SCI-ART LAB

Science, Art, Litt, Science based Art & Science Communication

Q: What would happen if Earth’s magnetic poles reversed instantaneously instead of gradually?

Krishna: 
Image Source: Google
The Earth’s geologic record shows that hundreds of magnetic pole reversals have occurred throughout it’s history; they happen when patches of iron atoms in Earth’s liquid outer core become reverse-aligned, like tiny magnets oriented in the opposite direction from those around them.

Earth's magnetic field has flipped about 170 times in the last 100 million years, with the last major reversal happening 780,000 years ago (2).

When the reversed patches grow to the point that they dominate the rest of the core, Earth's overall magnetic field flips. The last reversal happened 780,000 years ago during the Stone Age, and indeed there's evidence to suggest the planet may be in the early stages of a pole reversal right now. (1)

Earth's magnetic field takes between 1,000 and 10,000 years to reverse, and in the process, it greatly diminishes before it re-aligns. It's not a sudden flip, but a slow process, during which the field strength becomes weak, very probably the field becomes more complex and might show more than two poles for a while, and then builds up in strength and [aligns] in the opposite direction.

A flip doesn't happen overnight. Instead, it takes anywhere from a century to 20,000 years to complete, and it's accompanied by a decline in strength of the magnetic field

It's the weak in-between phase that would be roughest on living beings on Earth.

If Earth's magnetic poles reversed instantaneously, the most immediate consequence would be a significant weakening of the magnetic field, potentially exposing the planet to increased solar radiation and cosmic rays, disrupting communication systems, navigation technologies reliant on the magnetic field, and potentially impacting migratory animals that use it for orientation; however, while concerning, this wouldn't likely cause a catastrophic event as the atmosphere still provides some protection, and past magnetic reversals haven't shown evidence of mass extinctions.

Magnetic pole reversals naturally happen over thousands of years, allowing life on Earth to adapt gradually.

So an instantaneous magnetic pole reversal can bring these things into focus

Weakened magnetic field: During the transition period, the magnetic field would significantly weaken, allowing more charged particles from the sun (solar wind) to reach Earth's atmosphere, potentially causing increased auroras at lower latitudes.

Severe disruption to technology: GPS systems, compasses, and other devices relying on the magnetic field for navigation would be severely affected, potentially causing malfunctions. We have to face severe power outages . The disruptions in the Earth's magnetic field could result in interference with radio communications, making it difficult to transmit and receive messages.

Impact on migratory animals: Animals like birds, whales, and sea turtles that use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation could become disoriented during the reversal.

Potential health concerns: With the Earth's magnetic field weakened, high levels of radiation would reach the surface, potentially exposing human and animal life to radiation sicknessIncreased exposure to radiation could theoretically increase the risk of certain cancers in humans, although the atmosphere would still provide some shielding.

Increased atmospheric drag: The weakened magnetic field would allow the Earth's atmosphere to expand, increasing atmospheric drag.

Change in weather patterns: The sudden switch of the magnetic pole could result in shifts in ocean currents, leading to changes in climate and weather patterns.

Footnotes:

  1. What If Earth's Magnetic Poles Flip?
  2. What If Earth's Magnetic Field Flipped?

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Q: Can water bombing helicopters use salt water?

Krishna: 

The usual answer is ‘no’.

But in desperate situations, this can happen, like the Los Angeles Wildfire that is ravaging the city right now.

Firefighters battling the deadly wildfires that raced through the Los Angeles area in January 2025 have been hampered by a limited supply of freshwater. So, when the winds are calm enough, skilled pilots flying planes aptly named Super Scoopers are skimming off 1,500 gallons of seawater at a time and dumping it with high precision on the fires. (1)

The downsides of such desperate measures are being understood and studied now.

Salt water corrodes fire fighting equipment and also some things on the ground.

Excessive salt can stress and kill plants.

Changes can happen in soil chemistry and structure when salt water is sprayed in vast areas.

When you have to choose between the devil and the deep sea, sometimes you are forced to choose to use salty sea water. Killing the fires is more important now. You can think about the consequences and find remedies later on!

Footnotes:

  1. Planes are dumping ocean water to fight the Los Angeles fires. Here...

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Q: Why did Ramana Maharahi have cancer? Is it because of smoking some dangerous plants or because of enlightenment?
Krishna: Because he is a human being and his body followed the rules of BIOLOGY! Period!

Spirituality and Enlightenment have no connection to cancer!

But spirituality can be an important factor in how people cope with the illness. That’s it!

But some unconfirmed reports say ‘he gave up smoking tobacco multiple times in his life’. It seems Ramana Maharshi had a small cancerous lump on his arm in 1948. He underwent two surgeries to remove the lump and another growth.

So was there a connection ? Smoking can cause cancer in many parts of the body, including the lungs, mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, and more. But unless we can establish an evidence based causative effect, we cannot say anything for certain.

We cannot say anything for certain with regard to people who were born and died before we were even born and no official and genuine records exist regarding their life. Everything is speculation and stories people spread.

But Science’s rules are unyielding and cannot be bent for anybody or anything.

Science's rules are unyielding, they will not be bent in any way fo...

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Q: Does consuming certain foods makes your body produce more heat according to science?

Krishna: The concepts of "heating" and "cooling" foods are often rooted in traditional medicine systems, such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda, rather than in modern scientific research. 

1. Traditional Perspectives:

  • Traditional Chinese Medicine: Foods are categorized based on their perceived effects on the body's internal balance. For example, spicy foods (like ginger and chili peppers) are considered "heating," while foods like cucumber and watermelon are seen as "cooling." This classification is linked to concepts of yin and yang and the balance of internal energies.
  • Ayurveda: Similar to TCM, Ayurveda classifies foods according to their effects on the body, suggesting that some foods can increase heat (e.g., garlic and onions) while others can reduce it (e.g., mint and coconut).

2. Scientific Perspective:

  • Metabolism and Thermogenesis: Certain foods can influence metabolic processes and thermogenesis (the production of heat in the body). For example, protein-rich foods can increase metabolic rate slightly due to the energy required for digestion (known as the thermic effect of food).
  • Spicy Foods: Foods containing capsaicin (like chili peppers) can temporarily raise body temperature and induce sweating, which might be interpreted as a "heating" effect.
  • Hydration and Cooling: Foods with high water content, such as fruits and vegetables, can help with hydration and may provide a refreshing effect, which can be seen as "cooling."

3. Cultural and Psychological Effects:

  • The perception of food effects can be influenced by cultural beliefs and personal experiences. For instance, in hot climates, people might gravitate toward lighter, more hydrating foods, while in colder climates, heavier, more calorie-dense foods might be preferred.

4. Temporary Temperature  Effects: When you eat extremely hot, steaming  food in  a hot weather you feel the heat more and sweat more. You think that the food you ate is generating heat in your body.

Sweating when you eat hot food is a natural response to your body trying to cool itself down. This is called gustatory sweating. Hot drinks raise your internal temperature, which triggers your body's cooling mechanism. 

Likewise if you eat cold foods in a cool weather, you face the chills. 

This is a temperature effect, and the food is in way responsible for it. 

5. The effect of some health conditions: Sweating after eating can be a problem for some people, and it could be a sign of an underlying condition. For example, Frey's syndrome is a condition that causes sweating due to nerve damage to the parotid gland. Other conditions that can cause sweating include: Diabetes, Heart disease, Kidney disease, Liver disease, and Thyroid disease. 

Typically, a person develops Frey’s syndrome due to surgery near the parotid gland. However, others may experience Frey’s syndrome due to another injury or infection that affects the parotid gland.

In an attempt to heal themselves, damaged nerves sometimes get mixed up with other nerves, causing a person to produce sweat instead of saliva.

Typically, Frey’s syndrome occurs on just one side of the face. Although both cheeks have a parotid gland, only one may have been damaged.

In Frey’s syndrome, sweating typically occurs in the cheeks, forehead, and around the ears.

Unlike Frey’s syndrome, other types of gustatory sweating often occur on both sides of the face. Unlike regular sweating from eating spicy or hot foods, gustatory sweating causes a person to sweat and flush after eating, thinking, or even talking about food.

This sweating and flushing may occur around the temples, cheeks, neck, forehead, chest, or lips.

While the specific categorization of foods as "heating" or "cooling" lacks rigorous scientific validation, there are some physiological responses to certain foods that can align with these traditional concepts. The effects of food on the body are complex and can vary widely among individuals based on metabolism, health status, and environmental conditions.

  It is better to realize that  it is based more on  cultural and traditional thinking  as they are based on human  way of interpreting the experiences rather than as a strict scientific classification.

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Q: Is caramelized sugar good for health?


Krishna: Caramelized sugar is not considered "good" for health as it is still primarily sugar and high in calories, but some studies suggest that the process of caramelization may produce small amounts of antioxidants, meaning it could potentially have some minor health benefits when consumed in moderation; however, the overall consensus is that it should be consumed sparingly as part of a balanced diet due to its high sugar content. 

The primary component of caramel is still sugar, which can contribute to blood sugar spikes and potential health issues if consumed excessively. 

Some research indicates that the caramelization process might create small amounts of antioxidant compounds, though further studies are needed to confirm this benefit. 

During high-heat caramelization, a compound called acrylamide can form, which has been linked to potential health risks in large quantities. 

Commercial caramel products may contain additional ingredients beyond just caramelized sugar, so always read food labels before consuming. 

Even if some minor health benefits exist, consuming caramelized sugar in moderation is crucial to avoid negative effects associated with high sugar intake. 

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Q: Are diamonds related to coal?
Krishna:
While both coal and diamonds are primarily made of carbon, they do not have the same chemical composition because the arrangement of carbon atoms in each material is significantly different, leading to vastly different physical properties; diamonds have a tightly packed crystalline structure, making them hard, while coal has a more loosely arranged structure with impurities, making it soft and combustible. 
Carbon has 2 types of Allotropes-Crystalline (diamond, graphite, fullerene etc.) and Amorphous (coal, charcoal, lamp black etc.). Thus, both coal and diamond are Allotropes of carbon.
Both are made of carbon, diamonds are formed deep within the Earth under extreme heat and pressure, while coal is formed from compressed plant debris near the Earth's surface, making them entirely different geological formations; essentially, diamonds are much older than coal and do not originate from it. 
  • Different origins:
    Coal comes from plant matter, while diamonds form from carbon deposits deep within the Earth's mantle. 
  • Age difference:
    Most diamonds are older than the first plants on Earth, which is the source of coal. 
  • Extreme conditions:
    Diamond formation requires significantly higher pressure and temperature than coal formation. 
While coal is also made of carbon, it contains lots of other impurities that make it impossible from diamonds to form out of coal.
So the only relationship between them is that they are both carbon based.

Q: What is the difference between the energies of water and water vapour?

Consider these scenarios ....

Liquid water molecules have less freedom to move around. While molecules of water vapour have more freedom to move around as there is larger space between the molecules. Hence, the kinetic energy of water molecules is more as compared to the kinetic energy of liquid water.

Vapors would have more kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is described as the energy of movement. The particles in vapors are moving a lot quicker, and have a lot more energy than water.

Water vapour has more energy than liquid water at the same temperature, due to the "latent heat of vapourization" which is the energy required to overcome the intermolecular forces and transition water from a liquid to a gas state, meaning water vapour molecules have more freedom to move around and therefore possess greater kinetic energy compared to liquid water molecules.

At equilibrium the vapour and liquid are at the same temperature hence the same average random KE; the vapour has gained the energy of vaporization so it is of higher potential energy. This energy is released when the vapour condenses.

Water vapour has more kinetic energy than the water at the same temperature. The water vapour will be already hot and it will have more kinetic energy, but water is not like that, we can get kinetic energy only if we heat it, and normally water will not be hot to have more energy.

Let us look at different aspects to understand more clearly

1) Temperature- A measure of the average kinetic energy within a group of particles.

2) Kinetic energy- The energy of motion.

3) Intermolecular forces-Attractions between neighboring molecules. Same as electric attraction between positives and negatives.

4) Potential energy- The energy stored from position.

In a group of molecules, the intermolecular forces attract them to each other. If there isn’t enough kinetic energy present, these molecules exist as a solid. After adding enough energy, these particles will start to flow as a liquid. Even more energy and they will break apart as a gas. There are barriers between these phase transitions where a significant amount of energy must be absorbed. These are named the heat of fusion and the heat of vaporization.

This shows gas has more kinetic energy.  And  solids have the most potential energy.

Then what about vapour and liquid at the same temperature?

There is some amount of humidity in the air. There is no way this is at 100C. So the vapour in the air must be at room temperature . Does this vapour hold more kinetic energy than liquid at the same temperature? No. They are the same. This can be proven by considering energy flow. Heat (thermal energy transfer) can only flow when thermal equilibrium isn’t reached. If heat is flowing, energy is flowing. Same temperature means kinetic energy isn’t transferring from one substance to the next.

So vapor at the same temperature as liquid water has the same kinetic energy. What of potential energy? Surely there is some difference in energy between the two phases.

Temperature doesn’t change when a substance is at the melting point or boiling point.  It shows energy increasing without temperature increasing. This means the energy that is being absorbed isn’t kinetic. So is this potential energy?

Potential energy is the energy due to position. In gravity, we think of objects in a high position with a lot of potential energy because it will give up that energy as it falls. Same goes for electromagnetism. As objects come together, this energy is released. Intermolecular forces are just a special form of electric force. They pull molecules together just like gravity does. So the further apart molecules are from each other, the more potential energy?

As molecules come closer together, they are releasing their potential energy. This might explain why compressing gasses increases their temperature. The potential energy is being converted to kinetic energy.

The vapour phase has the most potential energy, and, if the temperature is higher, the most kinetic energy. This is actually an example of kinetic energy and potential energy both increasing together, assuming you are boiling the liquid and this isn’t evaporation.

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