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Table I. Persistence of coronaviruses on different types of inanimate surfaces
Type of surface | Virus | Strain / isolate | Inoculum (viral titer) | Temperature | Persistence | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steel | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 105 | 20°C 30°C |
48 h 8–24 h |
[21] |
TGEV | Unknown | 106 | 4°C 20°C 40°C |
≥ 28 d 3–28 d 4–96 h |
[22] | |
MHV | Unknown | 106 | 4°C 20°C 40°C |
≥ 28 d 4–28 d 4–96 h |
[22] | |
HCoV | Strain 229E | 103 | 21°C | 5 d | [23] | |
Aluminium | HCoV | Strains 229E and OC43 | 5 x 103 | 21°C | 2–8 h | [24] |
Metal | SARS-CoV | Strain P9 | 105 | RT | 5 d | [25] |
Wood | SARS-CoV | Strain P9 | 105 | RT | 4 d | [25] |
Paper | SARS-CoV | Strain P9 | 105 | RT | 4–5 d | [25] |
SARS-CoV | Strain GVU6109 | 106 105 104 |
RT | 24 h 3 h < 5 min |
[26] | |
Glass | SARS-CoV | Strain P9 | 105 | RT | 4 d | [25] |
HCoV | Strain 229E | 103 | 21°C | 5 d | [23] | |
Plastic | SARS-CoV | Strain HKU39849 | 105 | 22°-25°C | ≤ 5 d | [27] |
MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 105 | 20°C 30°C |
48 h 8–24 h |
[21] | |
SARS-CoV | Strain P9 | 105 | RT | 4 d | [25] | |
SARS-CoV | Strain FFM1 | 107 | RT | 6–9 d | [28] | |
HCoV | Strain 229E | 107 | RT | 2–6 d | [28] | |
PVC | HCoV | Strain 229E | 103 | 21°C | 5 d | [23] |
Silicon rubber | HCoV | Strain 229E | 103 | 21°C | 5 d | [23] |
Surgical glove (latex) | HCoV | Strains 229E and OC43 | 5 x 103 | 21°C | ≤ 8 h | [24] |
Disposable gown | SARS-CoV | Strain GVU6109 | 106 105 104 |
RT | 2 d 24 h 1 h |
[26] |
Ceramic | HCoV | Strain 229E | 103 | 21°C | 5 d | [23] |
Teflon | HCoV | Strain 229E | 103 | 21°C | 5 d | [23] |
MERS = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; HCoV = human coronavirus; TGEV = transmissible gastroenteritis virus; MHV = mouse hepatitis virus; SARS = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; RT = room temperature.
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670120300463
Table II. Inactivation of coronaviruses by different types of biocidal agents in suspension tests
Biocidal agent | Concentration | Virus | Strain / isolate | Exposure time | Reduction of viral infectivity (log10) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol | 95% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 5.5 | [29] |
85% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 5.5 | [29] | |
80% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 4.3 | [29] | |
80% | MERS-CoV | Strain EMC | 30 s | > 4.0 | [14] | |
78% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 5.0 | [28] | |
70% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | > 3.9 | [30] | |
70% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | > 3.3 | [30] | |
2-Propanol | 100% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 3.3 | [28] |
75% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 4.0 | [14] | |
75% | MERS-CoV | Strain EMC | 30 s | ≥ 4.0 | [14] | |
70% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 3.3 | [28] | |
50% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
50% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
2-Propanol and 1-propanol | 45% and 30% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 4.3 | [29] |
SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 2.8 | [28] | ||
Benzalkonium chloride | 0.2% | HCoV | ATCC VR-759 (strain OC43) | 10 min | 0.0 | [31] |
0.05% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
0.05% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
0.00175% | CCV | Strain S378 | 3 d | 3.0 | [32] | |
Didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride | 0.0025% | CCV | Strain S378 | 3 d | > 4.0 | [32] |
Chlorhexidine digluconate | 0.02% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | 0.7–0.8 | [30] |
0.02% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | 0.3 | [30] | |
Sodium hypochlorite | 0.21% | MHV | Strain MHV-1 | 30 s | ≥ 4.0 | [33] |
0.01% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | 2.3–2.8 | [30] | |
0.01% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | 1.1 | [30] | |
0.001% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | 0.3–0.6 | [30] | |
0.001% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | 0.9 | [30] | |
Hydrogen peroxide | 0.5% | HCoV | Strain 229E | 1 min | > 4.0 | [34] |
Formaldehyde | 1% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 2 min | > 3.0 | [28] |
0.7% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 2 min | > 3.0 | [28] | |
0.7% | MHV | 10 min | > 3.5 | [30] | ||
0.7% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
0.009% | CCV | 24 h | > 4.0 | [35] | ||
Glutardialdehyde | 2.5% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 5 min | > 4.0 | [36] |
0.5% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 2 min | > 4.0 | [28] | |
Povidone iodine | 7.5% | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 15 s | 4.6 | [37] |
4% | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 15 s | 5.0 | [37] | |
1% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 1 min | > 4.0 | [36] | |
1% | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 15 s | 4.3 | [37] | |
0.47% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 1 min | 3.8 | [36] | |
0.25% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 1 min | > 4.0 | [36] | |
0.23% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 1 min | > 4.0 | [36] | |
0.23% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 15 s | ≥ 4.4 | [38] | |
0.23% | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 15 s | ≥ 4.4 | [38] |
SARS = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; MERS = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; MHV = mouse hepatitis virus; CCV = canine coronavirus; HCoV = human coronavirus.
Table III. Inactivation of coronaviruses by different types of biocidal agents in carrier tests
Biocidal agent | Concentration | Virus | Strain / isolate | Volume / material | Organic load | Exposure time | Reduction of viral infectivity (log10) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol | 71% | TGEV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 3.5 | [39] |
71% | MHV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 2.0 | [39] | |
70% | TGEV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 3.2 | [39] | |
70% | MHV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 3.9 | [39] | |
70% | HCoV | Strain 229E | 20 μl / stainless steel | 5% serum | 1 min | > 3.0 | [40] | |
62% | TGEV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 4.0 | [39] | |
62% | MHV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 2.7 | [39] | |
Benzalkoniumchloride | 0.04% | HCoV | Strain 229E | 20 μl / stainless steel | 5% serum | 1 min | < 3.0 | [40] |
Sodium hypochlorite | 0.5% | HCoV | Strain 229E | 20 μl / stainless steel | 5% serum | 1 min | > 3.0 | [40] |
0.1% | HCoV | Strain 229E | 20 μl / stainless steel | 5% serum | 1 min | > 3.0 | [40] | |
0.06% | TGEV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 0.4 | [39] | |
0.06% | MHV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 0.6 | [39] | |
0.01% | HCoV | Strain 229E | 20 μl / stainless steel | 5% serum | 1 min | < 3.0 | [40] | |
Glutardialdehyde | 2% | HCoV | Strain 229E | 20 μl / stainless steel | 5% serum | 1 min | > 3.0 | [40] |
Ortho-phtalaldehyde | 0.55% | TGEV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 2.3 | [39] |
0.55% | MHV | Unknown | 50 μl / stainless steel | None | 1 min | 1.7 | [39] | |
Hydrogen peroxide | Vapor of unknown concentration | TGEV | Purdue strain type 1 | 20 μl / stainless steel | None | 2–3 h | 4.9–5.3* | [41] |
TGEV = transmissible gastroenteritis virus; MHV = mouse hepatitis virus; HCoV = human coronavirus; *depending on the volume of injected hydrogen peroxide.
I must add that most of these results 're the ones obtained in labs under tight control conditions. In natural conditions, there can be large differences based on the conditions present.
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