Study reveals brain-cell circuitry that could underlie how animals see wavelengths of light

Perceiving something—anything—in your surroundings is to become aware of what your senses are detecting. Now, neuroscientists have identified, for the first time, brain-cell circuitry in fruit flies that converts raw sensory signals into colour perceptions that can guide behaviour.

Their findings are published in the journal Nature Neuroscience.

Colour hues : Image source: Google

Many of us take for granted the rich colours we see every day—the red of a ripe strawberry or the deep brown in a child's eyes. But did you know that those colours do not exist outside of our brains?

 Rather colours are perceptions the brain constructs as it makes sense of the longer and shorter wavelengths of light detected by the eyes. Turning sensory signals into perceptions about the world is how the brain helps organisms survive and thrive.

To ask how we perceive the world seems like a simple question, but answering it is a challenge. Because each person, or creature perceives it differently. You world is different from mine and it is different from everybody else's! 

So uncovering  neural principles underlying colour perception will help us better understand how brains extract the features in the environment that are important for making it through each day.

In their new paper, the research team reports discovering specific networks of neurons, a type of brain cell, in fruit flies that respond selectively to various hues.

Hue denotes the perceived colors associated with specific wavelengths, or combinations of wavelengths of light, which themselves are not inherently colorful. These hue-selective neurons lie within the optic lobe, the brain area responsible for vision.

Among the hues these neurons respond to are those that people would perceive as violet and others that correspond to ultraviolet wavelengths (not detectable by humans). Detecting UV hues is important for the survival of some creatures, such as bees and perhaps fruit flies; many plants, for example, possess ultraviolet patterns that can help guide insects to pollen.

Scientists had previously reported finding neurons in animals' brains that respond selectively to different colours or hues, say, red or green. But no one had been able to trace the neural mechanisms making this hue selectivity possible till now. 

This is where the recent availability of a fly-brain connectome has proven helpful. This intricate map details how some 130,000 neurons and 50 million synapses in a fruit-fly's poppy seed-sized brain are interconnected.

With the connectome serving as a reference—akin to a picture on a puzzle box serving as a guide for how a thousand pieces fit together—the researchers used their observations of brain cells to develop a diagram they suspected represents the neuronal circuitry behind hue selectivity. The scientists then portrayed these circuits as mathematical models to simulate and probe the circuits' activities and capabilities.

The mathematical models serve as tools that enable us to better understand something as messy and complex as all of these brain cells and their interconnections. With the models, we can work to make sense of all of this complexity.

Not only did the modeling reveal that these circuits can host activity required for hue selectivity, it also pointed to a type of cell-to-cell interconnectivity, known as recurrence, without which hue-selectivity cannot happen. In a neural circuitry  with recurrence, outputs of the circuit circle back in to become inputs.

When the researchers used a genetic technique to disrupt part of this recurrent connectivity in the brains of fruit flies, the neurons that previously showed hue-selective activity lost that property. This reinforced their confidence that they really had discovered brain circuitry involved in colour perception.

Now we know a little more about how the brain's wiring makes it possible to build a perceptual representation of colour. Scientists hope  that their new findings can help explain how brains produce all kinds of perceptions, most importantly the colour, sound and the taste.

This once again makes us understand why our world s are different from one another!

Hue selectivity from recurrent circuitry in Drosophila, Nature Neuroscience (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01640-4