role models could be responsible for the cultural loss of this specific copulation request gesture in this community.

This finding provides evidence that human illegal activities have altered the cultural behavior of chimpanzees.

There is an urgent need to integrate the preservation of chimpanzee culture into conservation strategies, the researchers say.

Mathieu Malherbe et al, Signal traditions and cultural loss in chimpanzees, Current Biology (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.12.008

Phage Therapy: Helping viruses deliver a knockout blow to killer bacterial infections

In the face of rising concerns about antibiotic resistant infections, an international group of microbial experts have launched a powerful and flexible free online genomic toolkit for more rapid development of phage therapy.

After decades of research, phages or bacteriophage viruses that target and kill specific bacteria are seen as the next frontier in finding fast and effective ways to curb the death toll and serious illnesses caused by antibiotic resistant "superbugs" every year.

The lead developers of the new platform, called Sphae, claim it is capable of assessing if a phage is suitable for a targeted therapy in under 10 minutes.

This marks a big step forward in quickly evaluating phage safety and suitability for addressing antibiotic-resistant infections, according to the team at Flinders Accelerator for Microbiome Exploration (FAME) and collaborators in a new article just published in the journal Bioinformatics Advances.

Sphae integrates high-throughput sequencing technologies with advanced computational pipelines, enabling researchers to analyze vast and complex datasets efficiently. It  prioritizes safety, flagging genes associated with toxins or undesirable traits to ensure that only the safest candidates are advanced for therapeutic use.

Adaptability and scalability sets Sphae apart. The workflow supports a wide range of sequencing technologies while the toolkit can handle the massive datasets typical of high-performance computing environments, making it an invaluable tool for labs tackling large-scale projects.

Sphae not only aids in therapeutic research but also advances our broader understanding of microbial ecosystems and their impact on global health and climate. Sphae processes multiple phage genomes at once, saving time and efficiently handling larger datasets.

Sphae works effectively even in mixed or challenging datasets, providing consistent and accurate results to help identify phages that can potentially combat resistant bacterial strains.

It offers a complete view of phage genomes, summarizing key features like resistance and virulence markers for better insight into phage safety and functionality.

When conventional antibiotics are not effective any more, personalized phage therapy could become a standard part of medical practice by simplifying and accelerating the discovery of therapeutic phages suited to the individual patient's infection. The future of medicine lies in the precise, efficient, and safe use of phages to combat bacterial infections and restore hope to patients worldwide.

Bhavya Papudeshi et al, Sphae: an automated toolkit for predicting phage therapy candidates from sequencing data, Bioinformatics Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbaf004

Image source : tandfonline.com

Part 2

Hungry fat cells could  starve cancer to death

Liposuction and plastic surgery aren't often mentioned in the same breath as cancer. But they are the inspiration for a new approach to treating cancer that uses engineered fat cells to deprive tumors of nutrition.

Researchers  used the gene editing technology CRISPR to turn ordinary white fat cells into "beige" fat cells, which voraciously consume calories to make heat.

Then, they implanted them near tumors the way plastic surgeons inject fat from one part of the body to plump up another. The fat cells scarfed up all the nutrients, starving most of the tumor cells to death. The approach even worked when the fat cells were implanted in mice far from the sites of their tumors. Relying on common procedures could hasten the approach's arrival as a new form of cellular therapy.

Doctors already routinely remove fat cells with liposuction and put them back via plastic surgery. These fat cells can be easily manipulated in the lab and safely placed back into the body, making them an attractive platform for cellular therapy, including for cancer.

Beige fat cells outcompete cancer cells for nutrients. That is why exposure to cold could suppress cancer in mice.

One remarkable experiment even showed it could help a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Scientists concluded that the cancer cells were starving because the cold was activating brown fat cells, which use nutrients to produce heat.

But cold therapy isn't a viable option for cancer patients with fragile health.

So the researchers turned to the idea of using beige fat, wagering that they could engineer it to burn enough calories, even in the absence of cold, to deprive tumors of the fuel they needed to grow.

Part 1

They used CRISPR to activate genes that are dormant in white fat cells but are active in brown fat cells, in the hopes of finding the ones that would transform the white fat cells into the hungriest of beige fat cells.

A gene called UCP1 rose to the top.

Then, the researchers grew UCP1 beige fat cells and cancer cells in a "trans-well" petri dish. The cancer cells were on the bottom and the fat cells were above them in separate compartments that kept the cells apart but forced them to share nutrients.

The results were shocking.
In their very first trans-well experiment, very few cancer cells survived.
The beige fat cells held sway over two different types of breast cancer cells, as well as colon, pancreatic and prostate cancer cells.

But the researchers still didn't know if the implanted beige fat cells would work in a more realistic context.
So, the scientists turned to fat organoids, which are coherent clumps of cells grown in a dish, to see if they could beat tumor cells when they were implanted next to tumors in mice.

The approach worked against breast cancer, as well as pancreatic and prostate cancer cells. The cancer cells starved as the fat cells gobbled up all the available nutrients.

The implanted beige fat cells were so powerful that they suppressed pancreatic and breast tumors in mice that were genetically predisposed to develop cancer. It even worked when the beige fat cells were implanted far away from the breast cancer cells.
When tested with removed cancer breasts, these same-patient beige fat cells outcompeted breast cancer cells in petri dishes—and when they were implanted together in mouse models.

Knowing that cancers have preferred diets, the researchers engineered fat just to eat certain nutrients. Certain forms of pancreatic cancer, for example, rely on uridine when glucose is scarce.

So, they programmed the fat to eat just uridine, and they easily outcompeted these pancreatic cancer cells. This suggests that fat could be adapted to any cancer's dietary preferences.
Fat cells have many advantages when it comes to living cell therapies.

Hai P. Nguyen et al, Implantation of engineered adipocytes suppresses tumor progression in cancer models, Nature Biotechnology (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02551-2

Part 2

What is brown fat?

Juicing may harm your health in just 3 days, study finds

Think your juice cleanse is making you healthier? A new  study suggests it might be doing the opposite. The study, recently published in Nutrients, found that a vegetable and fruit juice-only diet—even for just three days—can trigger shifts in gut and oral bacteria linked to inflammation and cognitive decline.

Scientists studied three groups of healthy adults. One group consumed only juice, another had juice with whole foods and a third ate only whole plant-based foods. Scientists collected saliva, cheek swabs and stool samples before, during and after the diets to analyze bacterial changes using gene-sequencing techniques.

The juice-only group showed the most significant increase in bacteria associated with inflammation and gut permeability, while the plant-based whole food group saw more favorable microbial changes. The juice plus food group had some bacterial shifts but less severe than the juice-only group. These findings suggest that juicing without fiber may disrupt the microbiome, potentially leading to long-term health consequences.

Most people think of juicing as a healthy cleanse, but this study offers a reality check, say the researchers.

Consuming large amounts of juice with little fiber may lead to microbiome imbalances that could have negative consequences, such as inflammation and reduced gut health.

Fiber matters

Juicing strips away much of the fiber in whole fruits and vegetables, which feeds beneficial bacteria that produce anti-inflammatory compounds such as butyrate.

Without fiber, sugar-loving bacteria can multiply. The high sugar content in juice further fuels these harmful bacteria, disrupting the gut and oral microbiome. The study also suggests that reduced fiber intake may impact metabolism, immunity and even mental health.

Unlike the gut microbiota, which remained relatively stable, the oral microbiome showed dramatic changes during the juice-only diet. Scientists found a reduction in beneficial Firmicutes bacteria and an increase in Proteobacteria, a bacterial group associated with inflammation.

This highlights how quickly dietary choices can influence health-related bacterial populations. The oral microbiome appears to be a rapid barometer of dietary impact.

So don't just drink juices, eat whole fruits and vegetables, with their fibre intact.

Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro et al, Effects of Vegetable and Fruit Juicing on Gut and Oral Microbiome Composition, Nutrients (2025). DOI: 10.3390/nu17030458

Gray matter study uncovers two neuroanatomically different OCD subtypes

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder associated with persistent, intrusive thoughts (i.e., obsessions), accompanied by repetitive behaviors (i.e., compulsions) aimed at reducing the anxiety arising from obsessions. Past studies have showed that people diagnosed with OCD can present symptoms that vary significantly, as well as distinct brain abnormalities.

A team of researchers  recently carried out a study aimed at further exploring the well-documented differences among patients with OCD. Their findings, published in Translational Psychiatry, allowed them to identify two broad OCD subtypes, which are associated with different patterns in gray matter volumes and disease epicenters.

OCD is a highly heterogeneous disorder, with notable variations among cases in structural brain abnormalities.

The researchers recruited 100 individuals who had just been diagnosed with OCD for the first time and had not yet started treatment, along with 106 healthy individuals who received no psychiatric and medical diagnoses. They then used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to collect to collect structural imaging scans of all the participants' brains.

Utilizing normative models of gray matter volume, the researchers identified subtypes based on individual morphological abnormalities.

Subtype 1 displayed significantly increased gray matter volume in regions including the frontal gyrus, precuneus, insula, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and temporal gyrus, while subtype 2 exhibited decreased gray matter volume in the frontal gyrus, precuneus, insula, superior parietal gyrus, temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus," wrote the researchers in their paper. "When considering all patients collectively, structural brain abnormalities nullified."

Part 1

The two OCD subtypes uncovered by the researchers are characterized by distinct patterns in gray matter volumes within specific brain regions. People in subtype 1 presented more gray matter in brain areas supporting decision-making (e.g., the frontal gyrus) and emotional processing (i.e., the amygdala).

In contrast, those in subtype 2 were found to present lower gray matter volumes in areas linked to self-referential thinking (i.e., the precuneus) and cognitive function (i.e., the striatum).

Notably, the newly unveiled subtypes were also found to be associated with different disease epicenters and distinct links to neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. This essentially means that the brain regions and receptors most affected by or implicated in the disorder also differed significantly between the two subtypes.
Subtype 1 showed disease epicenters in the middle frontal gyrus, while subtype 2 displayed disease epicenters in the striatum, thalamus and hippocampus," wrote the researchers. "Furthermore, structural brain abnormalities in these subtypes displayed distinct associations with neurotransmitter receptors/transporters."

The findings of this recent study could help to partially explain the differences between patients diagnosed with OCD that have often been observed .

 Baohong Wen et al, Individualized gray matter morphological abnormalities unveil two neuroanatomical obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes, Translational Psychiatry (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41398-025-03226-5

Part 2

Generally, things really do seem better in the morning, large study suggests

Generally, things really do seem better in the morning, with clear differences in self-reported mental health and well-being across the day, suggest the findings of a large study published in the open access journal BMJ Mental Health.

People generally wake up feeling in the best frame of mind in the morning, but in the worst around midnight, the findings indicate, with day of the week and season of the year also playing their part.

Mental health and well-being are dynamic in nature, and subject to change over both short and extended periods, note the researchers. But relatively few studies have looked at how these might change over the course of the day, and those studies that have, have included particular, or only small, groups.

The researchers therefore wanted to explore whether time of day was associated with variations in mental health (depressive and/or anxiety symptoms), happiness (hedonic well-being), life satisfaction, sense of life being worthwhile (eudemonic well-being) and loneliness (social well-being). They also wanted to find out if these associations varied by day, season, and year. They analyzed data from the University College London COVID-19 Social Study, which began in March 2020, and involved regular monitoring until November 2021, and then additional monitoring up to March 2022.

All studied aspects were measured via questionnaires using validated assessment tools or through single direct questions.

Analysis of the data revealed a clear pattern in self-reported mental health and well-being across the day, with people generally waking up in the morning feeling best—lowest depressive/anxiety symptoms and loneliness and highest happiness, life satisfaction, and worthwhile ratings—and feeling worst around midnight.

The influence of day of the week was less clear-cut, with more variation in mental health and well-being during weekends than on weekdays.

Happiness, life satisfaction, and worthwhile ratings were all higher on Mondays and Fridays than on Sundays, and happiness was also higher on Tuesdays. But there was no evidence that loneliness differed across days of the week.

There was clear evidence of a seasonal influence on mood, however. Compared with winter, people tended to have lower levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms and loneliness, and higher levels of happiness, life satisfaction, and feeling that life was worthwhile in other seasons.

And mental health was best in the summer across all outcomes. But the season didn't affect the associations observed across the day, however.

Mental health and well-being also steadily improved from 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This is an observational study, and as such, can't establish cause. 

Will things feel better in the morning? A time-of-day analysis of mental health and wellbeing from nearly 1 million observations, BMJ Mental Health (2025). DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2024-301418

**

Kids use different math skills at work vs. school, India study shows

In India, many kids who work in retail markets have good math skills. They can quickly perform a range of calculations to complete transactions. But as a new study shows, these kids often perform much worse on the same kinds of problems as they are taught in the classroom. This happens even though many of these students still attend school or attended school through 7th or 8th grades.

Conversely, the study also finds, Indian students who are still enrolled in school and don't have jobs do better on school-type math problems, but they often fare poorly at the kinds of problems that occur in marketplaces.

Overall, both the "market kids" and the "school kids" struggle with the approach the other group is proficient in, raising questions about how to help both groups learn math more comprehensively.

For the school kids, they do worse when you go from an abstract problem to a concrete problem. For the market kids, it's the opposite.

Indeed, the kids with jobs who are also in school "underperform despite being extraordinarily good at mental math".

The paper, "Children's arithmetic skills do not transfer between applied and ac...," is published in Nature.

So why might the performance of the nonworking students decline when given a problem in market conditions?

"They learned an algorithm but didn't understand it!"

Meanwhile, the market kids seemed to use certain tactics to handle retail transactions. For one thing, they appear to use rounding well. Take a problem like 43 times 11. To handle that intuitively, you might multiply 43 times 10, and then add 43, for the final answer of 473. This appears to be what they are doing.

The market kids are able to exploit base 10, so they do better on base 10 problems.

The school kids have no idea. It makes no difference to them. The market kids may have additional tricks of this sort.

 On the other hand, the school kids had a better grasp of formal written methods of division, subtraction, and more.

Finding a way to cross the divide between informal and formal ways of tackling math problems, then, could notably help some Indian children.

The fact that such a divide exists, meanwhile, suggests some new approaches could be tried in the classroom, say the researchers.These findings highlight the importance of educational curricula that bridge the gap between intuitive and formal mathematics.

Now I know why I  get confused with calculations when I visit the markets.

Esther Duflo, Children's arithmetic skills do not transfer between applied and academic mathematics, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08502-w. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08502-w

Compact camera can identify objects at the speed of light

Researchers recently  have produced some eye-popping research, including shrinking a camera down to the size of a grain of salt while still capturing crisp, clear images.

Building on this work they, published a paper in Science Advances that describes a new kind of compact camera engineered for computer vision—a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to recognize objects in images and video.

Their research prototype uses optics for computing, significantly reducing power consumption and enabling the camera to identify objects at the speed of light. Their device also represents a new approach to the field of computer vision.

Instead of using a traditional camera lens made out of glass or plastic, the optics in this camera relies on layers of 50 meta-lenses—flat, lightweight optical components that use microscopic nanostructures to manipulate light. The meta-lenses also function as an optical neural network, which is a computer system that is a form of artificial intelligence modeled on the human brain.

This unique approach has a couple of key advantages. First, it's fast. Because much of the computation takes place at the speed of light, the system can identify and classify images more than 200 times faster than neural networks that use conventional computer hardware, and with comparable accuracy. Second, because the optics in the camera rely on incoming light to operate, rather than electricity, the power consumption is greatly reduced.

Top climate scientists declare 2C climate goal 'dead'

Pathetic! The world is failing to recognize this catastrophe, acting on the warning of climate scientists and stopping it. 

Holding long-term global warming to two degrees Celsius—the fallback target of the Paris climate accord—is now "impossible," according to a stark new analysis published by leading scientists.

Led by renowned climatologist James Hansen, the paper appears in the journal Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development and concludes that Earth's climate is more sensitive to rising green house gas emissions than previously thought.

Compounding the crisis, Hansen and colleagues argued, is a recent decline in sunlight-blocking aerosol pollution from the shipping industry, which had been mitigating some of the warming.

An ambitious climate change scenario outlined by the UN's climate panel, which gives the planet a 50 percent chance of keeping warming under 2C by the year 2100, "is an implausible scenario," the scientists say.

"That scenario is now impossible, the two degree target is dead."

Instead, the scientists argued, the amount of greenhouse gases already pumped into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels meant increased warming is now guaranteed.

Temperatures will stay at or above 1.5C in the coming years—devastating coral reefs and fueling more intense storms—before rising to around 2.0C by 2045, they forecast.

They estimated polar ice melt and freshwater injection into the North Atlantic will trigger the shutdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) within the next 20-30 years.

The current brings warmth to various parts of the globe and also carries nutrients necessary to sustain ocean life.

Its end "will lock in major problems including sea level rise of several meters—thus, we describe AMOC shutdown as the 'point of no return,'" the scientists argued in their paper.

The world's nations agreed during the landmark Paris climate accord of 2015 to try to hold end-of-century warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.

Scientists identified the threshold as critical to preventing the breakdown of major ocean circulation systems, the abrupt thawing of boreal permafrost, and the collapse of tropical coral reefs.

The 1.5C target has already been breached over the past two years, according to data from the EU's climate monitoring system Copernicus, though the Paris Agreement referred to a long-term trend over decades.

At 2C, the impacts would be even greater, including irreversible loss to Earth's ice sheets, mountain glaciers and snow, sea ice and permafrost.

The authors acknowledged the findings appeared grim, but argued that honesty is a necessary ingredient for change.

Failure to be realistic in climate assessment and failure to call out the fecklessness of current policies to stem global warming is not helpful to young people," they said.

But is the world listening?

James E. Hansen et al, Global Warming Has Accelerated: Are the United Nations and the Public Well-Informed?, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development (2025). DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494

Electric vehicle batteries can last almost 40% longer in the real world than in lab tests

When we see "tested under laboratory conditions," we often assume real-world conditions will lead to faster degradation of a product.

But experts from Stanford University have found the opposite is true for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Their new research shows traditional laboratory testing leads to faster degradation, while real-world use gives substantially more battery life, extending the lifespan of the entire EV. Researchers found the stop-start way we drive and the variable rate the battery discharges power actually prolongs battery life by up to 38% compared to traditional tests.

This is good news for EV drivers—and for efforts to electrify transport. This extra battery life would translate to more than 300,000 more kilometers an EV could drive before needing battery replacement, the researchers say.

Longer-lasting batteries would reduce the total cost of EV ownership—and benefit the environment by getting more use out of each battery.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01675-8

AI bias shapes everything from hiring to health care

Generative AI tools like ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Google's Gemini and Microsoft's Copilot are transforming industries at a rapid pace. However, as these large language models become less expensive and more widely used for critical decision-making, their built-in biases can distort outcomes and erode public trust.

Researchers published a study emphasizing the urgent need to address bias by developing and deploying ethical, explainable AI. This includes methods and policies that ensure fairness and transparency and reduce stereotypes and discrimination in LLM applications.

Xiahua Wei et al, Addressing bias in generative AI: Challenges and research opportunities in information management, Information & Management (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2025.104103

Why antibiotics can fail even against non-resistant bacteria

Antibiotics are indispensable for treating bacterial infections. But why are they sometimes ineffective, even when the bacteria are not resistant? In their latest study published in the journal Nature, researchers challenge the conventional view that a small subset of particularly resilient bacteria are responsible for the failure of antibiotic therapies.

In certain infectious diseases caused by bacteria, antibiotics are less effective than expected. One example is infections caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can lead to illnesses such as typhoid fever. For many years, researchers believed that a small subset of dormant bacteria was the main problem in fighting infections.

These so-called persisters can survive antibiotic treatment and cause relapses later. Researchers worldwide have been working on new therapies aimed at targeting and eliminating these "sleeping" bacteria.

In a new study,  scientists challenge the prevailing concept that persisters are the cause of antibiotic ineffectiveness.

Contrary to widespread belief, antibiotic failure is not caused by a small subset of persisters. In fact, the majority of Salmonella in infected tissues are difficult to kill. Scientists have been able to demonstrate that standard laboratory tests of antimicrobial clearance produce misleading results, giving a false impression of a small group of particularly resilient persisters.

Nutrient starvation increases Salmonella resilience

The researchers investigated antimicrobial clearance in both Salmonella-infected mice and tissue-mimicking laboratory models. The body's defense mechanisms against bacteria often include reducing the availability of nutrients. The researchers have now revealed that, in fact, this nutrient starvation is the main reason for Salmonella bacteria surviving treatments with antibiotics. The researchers assume that the same applies to other bacterial pathogens.

Under nutrient-scarce conditions, bacteria grow very slowly. This may seem good at first, but it is actually a problem because most antibiotics only gradually kill slowly growing bacteria. As a result, the drugs are much less effective, and relapses can occur even after prolonged therapy.

The scientists used an innovative method to monitor antibiotic action in single bacteria in real time. They demonstrated that nearly the entire Salmonella population survives antibiotic treatment for extended periods, not just a small subset of hyper-resilient persisters.

Joseph Fanous et al, Limited impact of Salmonella stress and persisters on antibiotic clearance, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08506-6. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08506-6

 How RNA travels between cells to control genes across generations

RNA-based medicines are one of the most promising ways to fight human disease, as demonstrated by the recent successes of RNA vaccines and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) therapies. But while health care providers can now successfully develop drugs that use dsRNA to accurately target and silence disease-causing genes, a major challenge remains: getting these potentially life-saving RNA molecules into cells efficiently.

A new study published in the journal eLife on February 4, 2025, may lead to breakthroughs in RNA-based drug development.

Researchers used microscopic roundworms as a model to investigate how dsRNA molecules naturally enter cells and influence many future generations. The team discovered multiple pathways for dsRNA to enter the worms' cells—a finding that could help improve drug delivery methods in humans.

Researchers learned that RNA molecules can carry specific instructions not just between cells but across many generations, which adds a new layer to our current understanding of how inheritance works.

The researchers  found that a protein called SID-1, which acts as a gatekeeper for the transfer of information using dsRNA, also has a role in regulating genes across generations.

When researchers removed the SID-1 protein, they observed that the worms unexpectedly became better at passing changes in gene expression to their offspring. In fact, these changes persisted for over 100 generations—even after SID-1 was restored to the worms.

Interestingly, you can find proteins similar to SID-1 in other animals, including humans. Understanding SID-1 and its role has significant implications for human medicine. If we can learn how this protein controls RNA transfer between cells, we could potentially develop better targeted treatments for human diseases and perhaps even control the inheritance of certain disease states.

The research team also discovered a gene called sdg-1 that helps regulate "jumping genes"—DNA sequences that tend to move or copy themselves to different locations on a chromosome. While jumping genes can introduce new genetic variations that may be beneficial, they are more likely to disrupt existing sequences and cause disease.

The researchers found that sdg-1 is located within a jumping gene but produces proteins that are used to control jumping genes, creating a self-regulating loop that could prevent unwanted movements and changes.

It's fascinating how these cellular mechanisms maintain this delicate balance, like a thermostat keeping a house at just the right temperature so it isn't too warm or too cold. The system needs to be flexible enough to allow some 'jumping' activity while preventing excessive movements that could harm the organism.

These findings  provide valuable insights into how animals regulate their own genes and maintain stable gene expression across generations. Studying these mechanisms could potentially pave the way for innovative future treatments for heritable diseases in humans.

 Nathan M Shugarts Devanapally et al, Intergenerational transport of double-stranded RNA in C. elegans can limit heritable epigenetic changes, eLife (2025). DOI: 10.7554/eLife.99149.3

Antibiotic resistance can spread unpredictably into the environment, living on mineral surfaces

Imagine one of world's many picturesque beaches, the waves lapping against the shore, the golden sand and the smooth pebbles. That sounds like a beautiful moment in time. But under the surface, there is more to the story.

A new study, published in Science of The Total Environment,  shows that the sand on that beach may contain antibiotic resistant DNA. Flow and currents in rivers, lakes, streams and the sea, suspend and move mineral particles making it possible for suspended DNA to attach and travel long distances.

The DNA that codes for antibiotic resistance may have been carried into the environment by wastewater from hospitals or farming. If left alone in the water column, the DNA will degrade fast, but if it binds to bypassing mineral surfaces the DNA can be stabilized and survive. Deposited minerals can thus act as a sort of gene library carrying genes from one environment to another, and this may cause antibiotic resistance to spread.

Even though the DNA is bound to the particles, local bacteria can incorporate the DNA and become resistant. Once incorporated, the resistance can spread rapidly to neighboring bacteria and to offspring. In this way, antibiotic resistance can spread unpredictably to new environments—even though these bacteria have never seen a high-resistance environment.

According to the new study, the type of mineral plays a large role for how fast bacteria can incorporate mineral-bound DNA and how fast the obtained trait is disseminated throughout a community. In addition, some mineral grains can both up-concentrate and preserve DNA, while others can only carry a few molecules.

The researchers hope to be able to find an antidote of sorts, a mineral compound that can prevent bacteria from incorporating the DNA or the DNA from spreading in biofilm.

Saghar Hendiani et al, Reconciling the role of mineral surfaces for bacterial evolution: Importance of minerals in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, Science of The Total Environment (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178301

Air pollution clouds the mind and makes everyday tasks challenging, researchers discover

People's ability to interpret emotions or focus on performing a task is reduced by short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution, potentially making everyday activities, such as the weekly supermarket shop, more challenging, a new study reveals.

Scientists discovered that even brief exposure to high concentrations of PM may impair a person's ability to focus on tasks, avoid distractions, and behave in a socially acceptable manner.

Researchers exposed study participants to either high levels of air pollution—using candle smoke—or clean air, testing cognitive abilities before and four hours after exposure. The tests measured working memory, selective attention, emotion recognition, psychomotor speed, and sustained attention.

Publishing their findings on 6 Feb in Nature Communications, researchers  reveal that selective attention and emotion recognition were negatively affected by air pollution—regardless of whether subjects breathed normally or only through their mouths.

The experts suggest that inflammation caused by pollution may be responsible for these deficits, noting that while selective attention and emotion recognition were affected, working memory was not. This indicates that some brain functions are more resilient to short-term pollution exposure.

 Acute particulate matter exposure diminishes executive cognitive functioning after four hours regardless of inhalation pathway, Nature Communications (2025).

Mercury content in tuna can be reduced with new packaging solution

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mercury is one of the ten most harmful chemicals for humans. Exposure can damage the central nervous system, with fetuses and young children being particularly sensitive to the effects. That is why dietary recommendations for pregnant women advise caution with tuna consumption.

Fish is a high-quality source of protein, containing omega-3 fatty acids and many other beneficial nutrients. However, the accumulation of toxic mercury also makes fish consumption a concern, of which tuna is particularly susceptible.

Researchers have come up with a novel approach to packaging canned tuna infused in a water-based solution of amino acid cysteine. It was shown to remove up to 35% of the accumulated mercury in canned tuna, significantly reducing human exposure to mercury via food. The research is published in the journal Global Challenges.

The concept of so-called active packaging is to develop materials, like a liquid inside a can, that interacts with food during storage to increase the shelf life.

This study shows that there are alternative approaches to addressing mercury contamination in tuna, rather than just limiting consumption. 

In the study, the researchers discovered that the greater the surface area of fish flesh in contact with the cysteine solution, the higher the mercury uptake. The highest value of mercury reduction, 35%, was reached when testing canned minced tuna, from regular grocery stores. They also discovered a maximum threshold of two weeks, after which no further changes occurred.

In the current study, however, the researchers did not observe any noticeable changes in appearance or smell of the tested fish samples. Cell-based assays have also proven the safety of the developed technology.

Przemysław Strachowski et al, New Insight into Mercury Removal from Fish Meat Using a Single‐Component Solution Containing cysteine, Global Challenges (2024). DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202400161

Scientists discover brain mechanism that helps overcome fear

Researchers have unveiled the precise brain mechanisms that enable animals to overcome instinctive fears. Published in Science, the study in mice could have implications for developing therapeutics for fear-related disorders such as phobias, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The researchers mapped out how the brain learns to suppress responses to perceived threats that prove harmless over time.

Humans are born with instinctive fear reactions, such as responses to loud noises or fast-approaching objects. However, we can override these instinctive responses through experience—like children learning to enjoy fireworks rather than fear their loud bangs. Scientists are trying  to understand the brain mechanisms that underlie such forms of learning.

Using an innovative experimental approach, the research team studied mice presented with an overhead expanding shadow that mimicked an approaching aerial predator. Initially, the mice sought shelter when encountering this visual threat.

However, with repeated exposure and no actual danger, the mice learned to remain calm instead of escaping, providing researchers with a model to study the suppression of fear responses.

Based on previous work , the team knew that an area of the brain called the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) could suppress fear reactions when active and was able to track knowledge of previous experience of threat. The vLGN also receives strong input from visual areas in the cerebral cortex, and so the researchers explored whether this neural pathway had a role in learning not to fear a visual threat.

The study revealed two key components in this learning process: 1) specific regions of the visual cortex proved essential for the learning process, and 2) a brain structure called the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) stores these learning-induced memories.

found that animals failed to learn to suppress their fear responses when specific cortical visual areas were inactivated. However, once the animals had already learned to stop escaping, the cerebral cortex was no longer necessary.

The new results challenge traditional views about learning and memory.

Part 1

While the cerebral cortex has long been considered the brain's primary center for learning, memory and behavioral flexibility, we found the subcortical vLGN and not the visual cortex actually stores these crucial memories. This neural pathway can provide a link between cognitive neocortical processes and 'hard-wired' brainstem-mediated behaviors, enabling animals to adapt instinctive behaviors.
The researchers also uncovered the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this process. Learning occurs through increased neural activity in specific vLGN neurons, triggered by the release of endocannabinoids—brain-internal messenger molecules known to regulate mood and memory.

This release decreases inhibitory input to vLGN neurons, resulting in heightened activity in this brain area when the visual threat stimulus is encountered, which suppresses fear responses.
The implications of this discovery extend beyond the laboratory.
These findings could also help advance our understanding of what is going wrong in the brain when fear response regulation is impaired in conditions such as phobias, anxiety and PTSD. While instinctive fear reactions to predators may be less relevant for modern humans, the brain pathway we discovered exists in humans too.

This could open new avenues for treating fear disorders by targeting vLGN circuits or localized endocannabinoid systems.

Sara Mederos et al, Overwriting an instinct: Visual cortex instructs learning to suppress fear responses, Science (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adr2247. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2247

Part 2

Why some heavy drinkers develop advanced liver disease, while others do not

Why do some people who consume a few glasses of alcohol a day develop advanced liver disease while others who drink the same amount don't? The answer may lie in three common underlying medical conditions, according to a new study published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Keck Medicine of USC. The research found that heavy drinkers with either diabetes, high blood pressure or a high waist circumference are as much as 2.4 times more likely to develop advanced liver disease.

The results identify a very high-risk segment of the population prone to liver disease and suggest that preexisting health issues may have a large impact on how alcohol affects the liver.

Diabetes, high blood pressure and a high waist circumference (35 inches for women; 40 inches for men), which is associated with obesity, belong to a cluster of five health conditions that influence an individual's risk for heart attack and stroke known as cardiometabolic risk factors.

Cardiometabolic risk factors have been linked to the buildup of fat in the liver (also known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease), which can lead to fibrosis, or scarring of the liver.

Alcohol also causes fat buildup in the liver.

Researchers discovered that heavy drinkers with either diabetes or a high waist circumference were 2.4 times more likely to develop advanced liver disease and those with high blood pressure 1.8 times more likely.

They found that the other two cardiometabolic risk factors—high triglycerides (elevated levels of a type of fat in the blood) and low HDL (high-density lipoprotein or "good" cholesterol) had less significant correlations to liver disease.

 Brian P. Lee et al, Association of Alcohol and Incremental Cardiometabolic Risk Factors with Liver Disease: A National Cross-Sectional Study, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2025.01.003

Toxic dangers lurk in LA, even in homes that didn’t burn

Houses still standing after the LA fires may release dangerous chemicals indoors for months.

Even as firefighters douse the deadly LA wildfires, a more insidious danger remains. Chemicals from the ashy residue of thousands of burned homes and cars, scorched plastic pipes and even lifesaving fire retardants have blanketed parts of the region.

And that may jeopardize the immediate health of people living near burn zones for months to come. Long-term health consequences are also possible.

Wildfires’ aftermath may expose people to toxic chemicals and harmful particles in the air and water both outside and inside their homes, experts warn.

Ash, soot and other pollutants that settle out of smoke may get stirred up and resuspended by wind and as people move about. These emissions are not necessarily captured by the regional air quality monitoring.

So even if your city’s air “looks good or healthy or green, that doesn’t necessarily indicate that the air quality is good around your home.” That’s especially a problem for those living close to burned areas but may be an issue kilometers away, too.

Part 1

Exactly what may be in the air depends on the fuels that fed the fire. Smoke from burning vegetation is full of fine particles and chemicals, including ozone, sulfur dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other volatile compounds that can be hazardous to health.

Increasingly, urban areas are burning too, especially as development snuggles up next to wildlands. So heavy metals are another health worry.

Urban wildfires represent a unique challenge because of the types of pollutants that are generated.
When buildings and automobiles burn, heavy metals, such as lead and copper, get dispersed. Older homes may release asbestos fibers. Plastics and electronics give off noxious chemicals and metals. All of that can contaminate air, soil and water.
Some worry that the chemicals used to fight the fire pose a risk, too. Among the many iconic images of the LA fires were low-flying planes dumping fire retardants that painted neighborhoods red.
But the main component of fire retardant “is ammonium phosphate, which is basically just fertilizer,” say the experts. “The red color comes from iron oxide, which is more or less rust.” Gum or other thickeners may be added. Those are “not so harmful,” they say.

Source: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/toxic-danger-lurk-burn-los-ange...

Part 2

Common bacterial infection may trigger lung transplant rejection

A large team of surgeons and organ transplant researchers affiliated with multiple institutions  has found an association between lung transplant patients who become infected with the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and rejection of the transplanted lung.

In their study published in the journal Science Translational Medicine, the group analyzed lung transplant case histories looking for patients with P. aeruginosa and lung rejection.  Other researchers have published a Focus piece in the same journal issue outlining the work.

The relief that patients with sick lungs experience after a lung transplant is often quickly displaced by fear of their body rejecting the new lungs despite immunosuppressive drugs. Lung transplantation has one of the lowest rates of success of all organ transplants. One of the team members noticed that many patients who experienced lung rejection also had a P. aeruginosa infection.

The team wondered if such infections played a role in transplant rejections. To find out, they analyzed patient case histories and found the rate to be higher than expected. This prompted them to conduct experiments with lab mice.

In their lab experiments, otherwise healthy lab mice were infected with P. aeruginosa and were then given new lungs from another mouse. As the team monitored their progress, they found that the test mice infected with P. aeruginosa experienced bacterial spread to lymphoid tissue, where the infection killed CD4+ cells. That led to growth in the number of B cells expressing a protein called CXCR3, which were sensitive to antigens in the donated lungs. As a result, the B cells produced donor-specific antibodies, which led to rejection of the lungs.

The team also found that giving the test mice drugs that blocked the expression of CXCR3 by the B cells inhibited the mechanism that led to rejection, allowing the mice to keep their new lungs. Thus, the team not only found a possible association between P. aeruginosa infections and rejection of transplanted lungs, but a possible solution for the problem.

Fuyi Liao et al, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection induces intragraft lymphocytotoxicity that triggers lung transplant antibody-mediated rejection, Science Translational Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adp1349

Idaira M. Guerrero-Fonseca et al, No tolerance for Pseudomonas in lung transplants, Science Translational Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adu6563