Science reveals people are capable of multitasking — it just requires practice

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People, even researchers, say true multitasking is not possible.

It has long been thought that using your brain to work simultaneously on multiple things was impossible. That’s because problem-solving, logical planning and abstract thinking are all carried out by a key region of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex, which is notoriously inflexible.

However, my experience is different. Even though it is difficult, I always multi-task, doing several things at a time.

New research by  scientists now shows how the brain rewires itself to automate learned tasks. The findings challenge a long-held understanding of how humans master complex skills, suggesting that true multitasking is really possible.

Beyond offering encouragement to busy people that they really can do two things at once, the study also has important implications for the development of artificial intelligence capable of building on prior learning as the brain does.

How the brain automates skills 

The encouraging part is that you really can learn to multitask. There is actually a way to remodel your brain architecture and use other parts of your brain.

The new study builds on decades of research on how learning occurs in the brain.

Scientists wanted to understand the mechanisms behind automation, and how the brain shifts from learning a new task into a way of executing that task more unconsciously after extensive experience.

A good example is driving. 

When someone first learns to drive, it requires their full concentration. But after driving for many years, most people can talk, listen to music, or consider a problem without having to focus completely on operating the vehicle.

"The question is: how does your brain do that?"

Most previous research on learning has focused on the early stages, but what happens to the brain long-term is harder to study and less understood.

For the new study, researchers trained people to sort morphed images of cars into two categories, learning to spot subtle differences to tell them apart. Participants completed more than 30,000 trials over five to 10 weeks, using an app that allowed them to sort the images as a game on their phone. Researchers used fMRI and EEG to conduct brain scans on the participants before and after they completed the trials.

They found that after people had initially learned to sort the images, the task activated their prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain is responsible for executive function and thinking, but can typically only handle one task at a time.

However, when researchers scanned the brains of participants who had been practicing the sorting task for weeks, they found that the categorization was now happening in the temporal cortex, a part of the brain involved in encoding memory and recognizing complex objects.

Previous studies have shown that parts of the temporal cortex can be activated by particular object categories in experienced observers, birds, cars, even Pokemon, but a limitation of all of those studies is that they only looked after people became experts.

The strength of this study is that it is longitudinal. Researchers measure before and after training, so they can see that extensive training essentially put a category selective area in the temporal lobe that was not there before.

This has implications for critical real world scenarios, like when a radiologist can accurately classify masses on an X-ray as benign or malignant fairly automatically, often without extensive deliberation, thanks to years of training.

Bypassing the brain's frontal bottleneck

Category information from the car-selective area in the temporal cortex bypassed the prefrontal cortex and connected directly to output parts of the brain.

Experience remodels the brain to bypass that frontal bottleneck. The prefrontal cortex then stays free for whatever else you want to do, increasing your capacity.

Indeed, the researchers found that the more the car task was "offloaded" from the prefrontal cortex, the better people were able to do another task in parallel to the car task.

The finding challenges a longstanding theory that humans are not capable of true multitasking. Instead, it was thought that the brain rapidly switched back and forth between two tasks.

What these researchers showed is that the circuitry actually changes so the brain can do two things at once.

"This really is true multitasking."

Hmmm! Now I can tell people I had been always right when I told people I could multitask even though they doubted it. It happens automatically without much effort on your part once you get used to it.

The findings can also have implications for understanding  compulsive behaviours because they demonstrate that learned behaviours move into brain circuits that are less accessible to conscious thought or executive function.

"The first step to unlearning something is understanding where it is actually happening in the brain".

This shows why strategies like telling someone to think of something else don't really help, because they don't really have the behaviour under conscious control.

It also helps explain why humans are so good at continuous learning, or building skills upon skills—something that AI still struggles with.

Moving a learned skill into the temporal cortex and freeing space in the prefrontal cortex could allow the brain to use the old information as a building block to learn something new.

Next, researchers want to study the mechanisms or signals involved in moving learning from one part of the brain to another and to figure out what the limits of multitasking are.

Another really interesting question is what kinds of tasks can be learned well enough to do in parallel. We can walk and chew gum at the same time, but looking at our phones to text while driving will never be safe, because we take our eyes away from the road. It comes down to being able to train fully separate neural circuits for two tasks to become compatible.

 The researchers also warned that too much reliance on technology to help with multitasking, such as outsourcing our writing or data analysis to generative AI, could backfire on our brains. The brain’s own multitasking capabilities kick in only once a certain amount of expertise has been acquired, the new research showed. In the long term, it may be that overusing AI means our brains become less proficient at complex skills.

You won’t be able to master things if you’re having AI do it all the time. Multitasking comes through developing efficient pattern recognition so you’re able to make decisions faster and integrate something else at the same time.

Now I know why I prefer to do everything myself!

The paper, "Extensive Experience Remodels Neural Task Circuitry to Escape the Frontal Bottleneck and Increase Automaticity of Categorization," is published in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

Extensive Experience Remodels Neural Task Circuitry to Escape the Frontal Bottleneck and Increase Automaticity of Categorization, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2026).

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A skill becomes automatic as the brain rewires itself to bypass its own bottleneck, new study suggests
Riding a bike, reading a book or folding laundry while watching TV can feel effortless, almost like your brain does it on autopilot. This ease comes from repetition, built through practicing the same task again and again. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), responsible for flexible thinking and decision-making, plays a role in this process, but it also creates a bottleneck. Although highly flexible, it can generally handle only one decision at a time, making multitasking difficult.
In a recent study, researchers wanted to understand how the brain changes when a person practices a specific task until it reaches cognitive automaticity. In this state, familiar actions can be performed quickly and efficiently with little conscious effort.

After sorting morphed car images more than 30,000 times, participants didn't just get better at the task. Their brains rewired themselves, shifting the work from slow, deliberate thinking to fast, effortless autopilot.

The brain's vision center, the vOTC (ventral occipito-temporal cortex), originally just recognized shapes, but with enough practice, it learned to make the categorization decisions itself. As the vision center could now handle the decision alone, it no longer needed constant guidance from the PFC. The two regions disengaged, and perception took over the job that thinking used to do.
Practice shifts the brain to autopilot
We categorize objects constantly, from recognizing a friend's face to sorting colours. Yet, most brain research on this skill only captures a few hours of practice in a lab, whereas real-world expertise takes months or years to hone the skills we rely on daily.
Earlier studies have shown that, under normal circumstances, the brain follows a two-stage process for categorization. First, the brain's visual areas identify an object's shape. Then the prefrontal cortex steps in to decide which category that shape belongs to.

The prefrontal cortex relies on cognitive control to keep the brain focused on the right task, but it can generally only handle one decision at a time. This creates a frontal bottleneck, so when you try to multitask, the two tasks interfere with each other.
However, once a task becomes automatic through practice, it no longer needs the prefrontal cortex watching over it, so it avoids the traffic jam.

The researchers hypothesized that extensive practice builds a perception-action loop, letting the brain skip the frontal bottleneck altogether. The prefrontal cortex teaches the visual system to recognize categories, then steps aside as the brain links what the eyes see directly to the motor regions of the brain.

Mapping practice in the brain
To test this hypothesis, researchers conducted a long-term study to track how the brain changes as a task moves toward automaticity. Over the course of 5–10 weeks, 11 participants practiced the car-categorization task for more than 30,000 trials, learning to categorize images of morphed cars into two groups with made-up names: SOVOR and ZUPUD.

To see how practice rewired the brain, the researchers tracked both the where and the when of brain activity. fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) revealed which regions were involved, while EEG (electroencephalogram) captured the split-second timing of their signals. They repeated these measurements alongside behavioral tests at different stages of the training.

They found that extensive practice taught the visual areas to handle these category decisions themselves, allowing the brain to offload the work from the prefrontal cortex. The MRI also showed that the visual areas unplugged from the prefrontal cortex and formed new, stronger connections directly to the motor areas.

The most significant result of this rewiring was a dramatic improvement in multitasking. Since the practiced task no longer needed the limited resources of the prefrontal cortex, people could perform it alongside another attention-demanding task without any interference.

In terms of behavior, the participants reached high accuracy quickly, while their reaction times continued to drop with practice. Becoming faster without making more mistakes, alongside physical changes in the brain, showed that the task had become automatic and no longer depended on the brain's usual bottleneck.

These findings could help design training programs for jobs that require fast visual judgment, like radiology, security screening or industrial inspection. The researchers point out that the speed and automation acquired through practice come with a trade-off.

Automatic skills are fast, but they are less flexible than when the prefrontal cortex was in charge of the decision, so they may struggle if the rules suddenly change. Future research needs to clarify whether, and how, the brain can overcome this rigidity.

Patrick H. Cox et al, Extensive Experience Remodels Neural Task Circuitry to Escape the Frontal Bottleneck and Increase Automaticity of Categorization, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2026). DOI: 10.1162/jocn.a.2618

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I posted  other research reports in the comments section below too that show that multi-tasking is truly possible.