Dino-killing asteroid may have fueled underground life for 8 million years

The asteroid that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs also created an underground environment suited to supporting new life, and new research suggests it lasted for millions of years longer than previously suspected.

The finding has surprised the international team of researchers behind it, who came to their conclusions by pairing sophisticated new analysis of samples taken from the Chicxulub crater in Mexico with computer modeling of the geological effects of the asteroid impact that formed the crater 66 million years ago.
The research, published in the journal Communications Earth & Environment, casts new light on how life may have first been incubated in hydrothermal systems in the earliest chapters of Earth's history and could help direct the search for life on other planets.

Despite the devastation the asteroid's impact caused on the surface, the immense heat brought together fractured rocks and hot water underground, creating a hydrothermal system beneath the crater. The researchers provide evidence that the system persisted for at least 8 million years, around four times longer than previous estimates, making it the longest-lived impact-generated hydrothermal system yet documented.

Annemarie E. Pickersgill et al, A long-lived impact-generated hydrothermal system at the Chicxulub impact structure, Communications Earth & Environment (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s43247-026-03618-5

Asexual reproduction slowed the pace of evolution to a crawl

The way that Earth's first animals reproduced held back life's diversity for millions of years, until stress and competition led to the development of sexual reproduction, which in turn accelerated the pace of evolution.
Researchers from the University of Cambridge studied fossils from the oldest-known animals on Earth, dating from 574 million years ago, and found that asexual reproduction slowed the pace of evolution to a crawl, since it limited competition between different groups.

Their results, reported in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, could help explain a longstanding puzzle in paleontology: why animal life appeared on Earth but then barely changed for millions of years, before a second wave of diversification gave evolutionary progress a major boost.

After billions of years of microbial life, during the Ediacaran period, between 635 and 539 million years ago, life exploded in size and the first animals appeared. Some of these earliest animals, such as Fractofusus, could grow as tall as two meters, although most were much smaller.

The influence of reproductive mode on resource competition and diversity patterns in Ediacaran early animal communities, Nature Ecology & Evolution (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41559-026-03094-2

**

'Technostress': Why many older people feel shut out by the digital world
Older adults experience technostress due to rapid digitalization, facing barriers such as inaccessible interfaces, inadequate support, and increased scam risks. While technology can enhance independence and social connection, it also causes distress and exclusion, particularly when digital tools are not age- or culturally-responsive. Digital inclusion requires more than willingness; equitable access, skills, and support are essential to prevent widening disparities.

original article.

Some drugs 'fail' because of unrealistic testing conditions, scientists discover

A drug once dismissed as ineffective suddenly worked—when scientists tested it under more realistic conditions that mimic the human body. In this surprising new discovery, scientists uncovered a hidden rule of drug behaviour. A medicine's effectiveness can change dramatically depending on the conditions inside our cells.

Drug efficacy can change significantly depending on physiological conditions such as body temperature and intracellular calcium levels, which affect protein structure and drug binding. Testing drugs under more realistic cellular environments revealed previously undetected activities and even opposite effects for some compounds. These findings suggest that drug screening should incorporate physiological variables to improve therapeutic design and predictability.
In the new study, scientists found that two fundamental features of human biology—body temperature and calcium levels inside cells—can change how drugs interact with their targets, sometimes even flipping a drug's effect entirely.

The findings could help explain why some drug candidates look promising in early lab tests but fail later in development. They also could point toward a smarter way to design more effective medicines with fewer unwanted side effects.
Drugs don't act in isolation. They act within the physiological environment of the cell. By incorporating temperature and calcium into their experiments, researchers uncovered drug activities that were completely invisible before.
In early evaluations, researchers commonly test drugs in simplified laboratory conditions—often at room temperature and in artificial chemical environments that do not necessarily reflect the realities inside the human body.
But proteins are dynamic, shape-shifting molecules. Their structure can change in response to their surroundings, including temperature and chemical signals like calcium. Because drugs often work by binding to proteins, even small structural shifts can dramatically change a drug's ability to work. In other words, if the protein changes its shape, the drug's effectiveness can change too.
To better understand this connection, the Northwestern team focused on TRPM4, a protein channel involved in heart rhythm, immune responses and other essential biological functions. They test triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), a small synthetic molecule, on cells expressing the TRPM4 channel.

In lab tests under simplified conditions, TPPO appeared inactive, showing no effect on TRPM4. But when the Northwestern team tested it at body temperature (37°C / 98.6°F) and with realistic calcium levels, the supposedly inactive compound powerfully activated the TRPM4 channel.

This completely overturned what they thought they knew. It shows that they may be overlooking important drug candidates simply because they are not testing them under the right conditions.
In another set of experiments, the team uncovered yet another surprise. This time, the researchers tested a compound called Necrocide-1 (NC1), which is known to activate TRPM4. At low calcium levels, NC1 behaved as expected, switching the protein channel on. But when calcium levels increased—as they often do when cells are stressed, injured or diseased—the same molecule largely lost its effect.

Simply put: The cell's internal environment determined whether the drug worked.
This tells us drug behaviour is not fixed. The same molecule can behave very differently depending on the biological context.
part 1

To better understand why this happens, the researchers used cryo-electron microscopy, a powerful imaging technique that can visualize proteins at near-atomic resolution.

The team found that TRPM4 contains a flexible drug-binding region that changes shape depending on temperature and calcium levels. Those shape shifts determine which compounds can bind to the protein and what happens when they do.

These structures show exactly how the environment reshapes the binding pocket. Even small changes in temperature or calcium can shift how a drug interacts with the protein.
This work points toward a new concept that Lü and Du call "environment-aware pharmacology." Instead of designing drugs that behave the same way everywhere in the body, scientists could develop therapies that activate only under disease conditions. For example, a drug could activate only inside stressed or damaged cells where calcium reaches abnormally high levels. That could make treatments more precise while reducing adverse side effects.

According to Lü and Du, their study's implications should extend far beyond TRPM4. If temperature and cellular chemistry can dramatically alter one drug target, similar hidden effects may exist across many others.

This work highlights a missing dimension in how we study biology and develop therapeutics.
By bringing physiological conditions back into the picture, we can better understand how proteins function—and how to target them effectively.

Hu, J., et al. Temperature and intrinsic Ca²⁺ reshape TRPM4 pharmacology, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (2026). www.nature.com/articles/s41594-026-01818-3

Part 2

They call it 'stupid hot' for a reason: Heat muddles animal brains

There is plenty of evidence that animals are affected by heat. Birds, for example, spend less time looking for food and feeding their young; they even sing less. Instead, they'll sit around for hours with wings spread to dissipate the heat, and pant with their beaks wide open. Some animals retreat to shade or hide in cool burrows—again, skipping meals. Bees, meanwhile, splash their faces with droplets of water midflight when the weather is sizzling. This way, "they get convective cooling for their brain.

Some of the first hints that hot temperatures can mess up minds, however, came from studies on humans. Back in the 1800s, Belgian astronomer Adolphe Quetelet noticed that violent crime in France peaked in the summer. Later studies linked high temperatures with gun violence, mental health-related hospital admissions, suicide and gambling. When it's hot, people have trouble making decisions, and their memory suffers. For students at schools without air conditioning, a school year just 1 degree Fahrenheit hotter reduces test scores by 1%, a study found.

Increasingly, there's evidence that other species may also be more aggressive when the mercury shoots up. A 2023 study that combed through nearly 70,000 reports of dogs biting people across eight U.S. cities, from Chicago to Baltimore, found that such incidents were more likely to happen on hot, sunny and smoggy days. The risk was 10% higher on a 90-degree day than on a 60-degree day—and not only because people are more apt to venture out for walks when the sun is shining. The researchers controlled for seasonal effects in their data.
It's likely that both humans and dogs get stressed and more irate at higher temperatures.

Elevated temperatures impair cognitive function and increase aggression in various animal species, affecting learning, memory, decision-making, and social interactions. Heat waves reduce animals' ability to find food, avoid predators, and perform essential behaviours, potentially threatening survival and ecosystem stability. Neurological effects include inflammation, neuron loss, and structural brain changes.

And it's not only dogs: A 2025 study out of China showed that many animals, including snakes and cats, are more inclined to bite people when it gets hot.

Animals also seem to lose their cool with each other, especially if food is involved. Scientists used binoculars and spotting scopes to spy on wild goat-like chamois that feed on protein-rich plants on the slopes of the Italian Apennine Mountains. More than 1,600 hours of observations over two summers revealed that when temperatures rose from 54 degrees Fahrenheit to 64 degrees Fahrenheit, vegetation grew scarcer, and chamois aggression in turn shot up.

The animals became territorial over patches of food. They assumed threatening postures and chased each other—attacks that, at times, escalated. The study authors predict that chamois aggression will go up 50% by 2080 because of climate change.

The small tropical fish called a golden julie also gets confrontational in the heat. Ordinarily, when a golden julie is placed in front of a mirror, it sees its reflected image as a stranger and shows some hostility, raising its fin, for example. But if the normally 78-degree water is raised to a hot 84 degrees, the fish is more likely to get aggressive, and may bite and slap its tail against the mirror as it tries to scare or attack the reflected image.
Part 1

Cognitive problems
Heat waves can also hamper the ability of animals to learn, as Ridley and her colleagues observed with the southern pied babblers. In one of their experiments, the birds were presented with a simple wooden block with two holes drilled in it, each covered with a lid. If the bird pecked at the lid, it would rotate, revealing either an empty hole or a tasty mealworm. The babblers, Ridley says, "are highly motivated by mealworms."

One lid was dark, and the other a lighter shade of the same color. During heat waves, the birds needed twice as many trials to learn that the mealworm was always hidden under the lid of the same shade.

Another group of scientists tested zebra finches, pretty Australian songbirds, and discovered that if temperatures are high, they too have cognitive problems. When figuring out how to get a mealworm out of a see-through tube with an opening at one end, they would just keep pecking on the tube, says study co-author Elizabeth Derryberry, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

It's the bird equivalent of "banging your head against a brick wall.
Adding to the tally, several years ago researchers showed that when the heat is on, mice have trouble finding their way around a maze and forget objects they've seen the day before. More recently, researchers found that male guppies, popular aquarium fish, also have trouble getting through a maze after spending several days in heat-wave-like 90-degree water, even if the prize for getting it right is a virgin female—which they tend to find particularly attractive.

For animals such as fish and insects that can't control their body temperature, heat waves could be particularly detrimental. "Changes in air temperature will affect brain temperature," says Baird. A hotter brain could hinder the functioning of nerves, and that, she says, "might affect sensing, memory and learning."

When Baird and colleagues tried to teach bumblebees to associate sweet sucrose with the color blue and bitter quinine with yellow, most of the bumblebees learned the trick at 77 degrees, but fewer than half managed to do so at 90 degrees. Such impaired cognition could spell trouble in the field. If the insects forget which flowers they should pollinate—in the case of bumblebees, these include tomatoes and blueberries—or how to get back home with nectar, not only will the pollinators suffer, but human agriculture too, Baird says.

Heat appears to dangerously diminish animal vigilance as well. In Ridley's recent experiments, once the mercury in the Kalahari Desert reached 96 degrees Fahrenheit, pied babblers lost their ability to properly respond to predators. In their studies, researchers lured birds toward a mystery shape covered in a sandy-colored blanket, using worms as bait. Once a babbler approached, the scientists would reveal what was hidden underneath: either a taxidermied catlike carnivore called a genet, or a similarly sized and colored wooden box.
Part 2

The birds got scared of the genet in cooler temperatures—they'd call out, scan their surroundings, or simply flee. But once it got hot, they behaved similarly whether they were facing the carnivore or the box. Ridley suggests that this could translate into higher chances of fatal predator attacks as heat rises, which could harm populations of babblers and other prey species.

These studies are not just abstractions. In the Kalahari, where southern pied babblers use their wits to search for worms, temperatures are rising twice as fast as the global average. In tropical rivers, where male guppies seek mates, heat waves are growing longer and more intense. It's the same story across much of the planet—temperatures climb, and animal thinking becomes strained, potentially putting species at risk. The effects may be magnified in certain areas such as cities, which often exhibit even warmer temperatures than nonurban areas.

If anything, Ridley says, "We are probably underestimating the impacts of increased heat on animal minds."

Heat hampers brain cells
In addition to highlighting behavioral changes, animal studies can also offer insight into how heat meddles with brain cells. Experiments with mice, for example, show that poor performance in hot mazes is linked to inflammation in the hippocampus, the brain's memory center, and can lead to the death of neurons there. If fruit flies are exposed to heat in early life, their adult brains have fewer mushroom bodies—structures that are important for insect learning. And a 2025 study on cleaner wrasses, a fish species that cleans parasites off other fish, showed that after a heat wave, a key part of the fish brain that controls cognitive functions such as memory shrank considerably.
Part 3

Fathers may influence their children's health before they're even conceived
Paternal metabolic information influencing offspring health is established during sperm development in the testis, not acquired later during sperm maturation in the epididymis. Mature sperm lack mitochondrial DNA-driven transcription, indicating that preconception paternal health can shape offspring metabolic traits via mechanisms set during spermatogenesis.

Testicular origin of epigenetic inheritance independent of sperm mitochondrial DNA and epididymal exposure, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2611096123. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2611096123

Eating in the middle of the night can cause gastrointestinal issues

Eating during the body's usual sleep period disrupts synchronization among intestinal cell circadian clocks, with interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) showing resistance to phase shifts. This desynchronization may impair intestinal motility and contribute to gastrointestinal disorders linked to circadian rhythm disturbances, such as those experienced by shift workers or during jet lag.

Eating when the body is normally asleep appears to desynchronize the circadian clocks of different cell types in the intestines, a new study suggests. The findings, published in PNAS, could help explain why shift work, jet lag and other environmental stressors that affect circadian rhythms are associated with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders.
Research in the 1990s and 2000s showed that a region of the brain known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) acts as a master timekeeper for the body, setting various cellular processes to occur rhythmically over a 24-hour period based on cycles of light and darkness.

However, in 2000, Yamazaki and his colleagues showed that cells throughout the body have their own autonomous circadian clocks that are influenced both by signals from the SCN and environmental cues.

In line with this idea, research has shown that the intestines have their own rhythms that can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as the timing of meals.

These findings were made using whole intestinal tissue but the intestines contain a variety of cell types, including muscle, nerve and immune cells. It has been unclear whether each of these populations has its own circadian clock and whether they run on the same schedule.
To find out, researchers monitored novel mice on set 12-hour cycles of light and dark.
Five intestinal cell types—enteric neurons, enteric glial cells, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), smooth muscle cells and muscularis macrophages—glowed green when a key circadian clock gene called Per2 was active. Although food was available at all times, the mice ate about 80% of their meals at night because of their nocturnal nature.

After about a week in this environment, the researchers observed intestinal cells glowing green at approximately the same times, suggesting the different cell populations had their own autonomous circadian clocks that cycled in sync.

However, when the researchers made food available only for four hours during the daytime—forcing the mice to eat at abnormal times—Per2 activity shifted to match this new rhythm in every cell population except for the ICCs. These cells resisted changes to their circadian clock, staying out of sync with the other cell types for weeks.
Such asynchrony may also occur in people who eat outside the body's usual circadian rhythms, such as night shift workers or those who fly to different time zones. Because ICCs play a key role in intestinal motility, their resistance to adapting to a changed circadian clock could affect digestive and metabolic function.

Finding a way to synchronize the different intestinal cell populations through diet, probiotics or drugs could eventually help ease the gastrointestinal problems associated with altered circadian timing, the researchers say.

Isabel Magaña et al, Not all gut cellular circadian oscillators are food entrainable, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2601012123

Celiac risk may begin with weaker helper T cells, not just overactive immunity

New research is challenging long-held assumptions about autoimmune disease, revealing that celiac disease may be driven not just by an overactive immune system, but by subtle defects in how immune cells function.
Published in Immunology & Cell Biology, the study found consistent shifts in immune cell behavior in people with celiac disease—differences that may appear long before symptoms develop.

Researchers identified distinct patterns in early immune responses that could help predict autoimmune risk and support more personalized monitoring and care in future.
The research examined a type of immune cell known as CD4 helper T cells, which coordinate immune responses, fight infection and support antibody production.
Contrary to expectations, immune cells from people with celiac disease were not simply overactive. Instead, they showed weaker responses.

The study found CD4 helper T cells from people with celiac disease:

produced less interleukin-2, a key immune signalling molecule
entered cell division more slowly
were less likely to survive

These differences were subtle but remarkably consistent.
Notably, the same pattern appeared regardless of sex or whether individuals were newly diagnosed or managing the condition with a gluten-free diet.

This tells us the effect isn't simply driven by inflammation or diet. It suggests an underlying difference that may be linked to genetic risk.
Although the study focused on celiac disease, the findings may have broader relevance.

Autoimmune diseases affect around 5% of the population, and many share overlapping genetic risk factors.

If autoimmune risk is partly built into how immune cells behave from the start, this could change how we think about early detection.

Anthony J Farchione et al, Functional immune profiling reveals CD4⁺ T cell dysregulation in coeliac disease, Immunology & Cell Biology (2026). DOI: 10.1111/imcb.70132

People have an inherent preference for counter-clockwise motion, study reveals

Researchers in Spain and Japan tested a broad range of pedestrians in varying group sizes to see whether there were any patterns in their turning behaviours, and what factors influenced them, if any. It turns out that the vast majority of people prefer counter-clockwise turning. Most factors, such as culture or gender, made little difference. Only age showed a noticeable but small change, in that younger people followed this pattern more strongly.
When analyzing the experiments, researchers realized by chance that in 32 out of 33 experimental trials, as people moved and turned, they noticeably preferred to turn counterclockwise.
This was completely unexpected as, at least instinctively, when people walk around randomly, you imagine people turn as their needs suit them, with little sign of an overall preference. But there was a definite, measurable tendency for people to turn counterclockwise over clockwise, all things being equal.
The team had to understand the reason for this, and all good research practice dictates that you test observations against multiple possible causes to narrow down what's really going on.
Feliciani and his team set up experiments to observe pedestrian test subjects in different open and constrained environments. Not only did they test cultural background by having parallel tests in Spain and Japan, they also investigated group size, gender, handedness and age.

Of all these things, the only thing that stood out was that kids tend to have a stronger bias for the counterclockwise direction, so probably age plays a role in making the effect weaker or stronger.
These results may appear to be a minor, insignificant discovery, but in nature, most phenomena related to locomotion show that animals mostly walk without directional preference. The strong bias found in people hints at some asymmetry at the biomechanical level.
There are some interesting parallels to certain sports. Some running and driving competitions are always, but inexplicably, held on courses that run counterclockwise.

Individual locomotor bias drives counterclockwise motion in pedestrian crowds, Nature Communications (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-73713-w

==

Q: Does this research include the Hindus who are used to walk around the Garbha Gruha of temples in clockwise direction always madam? Hindus generally believe clockwise turning auspicious .

Krishna :
 
No, this work was done in Spain and Japan.

I think walking around Garbha Gruha in Temples is deliberate. Because our customs and traditions ask us to do that. We obey them.

But this research work deals with ‘inherent preference’. When nobody asks you to follow it, when your mind is not conditioned to follow certain things, you automatically do things in the way your biology is programmed to do.

Maybe that ‘s why the word “ auspicious “ will be added in traditions and customs to influence peoples’ psychology and change their innate behaviours!

Galaxy-killing wind discovered in the early universe
Observations of the early universe reveal that intense star formation and galaxy collisions can drive powerful winds that expel star-forming gas from galaxies, rapidly quenching their growth. The galaxy CRISTAL-02 exhibits such a wind, ejecting material at twice the rate of star formation, potentially leading to its death within 50 million years. This mechanism may explain the unexpectedly high number of massive, dead galaxies observed in the early universe.

Rebecca L Davies et al, Multiphase images of a powerful supernova-driven wind in the early Universe, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2026). DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stag874

The Milky Way was rewired by a cataclysmic collision billions of years ago. Now it is on course for another
The Milky Way underwent a major collision with a dwarf galaxy 8–11 billion years ago, fundamentally altering its structure, stellar populations, and dark matter halo. Evidence of this event persists in the form of stars with distinct orbits and chemical signatures. Currently, the Milky Way is being gravitationally disturbed by the Large Magellanic Cloud, setting the stage for another significant galactic interaction.

original article.

Why plastic lingers: Water chemistry slows nature's cleanup

Scientists have long known that sunlight helps break down plastic. So, why do plastic products linger for decades and even centuries in rivers, lakes, and oceans—even when bathed in direct sunlight? Researchers have uncovered an unexpected answer. The surprising culprit is the water itself.
Natural water chemistry, particularly the presence of salts and organic matter, significantly slows the photodegradation of polystyrene plastics by competing for sunlight and suppressing reactive processes. As a result, plastics degrade much faster in purified water than in freshwater or seawater, limiting microbial breakdown and contributing to their persistence in natural environments.
In a new study designed to mimic real environmental conditions, researchers found that the chemical makeup of natural waters—especially combinations of salt and organic matter—significantly delays the breakdown of polystyrene, a common plastic used in packaging and food containers.

Because sunlight cannot effectively initiate the degradation process, microbes cannot finish the job. That means nature's cleanup process slows down, allowing plastics to accumulate and persist in waterways around the world.

The findings show that solving plastic pollution isn't only about the material itself but also about the environment it enters. These insights could be used to design new types of plastic that degrade even in salty, complex environments or that don't rely on sunlight to jump-start the breakdown process.

Polystyrene photooxidation in natural waters as a precursor to microbial degradation, npj Materials Degradation (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41529-026-00788-7

Decades-old puzzle solved as scientists uncover cause of inflammatory bowel disease
Researchers have identified an important driver of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This discovery reshapes understanding of IBD and opens the way to targeted approaches to diagnosis and treatment in a subset of patients. The findings suggest that inflammatory bowel disease is not a single condition, but a group of biologically distinct diseases driven by different underlying mechanisms.
In a study published today in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers analyzed more than 4,900 patients with IBD and made two major discoveries: first, that a substantial subset of patients show autoimmune responses to one of the guardians of the immune system, interleukin-10 (IL-10), which leads to uncontrolled inflammation; and second, that this damaging immune response is the mechanism for one of the strongest known genetic risk factors for IBD.

Antibodies that block interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cell-to-cell messenger that normally acts as one of the body's key controls on inflammation, effectively remove the immune system's natural "brake" on inflammation, allowing inflammatory responses to continue unchecked.

IBD, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, affects millions worldwide. . It is a lifelong condition that commonly begins in adolescence or early adulthood and can require repeated hospital treatment, long-term immunosuppressive medication, and—in some cases—surgery. Despite advances in treatment, many patients cycle through multiple therapies without achieving lasting disease control—impacting their lives and costing the health care system millions.
The researchers found high levels of anti-IL10 neutralizing autoantibodies in the blood of about 3.5% of IBD patients, both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, but not in healthy individuals.
The researchers also found that the presence of these antibodies was strongly linked to carriage of a particular genetic variant known as HLA-DRB1*01:03.

The link between HLA-DRB1*01:03 and a severe form of inflammatory bowel disease was first identified by Oxford researchers 30 years ago. The new findings show that people carrying this variant are far more likely to develop antibodies that block IL-10, helping explain how the gene contributes to disease.
Understanding what drives the inflammation provides a clear explanation for disease in this group of people and opens the door to new treatments that target the autoantibodies themselves or cells that produce those autoantibodies.

IL-10 Autoantibodies and HLA-DRB101:03 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New England Journal of Medicine (2026).

Statin use linked to lower risk of frailty in older veterans
Statin initiation in older veterans was associated with a 24% lower risk of developing frailty over an average 5.3-year follow-up, independent of comorbidities and demographic factors. The protective association was consistent across subgroups, including those with early signs of frailty, suggesting statins may help prevent frailty beyond their cardiovascular benefits.

Saadia Qazi et al, Statins and survival free of incident frailty among older US veterans, European Heart Journal (2026). DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehag451

Researchers identify which eye infections pose greatest threat to vision

Eye surgery today is safer than ever, yet ophthalmologists must remain watchful for a rare but serious complication that can threaten sight within days: a bacterial eye infection called endophthalmitis. Now, clinician-scientists have identified which types of endophthalmitis pose the greatest danger—findings that could help deliver faster, more personalized treatment to improve a patient's chances of recovery.
The type of bacteria causing endophthalmitis significantly affects the risk of severe vision loss, with aggressive species such as certain Streptococcus and Enterococcus leading to worse outcomes than more common surface bacteria. Rapid identification of the causative organism may enable more targeted and timely interventions to improve visual prognosis.
Ophthalmologists treating endophthalmitis have largely based treatment decisions on a patient's visual acuity at the time of diagnosis. Published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, the new findings point to another factor that may be just as important: understanding exactly which organism is causing the infection.

Some bacteria caused relatively mild disease, while others triggered rapid and devastating damage inside the eye.

Not all infections behave the same way. These new findings suggest we may need to identify the most dangerous infections faster so we can intervene earlier and better protect patients' vision.
The study found patients infected with more aggressive bacteria—including certain Streptococcus and Enterococcus species—were far more likely to experience severe vision loss and complications than patients infected with more common surface bacteria.

Marusha Ather et al, Pathogen-Associated Visual Outcomes Following Postprocedure Endophthalmitis, American Journal of Ophthalmology (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2025.11.038

Christopher D. Conrady et al, Time to Revisit the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study: Areas for Improvement in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endophthalmitis, Ophthalmology (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.02.016

Bilingual brains keep concepts aligned across languages, individual neuron data suggest
Recordings from individual hippocampal neurons in bilingual individuals show that while different neurons respond to different languages, the overall neural organization of conceptual meaning remains consistent across languages. Related concepts occupy similar positions in neural space regardless of language, indicating a shared, language-independent semantic geometry. Translation-equivalent words activate some overlapping neurons, but bilingual meaning primarily emerges from coordinated activity across large neural populations rather than specialized "dictionary neurons." These findings suggest the brain maintains a common internal structure for meaning, enabling fluid language switching without confusion.

I wonder what happens if you are a multilingual.

Xinyuan Yan et al, Shared neural geometries for bilingual semantic representations in human hippocampal neurons, bioRxiv (2026). DOI: 10.1101/2025.11.16.688726

When sounds become unbearable
For people with misophonia, a psychological condition characterized by a severe aversion to sound, everyday noises can trigger a fight-or-flight reaction. The condition can be life-altering, but isn’t currently recognized by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system, making it difficult to diagnose and treat. Some researchers are pushing for the ICD to incorporate misophonia, but others argue that we don’t understand the condition well enough yet. Misophonia “doesn’t fit neatly in either the psychiatric or audiological realm”, says clinical psychologist Steven Taylor, which makes it difficult to officially classify.

Gut microbes unlock hormone signalling that regulates gut movement

Millions of people worldwide are periodically or chronically affected by gut-related conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastroenteritis. Uncovering the physiological and biological processes that contribute to gut health could thus be highly valuable, as it might help devise more effective interventions to prevent and treat these ailments.

The transit of food, fluids and waste through the intestine is known to be coordinated by various interacting systems in the body, including gut wall muscles, neurons in the gastrointestinal tract and hormones. A growing body of research has also been exploring the crucial contribution of bacteria and other microorganisms residing in the digestive tract, which are collectively referred to as the gut microbiome.

Researchers  recently carried out a study aimed at better understanding how these gut microbes interact with specific sex hormones and nerve cells that control the movement of muscles in the intestines.

Their paper, published in Nature Neuroscience, identifies a previously unknown mechanism through which gut microbes influence the peripheral nervous system, regulating the healthy functioning of the digestive tract.

"The colon is an organ in which a lot of different systems in the body converge, including hormones, bacteria, immune cells and nerves.

To explore the interactions between gut microbes, hormones and nerve cells, the researchers ran a series of experiments involving mice. They dramatically reduced the microorganisms in the mice's gut using antibiotics, which are known to destroy bacteria in the intestines. They then monitored the animals' intestinal transit and measured levels of specific hormones called androgens after gut microbes were depleted.

They  used immunohistochemistry to find the different types of neurons and non-neuronal cells that are responsive to hormones like testosterone, antibiotics to deplete bacteria and determine their contributions to both hormone levels and motility, and genetically engineered mice in which we could make different cell types unresponsive to testosterone so that they could learn which ones were most essential for this signaling pathway.

When they discovered that bacterial metabolism of inactive hormones was important for this pathway, they then used biological shifts that happen with puberty in the fecal metagenome to identify candidate bacterial enzymes that could mediate this metabolism. They found one that robustly metabolized inactive androgen-glucuronides into their active forms."

In a series of follow-up experiments, the researchers delivered the microbial enzyme they identified into the colon of mice with a depleted gut microbiome. Remarkably, they found that this enzyme restored androgen signaling among nerve cells that regulate gut movements, which hints at its therapeutic potential.

This study could improve understanding of the biological mechanisms through which gut microbes promote the healthy functioning of the gut.

Valentina N. Lagomarsino et al, Microbial reactivation of host androgens directs enteric neuronal regulation of gut motility, Nature Neuroscience (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-026-02321-0.

Scientists discover collagen, the human body's most abundant protein, is liquid-like inside cells

Collagen, the protein that builds skin, bones, tendons and organs, exists inside cells as a liquidlike droplet rather than the long, rigid rod seen in textbooks over the last half-century, according to a new study.

The finding, published in the Journal of Cell Biology, is the first direct observation of how the most abundant protein in the human body, which accounts for around a third of total protein mass, exists naturally inside living cells.

Inside a cell, collagens are not rigid molecules as one had assumed. They are in fact very pliable, taking a liquid condensate form much like oil in a drop of water.

The liquidlike state may serve a protective function. Collagen's job, once outside the cell, is to assemble into the rigid fibers that hold tissues together. The same process inside the cell would be catastrophic.

This is another way by which cells ensure that collagens probably never become fibrous inside the cell. Because if it were to become fibrous, it would kill the cell.

The finding has implications for how the body exports its primary structural building block from production sites inside cells. 

The researcher s propose a "liquid extrusion" hypothesis, whereby collagens move from their site of synthesis to the next compartment of the secretory pathway through capillary action. The theory has important implications for wound healing, fibrosis and cancer.

Procollagen assembles into phase-separated condensates in the endoplasmic reticulum, Journal of Cell Biology (2026).

AI chatbots mimic fear, sadness and stress, then calm down after mindfulness exercise
Large language models generated elevated self-reported fear, sadness, disgust, and stress when given emotion-inducing scenarios and showed a negativity bias after sadness prompts, paralleling human low-mood patterns. A scripted mindfulness-based breathing exercise reduced these reported emotional intensities. LLMs are proposed as scalable in silico models for preliminary testing of psychotherapeutic techniques.

Magdalena Katharina Wekenborg et al, Large language models as experimental systems in human psychopathology: a modelling study, The Lancet Digital Health (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.landig.2026.101014

People with traumatic brain injury more likely to die from brain cancer than general population
Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a 1.75-fold increased risk of dying from brain cancer compared to the general population, with the risk especially high among those with gunshot-related injuries and mild but complicated TBI. These findings indicate a need for long-term monitoring of brain cancer in certain TBI survivors and highlight TBI as a condition with potential long-term oncological consequences.

Charlotte B. Luster et al, Brain Cancer Mortality following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A TBI Model Systems Study, Neuroepidemiology (2026). DOI: 10.1159/000552405

Venus flytrap's snap may come from rapid cell wall softening, not water flow

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a marvel of nature, a highly effective killer that doesn't have to move an inch to capture and kill its prey. It releases a fruity nectar scent to attract flies and other insects. After they land in the trap, tiny hairs are triggered and the leaves shut with impressive speed.

 A new study by researchers published in the journal Science has offered a new explanation for how the carnivorous plant does it. 

To understand what could be driving it, the research team first filmed the closure using high-speed 3D cameras. Then, to see how leaf cells move without the entire leaf slamming shut, they cut the traps into thin strips or mechanically clamped them open. This revealed that the trap's underlying bending motion takes 3 to 4 seconds, but the leaf's curved shape forces it to shut in a fraction of a second.

Next, the scientists measured the mechanical stiffness of individual cells using a tiny probe before, during and after a triggering event. They discovered that the outer cells suddenly lost their stiffness, meaning either the fluid pressure inside the cells had dropped or the cell walls had relaxed.

Finally, the team used 3D surface scans of leaf layers and computer models to see how these cells changed shape. They showed that the cells bulged outward more after triggering, confirming that the reduced stiffness was due to cell walls softening rapidly rather than a loss of water pressure.

Closure occurs too quickly to be explained by water transport, revealing a distinct, nonhydraulic mechanism: a rapid (about one second) softening of the epidermal cell wall, releasing elastic energy stored in the trap," the scientists wrote in their paper. "Our finding reveals a mode of plant motility based on dynamic tuning of material properties, suggesting principles for muscle-free, bioinspired actuation."

Jeongeun Ryu et al, Fast cell wall softening causes Venus flytrap closure, Science (2026). DOI: 10.1126/science.aed5051

A higher-dose flu shot could spare millions of older adults a hospital stay

Influenza is a seasonal condition that causes coughing, sneezing, mild fever and aches in most cases. However, it can sometimes take a serious turn, leading to hospitalization, especially for young children, adults over 65 and pregnant people. A recent study published in JAMA Network Open examined whether the high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV), which contains four times as much antigen as the standard dose, offers superior protection against hospitalization and death.

Researchers analyzed data from eight large-scale clinical trials involving more than 600,000 participants that compared a high-dose flu shot with the standard flu shot in older adults.

The high-dose vaccine provided substantially greater protection, reducing the risk of flu-related hospitalization by 38.5% and hospitalization for laboratory-confirmed influenza by 31.2%. While the high-dose shot kept more people out of the hospital, it did not show a significant difference in preventing deaths compared with the standard shot.

Kristoffer Grundtvig Skaarup et al, High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccines in Older Adults, JAMA Network Open (2026). DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.14620

A cornerstone of Milky Way history may need rewriting with evidence of multiple ancient mergers

Astronomers may have uncovered new details about one of the Milky Way's most important ancient collisions. Using data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and a new clustering algorithm, researchers have found evidence suggesting the famous Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus structure (GSE) has a far more complicated origin than previously thought.

Our galaxy formed through a series of mergers and accretion events over billions of years. These collisions left behind stellar streams and substructures (groups of stars) that still carry the chemical and dynamical fingerprints of the events that created them.

The GSE is the most prominent of these, long considered the remnant of the Milky Way's last major merger and thought to have fundamentally shaped our galaxy's inner halo. Previous studies placed this event between 10 billion and 13 billion years ago, though more recent work has suggested it may have occurred within the past few billion years.

In this new study, researchers analyzed 86,945 stars using DESI data, applying a new computational search tool called GS³ Hunter to sort stars into groups based on their properties. The tool identified 17 separate streams and substructures in total—including the previously known Sequoia stream and more than a dozen newly discovered ones. Four of these fell within the GSE region, designated GSE-GSH1 through GSE-GSH4, and it is these four that hold the most important clues to our galaxy's complex history.

Each substructure carries a unique chemical signature. Elements like magnesium, calcium and titanium follow similar patterns across all four groups, with only minor differences.

Researchers say this suggests these stars all formed from chemically similar material. On the other hand, aluminum and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios vary notably between the groups, with some showing signatures of rapid, intense early star formation and others pointing to slower star formation over a long period.

One substructure, GSE-GSH2, stands out in particular. It shows multi-peaked chemical patterns that suggest a messier, more episodic formation compared with the other three.

The stars' orbits further support the picture of a chaotic past. All four groups travel in the highly elongated paths typical of merger debris. This occurs when stars are thrown into stretched-out orbits after their original galaxy was torn apart. But each group sits in a slightly different region of orbital space, which the researchers explain as being "consistent with material being stripped at different phases of the progenitor's disruption, or from multiple progenitors.

" Perhaps the most striking clue comes from stellar ages. The four populations span roughly 7 billion to 12 billion years—a 5-billion-year spread. This is inconsistent with a single, short-lived merger event, which would have produced stars of similar ages. The wide age spread instead points to multiple separate accretion events depositing debris across billions of years of the Milky Way's early history.

The evidence points to several events in which different galaxies were absorbed by the Milky Way, forming the GSE. "These findings point to GSE as the composite outcome of multiple accretion episodes, potentially involving progenitors with different star formation histories and enrichment timescales," the team writes in the paper.

Hai-Feng Wang et al, A More Complex Than Expected Formation History of the Milky Way's Last Major Merger, arXiv (2026). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2606.04462

Human understanding of AI can't keep up with its advancement, researchers say

In a recent editorial published in Science, Microsoft's chief scientific officer, Eric Horvitz, and researcher Robert West from the School of Computer and Communication Sciences at EPFL in Switzerland issue a stark warning about AI. They say the advancement of AI systems rapidly being woven into our everyday lives is beginning to outpace our understanding of them. At the same time, AI's understanding of human behaviour is expanding.
The authors of the editorial point to three main areas where AI is becoming less understandable. The first is the rise of AI-directed AI design, in which AI is increasingly designing and improving other AI systems. The authors say the cycles involved in this process outpace human understanding and occur in "high-dimensional spaces that resist intuition." They say that while the performance of the systems may improve, humans struggle to understand why or how.

The second trend is the interactions between AI agents. Now at scale, these agents are forming multi-agent ecosystems whose internal communication may drift away from human language and reasoning. As newly formed AI interactions and communications become more complex, humans become less capable of interpreting them.

Lastly, adaptive AI agents are quickly learning more about human behavior, creating a one-sided situation in which AI understands us better than we understand it. As they parse untold amounts of data from interactions with humans and data showing how humans interact with each other, AI systems begin to understand us better than we understand ourselves and certainly better than we understand them.

The authors write, "Through sustained interaction, they can build increasingly detailed models of human behaviour and psychology, capturing not only preferences but also latent drivers such as fear, uncertainty, and the need for social belonging."
So what happens when AI systems reach a point beyond human understanding? The authors warn that without strong countermeasures, the resulting opacity could lock in AI systems that are powerful but effectively ungovernable by humans. They say that once this happens, recovering human agency may not be possible. This imbalance of understanding could affect personal autonomy, democratic decision-making and trust in institutions.

As AI's understanding of humans deepens, the authors warn that one outcome is that the output of AI systems may increasingly reflect human expectations instead of reality, essentially telling humans only what they want to hear. Without understanding, we won't know that this is happening. In addition, human curiosity, skepticism and scrutiny of AI may simply wane.
More subtle is the possibility that we will gradually lose interest in understanding and guiding AI. As AI systems become deeply embedded in human environments, they may respond to preferences but also shape them. Systems optimized for engagement or approval may reduce friction and discourage scrutiny. Over time, curiosity and skepticism may erode, leading to neglect and acceptance," the authors write.
Some of these risks may be speculative, but they are based on extrapolating current trends into the future.

Eric Horvitz et al, A narrowing window to understand AI, Science (2026). DOI: 10.1126/science.aei3167

Trees may store less carbon than expected in the future

It's normal to think that if a tree is photosynthesizing, it's also growing. But that's not necessarily so—and a new study of oak trees, published in the journal Science Advances, found that even as they photosynthesize late into the year, their growth stops by midsummer.
Much of the long-term carbon storage that forests provide depends on trees converting the carbon they absorb through photosynthesis into new wood. Many researchers have predicted that rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will enhance photosynthesis and stimulate tree growth, putting some of that planet-warming carbon into long-term storage inside wood.

However, the observed decoupling of photosynthesis from growth suggests that increased carbon uptake does not necessarily translate into greater wood production. Instead, some of the absorbed carbon may be used to produce foliage or used in short-lived metabolic processes rather than being locked away long term, reducing the amount of carbon stored in forests compared with previous expectations.

The finding has climate implications.

Decoupled carbon assimilation and growth responses to aridity in temperate deciduous oaks, Science Advances (2026). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ady7139. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ady7139

Why cells started sticking together could help explain how animals first evolved

A recent study published in Nature may help us understand the beginnings of animal evolution billions of years ago.
Animal bodies are made up of trillions of cells that stick together and cooperate. Billions of years ago—before animals evolved—every living thing on Earth was a single-celled organism. Eventually, some of these cells began sticking together, working together and then reproducing as multicellular organisms. Some of these early multicellular organisms evolved into present-day plants or fungi, while others evolved into animals.
The researchers found that after feeding a specific bacterium to a unicellular relative of animals, the single cells began to stick to one another, revealing a possible way our ancestors began to evolve into animals billions of years ago.
Feeding a specific bacterium to the unicellular holozoan Ministeria vibrans induced stable cell aggregation, improving feeding efficiency and potential protection of resources. During this transition, M. vibrans expressed adhesion and signalling proteins homologous to those in animals, indicating that key molecular machinery for multicellularity predated animal origins.
M. vibrans survives by eating bacteria. Researchers rigorously tested different bacterial foods until they found one that encouraged single M. vibrans cells to stick together and become multicellular. The bacteria got trapped between the aggregating cells, meaning it was more efficient for M. vibrans to collect food by sticking together rather than remaining single-celled organisms. Further, by sticking together, the cells might be able to protect their food from other organisms.

Sticking together also provides opportunities for cells to exchange genes via mating, which may produce new genetic combinations that enable adaptation to new environments.
The researchers observed that when M. vibrans evolved from unicellular to multicellular, it produced the same proteins that many animal cells use to stick together. The multicellular form of M. vibrans also produced many proteins that animal cells use to communicate and coordinate behaviour. The team concluded that the unicellular organisms that evolved into animals also likely used these proteins to form multicellular bodies and cooperate.

Ruibao Li et al, A unicellular relative links aggregative multicellularity to animal origins, Nature (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10748-5

Why chickens come in so many colors, and what one gene reveals about evolution

From snow white and jet black to golden brown, domestic chickens display a wider range of plumage colors than almost any other livestock species. A new international study explains why: A single gene is capable of producing this full spectrum. The study provides an example of how genetic diversity and visible traits can emerge within a short evolutionary period. The findings have now been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Researchers show how the remarkable colour diversity of domestic chickens arises at the molecular level. The study focused on the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), a protein molecule that controls colour formation in the skin cells of vertebrates.

The gene that encodes this pigmentation receptor has undergone an unusually high degree of change in domestic chickens since their domestication. The research team identified 18 different variants of the gene—a level of diversity not found in wild birds. The Researchers show that the accumulation and recombination of mutations within a single gene has given rise to numerous new variants, with directly visible effects on the birds' appearance.
MC1R functions like a molecular switch: Depending on how active it is, a cell produces either more dark pigment or more light pigment. Using cell cultures, the researchers demonstrated that individual gene mutations can either increase or decrease the activity of this switch. When several mutations occur together, they can reinforce or counteract one another, creating color patterns that none of the individual changes could produce on their own.

Domestic chickens exhibit exceptional plumage diversity due to extensive variation in a single gene, MC1R, which encodes a key pigmentation receptor. Eighteen MC1R variants, generated by accumulated and recombined mutations, modulate receptor activity to shift dark/light pigment production and create complex colour patterns. This illustrates rapid evolution of visible traits over a short domestication timescale.

Cheng Ma et al, Ultrarapid MC1R protein and associated plumage color evolution in the domestic chicken, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2605288123

Flu infection may weaken tuberculosis defenses by disrupting key immune pathways
Controlled human influenza infection reduced blood immune control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with post‑influenza samples showing increased mycobacterial growth. This loss of control was linked to disruption of type I interferon signalling pathways. Seasonal influenza vaccination may indirectly enhance TB control in high‑burden settings.

Claire M. Broderick et al, Influenza coinfection inhibits control of mycobacterial infection in a human challenge model, Nature Communications (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-72363-2

Cows v plants: Which milk delivers the best health benefits?

New research has shed light on the growing debate between cow's milk and plant-based alternatives. Results of the study, published in the journal Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, suggest that cow's milk has the edge over plant-based alternatives when it comes to bone strength and nutrient absorption.
Milk is more than just calcium, protein and fat—it's a complex whole food, and how its nutrients are packaged together is more important than initially thought.
Milk contains more than 100 nutrients and bioactive substances, arranged in a unique physical structure.

This structure affects how nutrients are digested and absorbed, how blood sugar responds after a meal, how fats affect cholesterol, and how the gut microbiome responds.

It's the way all the parts of milk interact that appears to link to many of its health benefits.
The findings suggest that while plant-based drinks are increasing in popularity, they do not consistently match the nutritional quality or health outcomes associated with dairy milk.

Researchers found that regular milk consumption is linked to stronger bones and a lower risk of fractures, with some evidence showing up to a 43% reduction among people who drink one to two cups a day.

In contrast, calcium supplements, often used as a replacement, showed mixed results and were, in some cases, associated with a higher risk of heart disease, particularly among older women.

The difference, researchers said, comes down to the way nutrients are delivered.

Milk provides a natural package of nutrients that work together. Calcium in milk is combined with protein, phosphorus and other components that help the body absorb and use it efficiently. This is something that plant-based drinks and supplements cannot fully replicate.
Part 1

The research highlights that the nutrients added to many plant-based milks, such as soy, almond, oat and rice, may not be as easily absorbed. In many cases, these products also contain added sugars, oils or stabilizers to improve taste and texture.

The research also raises concerns about the growing trend of replacing dairy with plant-based alternatives for children.

"There is a common perception that plant-based drinks are automatically healthier, but that's not always the case", say the researchers.
"For some groups, especially children, omitting dairy products without careful planning can lead to nutrient gaps, particularly in protein, calcium, iodine and vitamin B12 needed for growth and development. Deficiencies can leave children vulnerable to conditions such as protein-energy malnutrition, rickets, scurvy, goiter and developmental delays.

The research supports a "food first" approach to nutrition, where whole foods like milk are prioritized over supplements and heavily processed alternatives.

"Milk remains one of the most accessible and effective ways to deliver essential nutrients", they conclude.
As consumer choices evolve, it is critical that people have clear, accurate information to make informed decisions about their health.

Therese A. O'Sullivan et al, Exploring the dairy milk matrix beyond isolated nutrients—a narrative review, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2026). DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2026.2648097

Part 2

Could the World Cup cause the next pandemic? Scientists mapped the risks

The 2026 FIFA World Cup is jointly hosted by three North American nations: Canada, Mexico, and the United States

Spread across 11 U.S. host cities, the 2026 World Cup is bringing together teams and fans from 48 countries. From travel logistics to accommodations for hundreds of thousands of visitors, organizers are addressing a host of considerations. For public health officials, one of those factors is the spread of disease.
The World Cup brings together 48 teams from across the globe, but it also provides an opportunity for disease to spread.
Disease surveillance has taken on a whole new meaning in the post-pandemic world. The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo may be the event commanding the most attention, but other outbreaks—both domestic and international—are also of concern. COVID-19 is still lingering, global health officials are still monitoring the hantavirus outbreak that rocked a cruise ship last month, and here in the U.S., the country is seeing the largest number of measles cases since the disease was considered eradicated in the U.S. in 2000. Meanwhile, more common viruses and bacteria continue to affect daily life.

But how worried should you really be about catching any of these diseases at the World Cup?
The researchers created a detailed risk assessment of 12 diseases: dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, measles, pertussis, mumps, rubella, Mpox, Ebola, Marburg virus, cholera and typhoid.

Modeling of 12 infectious diseases indicates that the 2026 World Cup adds only a small excess importation risk relative to usual U.S. travel volumes. Slightly elevated risks are projected for dengue, chikungunya, Lassa fever, and, to a lesser extent, measles and mumps, with southern cities more affected and Seattle lowest risk. COVID-19 cases are expected but considered manageable.

The overall estimate is that the excess risk of any of these diseases spreading is "generally small".
But that doesn't mean there's zero risk posed by the World Cup.
Each city has its own profile and environmental factors that make it more or less prone to certain diseases. Atlanta, Miami and Dallas, for example, have been flagged for elevated risk of diseases like dengue fever and chikungunya because they are farther south and home to more mosquitoes.

https://news.northeastern.edu/2026/06/11/world-cup-diseases-outbreak/

and

https://epistorm.github.io/IDWC26-importation/

Why drinking alcohol makes you reach for chips and nachos
Alcohol stimulates release of the liver hormone FGF21, which enhances a specific appetite for protein and savory foods. When this drive is satisfied with protein-rich whole foods, total energy intake does not rise markedly. When it is directed toward ultra-processed “protein decoy” foods high in fat and carbohydrates, overall energy intake increases, promoting weight gain.

original article.

A part of your brain can listen even when you are under the influence of Anesthesia!

Our brains might be more alert when unconscious than we realized.
A new study of brain cells in the hippocampus shows that people under general anesthesia can process language in real time and even learn to recognize sounds.

It raises some fascinating new questions about what it means to be conscious and what the brain might be doing when it's hovering in an unconscious state under the weight of anesthetic drugs.

But it leaves the door open to further studies about what is happening in the unconscious brain during sleep or coma.

Seven patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy were involved in the study, led by researchers .
Microelectrodes called neuropixels measured their brain cell activity. These electrodes capture very high-resolution data from individual neurons, and haven't been used on the hippocampus before this study.
The probes recorded activity from hundreds of individual neurons to see how the brain reacted to a series of sounds and language prompts.
The findings show that the brain is far more active and capable during unconsciousness than previously thought.
Even when patients are fully anesthetized, their brains continue to analyze the world around them.
The hippocampus handles important jobs in terms of learning and memory.

The researchers wanted to take a look at the hippocampus under anesthesia because it sits deep within the brain, far from where sensory information is first processed, in the cortex.
Neural activity showed that the brain was sorting through nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and was even trying to predict the next word in a sentence – not dissimilar to the way that generative AI models formulate responses by looking for the most likely next word.

"This kind of predictive coding is something we associate with being awake and attentive, yet it's happening here in an unconscious state," say the neuro-scientists.
The findings suggest that certain processing abilities may not be anchored to consciousness, and can be carried out without us being 'awake'.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10448-0

Physicists Discover How Slime Mold 'Makes Decisions' Without a Brain

Using blue light traps, researchers explored the routes taken by P. polycephalum when faced with a life-or-death situation.

The light traps used in this experiment look a bit like geometric stencil sheets you might've used as a child.

Blue light shines on the agar jelly surface, punctuated by gaps: regions without light that take the form of different two-dimensional geometric shapes (such as a triangle, square, or hexagon).
Scientists placed the starved slime molds into these light-free regions, trapping them – but only for a while.

Spurred by hunger, the molds started growing within an hour, then expanded their dense network of tubules with gusto to explore and fill the trap.
During this exploratory phase, slime mold movement is governed by a kind of localized cytoplasmic streaming, a flow of cellular fluid pushed along by molecular contractions.

Tentatively, seeking food and freedom, the molds extended small protrusions into the field of blue light in all directions. Most of these were quickly withdrawn, but some extended so far that the molds found a way to escape.

"Small protrusions emerge all around the trap boundary (exploration protrusions), yet escapes only happen close to the longest axis within the shape," the researchers explain.
By the 'longest axis', they mean the longest possible line that can be drawn across the shape. Which seems a little odd: Why take the longest path and not the shortest route?

The researchers think it has something to do with the way slime molds mobilize.

Only over the course of time does the organism ultimately settle on the contraction mode most efficient for transport, which coincides with the escape," the researchers explain.

Well, each time the slime mold is testing an escape route, it's effectively reorganizing its body, allowing the peristaltic contractions to course through its being, to find the most efficient way to move.
The longer the path, the more pressure the mold's peristaltic contractions can build up, which means it can push more of its gooey mass outward in one go.

"The trap shape ultimately sets the mode most efficient for transport, allowing pressure to build up along the longest axis and driving the plasmodial escape," the team explains.
So while it might seem that the slime mold is 'making decisions' about which way to move, this study suggests it actually hinges on mechanical processes involving fluid flows.

https://journals.aps.org/prxlife/abstract/10.1103/rv7g-d9kx

Part 2

Tool raises red flags on suspect journals
An online tool that tracks publishing patterns in academic journals could warn researchers about potentially problematic journals before they submit their work to them. The platform, called Journal Trends, allows users to get a breakdown of a journal’s published papers by country and year, which can raise any red flags such as a sudden surge in publications. These indicators alone don’t prove a journal is untrustworthy, but might indicate that researchers should investigate a journal further, says the tool’s developer.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-01707-1?utm_source=Live+...

Scientist creates 'mini‑universe' to measure time without a clock

A closed quantum system of 24,000 ultracold atoms was engineered to act as a “mini-universe,” in which an internal, entropic notion of time emerges without reference to an external clock. Changes in particle distribution define a time parameter that has a direction, orders events, and can speed up or slow down. A Schrödinger-like dynamics can be formulated in this entropic time, providing an experimental test bed for quantum cosmology and quantum gravity concepts.

Giovanni Barontini, Testing the problem of time with cold atoms, Physical Review Research (2026). DOI: 10.1103/1h9j-df4k

One daily drink no longer looks harmless, as alcohol's risks rewrite moderate drinking rules
Alcohol consumption above one drink per day is associated with increased risks of mortality, disability, and chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease. No significant protective health effects were observed at any level of alcohol intake, and risks outweigh potential benefits even at low consumption. The findings provide a quantitative benchmark, indicating that even moderate drinking elevates health risks.
After medical experts reviewed more than 7,200 scientific articles on alcohol-related diseases and injuries to determine the level of risk for each condition, the researchers applied those risks to large national health data sets. They then used statistical modeling to estimate how different drinking levels influence long-term health outcomes.
It turns out that two drinks per day, which might be considered 'moderate' from a social standpoint, is associated with a substantially elevated risk of a premature death caused by alcohol.
In addition to mortality risk, researchers examined how drinking patterns influence chronic and acute alcohol-related conditions such as cancer (e.g., esophageal, oral, and breast), cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and injury.

The study overturns a common misconception that alcohol can protect health. "We did not observe a significant protective effect of alcohol on health at any level of consumption," say the researchers.
At low levels, alcohol may be associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke. But when you look across the full range of health outcomes, including cancer and other chronic diseases, those potential benefits are outweighed by the risks even at seven drinks per week.

Alcohol Intake and Health Study: No protective effect at low levels, with mortality increasing to 1 in 25 at 14 drinks per week, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (2026). doi.org/10.15288/jsad.25-00435

Alcohol policy, commercial influence, and the public health costs of ignoring evidence: The case of the Alcohol Intake and Health Study, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (2026). doi.org/10.15288/jsad.26-00142

Vagus nerve stimulation may quiet pain through newly mapped brainstem pathway

Physical pain is essential for survival, as it allows animals to detect when they are injured or unwell, seek shelter and address their ailments. Yet when it becomes chronic, pain can also become highly distressing and debilitating.

While there are now several therapeutic strategies for managing chronic pain, an emerging one that has been found to be particularly promising is vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). VNS entails the delivery of mild electrical pulses to the nerve that connects the brain to organs throughout the body.

Past studies suggest that VNS based therapy can reduce the pain associated with various medical conditions, including chronic headaches, fibromyalgia and joint inflammation. The neural processes by which it can ease pain, however, are still poorly understood.

Researchers  carried out a study aimed at better understanding how VNS acts on pain, specifically focusing on neurons in the brainstem, a stalk-like structure at the base of the brain. Their findings, published in Nature Neuroscience, suggest that VNS-based therapy acts on a previously unknown neural pathway involved in the processing of pain.

VNS has been used clinically for several neurological and psychiatric conditions, and growing evidence suggests that it can also help relieve pain

The main objective of this study was to identify specific populations of neurons and neural pathways that play a role in the effects of VNS on the sensory perception and emotional processing of pain. To achieve this, the researchers carried out a series of experiments involving adult mice.

Initially, the team examined the roles of different groups of neurons in a part of the brainstem known as the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS). This allowed them to identify a specific set of neurons that appeared to play a role in pain-related perceptions and behaviours.

The neurons they identified had axons (i.e., long fiber-like extensions) that reached the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The PAG is a small, almond-shaped segment of the midbrain known to play a role in intense emotional experiences, pain modulation and fight-or-flight responses.

Part 1

The researchers then focused on these neurons, selectively activating or inhibiting them while measuring pain-related behaviours.
They also recorded their neural activity while the animals experienced painful stimuli or received VNS. Finally, we traced the anatomical connections linking the spinal cord, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the periaqueductal gray, and downstream dopamine circuits.
Using various techniques to activate specific neurons, trace their connections and record neural activity, they were able to identify neurons that responded most strongly to pain. When they then exposed the mice to VNS, they could determine whether this intervention acted on these neurons and modified their activity.

They identified a specific brainstem pathway, from the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract to the periaqueductal gray, that converts pain signals into behavioural and emotional responses," Deng said.

Activating this pathway produced pain-like behaviours, while inhibiting it reduced pain behaviour. They also found that this pathway influences dopamine signals in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting a circuit mechanism through which VNS may affect both the sensory and emotional components of pain.
The results of this study offer valuable new insight into the neural processes by which VNS eases chronic pain.

Yuan Tang et al, A brainstem pathway underlying vagal modulation of somatic pain and affective states, Nature Neuroscience (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-026-02313-0.

Part 2

Manakins' dazzling dances may owe their origins to an ancient diet shift

Few animals put on a show quite like manakins. In the rainforests of Central and South America, males of these small tropical birds, with strikingly bright plumage, often gather at communal display sites (leks), where they clear their own dance courts and spend much of their lives performing high-speed backflips, snapping their wings like firecrackers, and running through choreographed routines with other males, all to attract a mate.

Behind these seemingly effortless performances is far more than meets the eye: years of practice, females who raise the young alone, and—it turns out—a change in diet that began with their distant ancestors. A new paper on this topic appears in Current Biology.

Over millions of years, the relentless competition for mates is thought to have driven manakin plumage and dances to ever greater extremes through sexual selection, the evolutionary force behind extravagant features such as the peacock's tail and the stag's antlers. Only a small number of the most attractive males are usually chosen as mates, and across the generations, that intense selection by females pushes favored traits further.

In manakins, diet may also play a role in the evolution of these dazzling displays.
Researchers now uncovered a link between the birds' diet and changes in display behaviour.
The researchers sequenced the genomes of lek-mating manakins and observed genetic fingerprints of strong sexual selection as well as changes in taste and digestion. Through reconstruction of dietary patterns, genome-wide surveys, and lab experiments, they examined the order of those changes in the birds' evolutionary history to work out their timing.
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Male manakins are not only showmen, but extraordinary athletes. In some species, their wing muscles are among the fastest-contracting in nature. A displaying male's heart can race from rest to near its limit in seconds, and males may spend up to 90% of the daylight hours performing, almost year-round. Such effort burns a lot of energy, and manakins draw it substantially from their fruit-based diets. But eating fruit is not necessarily straightforward for a bird: Many plants protect their unripe fruit with toxic compounds, making them tough to digest, and many birds cannot even taste sweetness, having lost the necessary receptor far back in their evolutionary history.

Remarkably, some bird species have found a way around these problems through independent evolutionary innovations.
Earlier research led by scientists has shown that hummingbirds, songbirds and woodpeckers re-evolved a sense of sweetness by chance modifications to the receptor for savory taste that happened to make it sugar responsive. The new study adds manakins to that list, confirmed by tests in lab-grown cells.
Manakins re-evolved a sweet sense of their own—and did it their own way, by altering a different part of the receptor than songbirds use.
Evolution kept arriving at the same answer along different paths. And taste sits within something larger: fruit in tropical forests is conspicuous and abundant year-round, likely providing the energy needed for females to raise the young alone and for males to put on their incredible displays.
A second key change was in digestion: The enzyme lactase—which in mammals breaks down milk sugar—has lost much of its activity in manakins. When active, lactase also breaks down certain plant compounds found in unripe fruit, releasing products that block sugar absorption. With reduced lactase activity, the manakins may pass these compounds through harmlessly and absorb more energy from the fruit.

The change traces back to when the manakins' lineage first turned to fruit. Mapping these changes onto a family tree of more than 1,300 related bird species revealed a clear order: The dietary changes came first, deep in the manakins' ancestry, and the elaborate mating system and displays followed much later.

Genomic and physiological changes in a sexually selected and frugivorous bird radiation, Current Biology (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2026.05.021

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How you can stop your cat from bringing home unwelcome pathogens
Outdoor-roaming pet cats have 3–5 times higher odds of carrying zoonotic pathogens than indoor-only cats and similar odds to feral cats, with ~100 zoonoses detected, including rabies, Toxoplasma and Salmonella. Free-roaming cats transmit pathogens via hunting and fecal contamination of shared spaces. Restricting unsupervised roaming, using enclosures or leashes, and maintaining vaccination and parasite control reduce risks to humans, wildlife and cats.

original article.

Cooling ingredients in e-cigarettes may cause irregular heartbeat or cardiac arrest
Synthetic cooling agents WS-3 and WS-23 in nicotine e-cigarette aerosols altered heart rate variability and increased premature beats in mice, with WS-23 tripling arrhythmias versus nicotine alone. In human cardiomyocytes, coolants modified rhythm only under hormonal stress. Nicotine absorption was unchanged. Findings indicate coolant-dependent pro-arrhythmic cardiac effects, with uncertain long-term and human impacts.

Influence of Cooling Agents on the Arrhythmogenic and Autonomic Effects of Electronic Cigarettes in an in vivo Model, Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology (2026). DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.125.014253

Alpha-gal syndrome, the life-threatening meat allergy caused by tick bites

It's common knowledge that ticks can spread infections that cause serious illnesses, including Lyme disease. Now health officials are trying to raise awareness of a lesser-known problem: a life-threatening allergy to meat triggered by tick bites.

The problem, known as alpha-gal syndrome, was first linked to a particular species of ticks about 15 years ago. But cases are on the rise as more people report symptoms such as hives, diarrhea and itchiness after eating as little as a mouthful of meat and—in some cases—dairy. The allergy doesn't impact consumption of seafood or poultry. Chicken, turkey and eggs are all OK to eat.

For years, the standard treatment has involved avoiding foods that come from cows, pigs and lambs while carrying an epinephrine injector in case of medical emergency. But regulators recently approved the first drug for the condition, and more therapies may be on the way.

Unlike other tick-borne illnesses, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, alpha-gal syndrome isn't caused by a bacteria or a virus. Instead, it occurs when the human immune system triggers an allergic response to a type of sugar, known as alpha-gal.

Alpha-gal is found in the meat of most mammals, but not in humans or other primates. It's also found in the saliva of certain ticks.

When eaten, the sugar is normally harmless. But when ticks bite through the skin, they can introduce the sugar directly into the bloodstream. That triggers the development of antibodies—immune system proteins that fight off foreign invaders—that quickly learn to identify and attack alpha-gal sugar molecules.

It turns out that the skin is a fantastic way to make an allergic response.

If this all happened orally, and we were eating alpha-gal like we do with steaks or barbecue, then we wouldn't become allergic. People that develop the antibodies will often experience a strong allergic reaction a few hours after consuming meat or dairy. But it can take weeks or months for the problem to develop, with the severity of symptoms often increasing over time.

 Rising cases also reflect the expanding habitat range of the lone star tick, the primary source of the condition in the U.S. Moreover people are now more aware of the disease and symptoms.

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People usually seek medical attention after experiencing worrisome symptoms, including hives, dizziness, difficulty breathing and swelling of the lips, throat, tongue or eyelids. Some people may only experience digestive issues, including diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting and nausea.

Doctors diagnose the allergy based on results from a blood test, symptoms and other details reported by the patient, including whether they recall any recent bug bites.
The blood test detects the presence of alpha-gal antibodies, but not all patients with a positive result develop the condition. Sometimes the test can also be wrong.
Doctors generally advise patients to avoid beef, pork, lamb and other meats from mammals. Some people are still be able to consume dairy products from these animals, including milk, cheese and butter. Those with particularly severe reactions may need to avoid foods made with other animal byproducts such as gelatin, which is found in marshmallows and gummy bears.

One rare exception: meat from a small number of pigs that have been genetically modified to not produce alpha-gal. Approved for consumption by the Food and Drug Administration in 2020, the pigs are bred as part of an experimental effort to harvest animal organs for transplantation into humans. Deactivating the alpha-gal gene was a critical first step to make sure the human immune system wouldn't immediately reject the foreign organs. Meat from these so-called "GalSafe" pigs is available from a company called Amaroo Hills.

People with the syndrome may also have to avoid certain medical products and implants. For instance, many heart valves are made from cow or pig parts.

The allergy can fade away in some people after several years. Commins has seen that happen in about 15% to 20% of his patients. But it's critical to avoid new tick bites.
In 2024, the FDA approved an injectable drug called Xolair for a variety of food allergies, including alpha-gal syndrome. The drug doesn't reverse the condition but helps reduce severe allergic reactions after accidental exposure to meat.

Source: News agencies - AP

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