Science, Art, Litt, Science based Art & Science Communication
Can science explain or deal with emotions and morals?
Several people think science can't deal with emotions and morals. They even taunt scientists that these things are beyond science. Is this correct thinking? If I say this is wrong 'belief' based on ancient analysis promoted by anti-science people? If I say something I should also provide evidence for my statement.
So let me explain ....
If I say science has a moral dimension too?
To be frank science is a neutral study of the universe without any biases and prejudices. It exactly shows what reality of our universe is. And if that helps in human culture moral judgements?
Like DNA fingerprinting helps in finding the culprits in forensic science who cheat others?
When it comes to questions of morality and meaning, the way we go about deciding what is right and wrong, and meaningful or not, is not the same as the way we discover what is true and false or facts. Some emotions like kindness and empathy will be involved. Controlling them is highly important to arrive at a good decision. Just because a criminal cries and acts funnily, you cannot support him. Oh yes, his brain could be differently wired! You try to analyze what could make any person behave so differently from others. On the other hand you can empathize with a poor thief when he steals food. But if you are a logical thinker you will try to understand what circumstances made him steal the food and try to correct them. Critical and scientific thinking helps here.
Anyone who knows how a nervous system works during pain processing can do no physical harm to any living being. And anyone who knows how the brain really works at the emotional level will never try to harass another living being. Any person who has seen how the scientific rules are followed universally in a given set of conditions, and understood its beauty can never think in local terms and can never come under the influence of artificially created races, castes, groups, communities or citizenships. He sees all the living beings as his own images - following universal rules of life and as citizens of this universe.
So far science has described how various social animals work in their groups, using various mechanisms to interact collectively. Bees use pheromones. Humans use emotions. And morality is just a word for emotional responses for how people do or do not behave according to 'rules' of the group they identify with. And science described it in spite of centuries of claims of mystical magical forces that made people behave as they do.
Unlike what several people think, science deals with moral ( derived from reasoning related to...empirical evidence) issues too and can be a good guide to life's journey through the checkerboard of blacks and whites!
Emotion, in its most general definition, is a neural impulse that moves an organism to action, prompting automatic reactive behaviour that has been adapted through evolution as a survival mechanism to meet a survival need.
Experts define emotion as a feeling that is expressed through physiological functions such as facial expressions, faster heartbeat, and behaviours such as aggression, crying, or covering the face with hands.
Human emotions are governed by a complex mixture of chemicals and electricity.
Emotions, like fear and love, are carried out by the limbic system, which is located in the temporal lobe. While the limbic system is made up of multiple parts of the brain, the center of emotional processing is the amygdala, which receives input from other brain functions, like memory and attention.
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain.
Defined as such, these emotional states are specific manifestations of non-verbally expressed feelings of agreement, amusement, anger, certainty, control, disagreement, disgust, disliking, embarrassment, fear, guilt, happiness, hate, interest, liking, love, sadness, shame, surprise, uncertainty and humaneness.
If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (e.g., dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures, and postures.
In mammals, primates, and human beings, feelings are displayed as emotion cues.
For example, the human emotion of love is proposed to have evolved from paleocircuits of the mammalian brain (specifically, modules of the cingulated gyrus) designed for the care, feeding, and grooming of offspring.
Pleasure is evolutionarily ancient and is based on a chemical reward system that acts as a biological incentive to repeat beneficial behaviour. There are several ‘reward pathways’ in the brain, but the best studied is the mesolimbic pathway. The pathway transmits dopamine signals from nerves in the middle of the brain, upward and forward, to the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex, both of which are involved in emotional processing. Under normal conditions, this pathway serves as a motivator for positive actions, producing pleasurable feelings that reinforce evolutionarily beneficial behaviour like eating high-calorie food, social interaction and reproduction. Activation of the pathway also aids in memory storage, increasing the likelihood that the action will be repeated in the future.
Let us analyse various emotions scientifically now ...
Love: When you're falling in love with a person, there's a combination of hormones (dopamine, norepinephrine, phenyethylamine) that rushes through your brain. fMRI shows that in this state , blood flow increases in the regions where high amounts of dopamine receptors are present. Dopamine is responsible for the feeling of 'bliss' or 'euphoria'. Norepinephrine increases your heart beat and causes excitement. This cocktail elates you, causes sleeplessness and makes you focus on nothing much but your relationship. Serotonin levels get lower and you obsess about your lover. That helps you to get your pair bonding stronger. As love grows older and you have more and more physical intimacy, oxytocin is released. Oxytocin together with vasopressin helps in growing attachment, but they interfere with the previous dopamine-norepinephrine pathways and causes the initial euphoria of romantic love to fade away. The oxytocin is associated with mother-infant bonding and the let down reflex for breast feeding.
Male Bengalese finches naturally alter their song performance depending on their audience. Each male has his own song that he rehearses alone. However, when aroused and courting a female, the male produces a song that is more stereotypical (less variable), longer, and faster. Several specialized neural circuits – some in the cortex, and some in the basal ganglia – are required to learn and produce songs. Researchers can monitor and manipulate these circuits with precision to understand their function (2). Focusing on a premotor cortical region called HVC, where they locally infused a drug that mimics the effects of acetylcholine. As a result, males started to sing as if a female were present: songs were faster, louder, and less variable during drug infusion than in control conditions. Neurons in HVC also started to show the same type of pattern observed during courtship singing towards females – there was, in particular, neural activity increased. Decreasing acetylcholine activity in HVC therefore weakened the vigour of courtship singing, revealing that acetylcholine can drive changes in the brain that energize male performances towards females. Together, these experiments suggest that acetylcholine plays a role in shaping singing behaviour in a social context of birds, especially while coaxing females.
Courting Finches
New insights into how genes control courtship and aggression
How a male fly knows when to make a move on a mate
https://phys.org/news/2020-05-male.html?utm_source=nwletter&utm...
Interestingly, bird and human brains have some similar architecture, and the same range of important neurotransmitters and hormones. Some of these may allow long-term attachments.
Powerful hormones that regulate stress and induce positive emotions are well developed in both humans and birds. These include oxytocin (which plays a part in social recognition and sexual behaviour) and serotonin (which helps regulate and modulate mood, sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite). The dopamine system also strongly influences the way pair bonds are formed and maintained in primates – including humans – and in birds. Birds even produce the hormone prolactin, once associated only with mammals. This plays a role in keeping parents sitting on their clutch of eggs, including male birds that share in the brooding.
So social behaviour, mating, staying loyal to ones mate are all controlled by hormones, the biochemistry dictates the emotions and morals.
https://theconversation.com/what-australian-birds-can-teach-us-abou...
Happiness: When you are in love you also experience happiness. In general, happiness is understood as the positive emotions we have in regards to the pleasurable activities we take part in through our daily lives. Our evolutionary biology ensures that everything necessary for our survival makes us feel good. All animals seek pleasure and avoid pain. Therefore, our brain has a wellspring of self-produced neurochemicals that turn the pursuits and struggles of life into pleasure and make us feel happy when we achieve them.
There are four major chemicals in the brain that influence our happiness (DOSE): Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin and Endorphins.
Notorious narcotic drugs of abuse, such as morphine, heroin and oxycontin/oxycodone act on the opioid-receptor system, producing the pleasurable effects that make these drugs so addictive.
However, there is an odd opioid receptor out, so to speak, that is not involved in signaling pleasure.
The kappa opioid-receptor system is the antithesis to other opioid receptors. It's often referred to as an anti-reward system.
Instead of feelings of pleasure, the kappa opioid receptor produces stress and discontent.
When people drink and experience positive effects, that is partially due to pleasurable opioidreceptors being activated. However, after they have finished drinking and nausea, headache, and the stress of withdrawal start to set in, the kappa opioid receptor system has been activated.
Turning off the kappa opioid receptors in the brain decreases binge drinking. This finding suggests that the kappa opioid receptor system is important not only in the negative state of withdrawal but also in driving binge drinking itself. Kappa opioid receptors play an important role in the negative emotional state that drives drinking when it becomes compulsive in alcohol use disorders.
So if you understand how these emotions arise and what controls them, you can control emotions and behaviour of individuals too.
Fear: Fear is the expectation or the anticipation of possible harm ... We know that the body is highly sensitive to the possibility of threat, so there are multiple pathways that bring that fear information into the brain.
For instance you hear a sound in the dark ... and you don't know what it is
The nerves in your ears that transduce that sound are the first part of the nervous system. That signal is relayed to the thalamus, a telephone switching station in your brain, and then directly to the amygdala, which releases neurotransmitters throughout the body -- notably glutamate, essentially the chemical behind fear. The actions of glutamate in the amygdala in response to the fearful thing you’ve heard set off this cascade of other responses.
A reciprocal response comes from an area of the brain called the “periaqueductal gray,” a region deep within the ancient brain that controls two classic responses to fear: jumping and freezing. Sound familiar? The hypothalamus controls the fight or flight responses -- increased heart rate and so on. A signal sent to the adrenal glands in your torso causes them to send out cortisol and adrenaline. The fear response also a release of glucose into the bloodstream -- a power up to get you running for your life.
Depending on the level of risk, the body regulates the response from these various systems to control whether we fight, freeze -- or flee.
Anger: Have you ever been so mad that you felt hot headed, blood boiling, palms sweating? Anger is an actually very interesting thing if you think about it. There goes on a lot of chemistry when you become angry.Anger is an emotional response natural and most of the time an automatic response to one or another form of pain like emotional or physical pain.
Epinephrine and non-epinephrine are the main chemicals which play the vital role in chemistry behind anger. In the absence of these chemicals, the body wouldn’t be able to deliver off any reactions while you are in anger or in any other emotion that has involvement of adrenaline.
Epinephrine:
Epinephrine which is also known as adrenaline is a chemical compound with formula (HO) 2C6H3CH (OH) CH2NHCH3 and is released while becoming angry. Epinephrine is among the chemicals that are released by the adrenal gland when an individual experiences anger or any other form of stress.
Epinephrine lets the amygdala to send signals to the brain front lobe which then allows neurotransmitters which speed up your heart rate and display other signs of you becoming angry.
Non-epinephrine:
Non-epinephrine which is also known as an adrenaline rush is a chemical compound with formula (HO) 2C6H3CH (OH) CH2NH2. This is the chemical that monitors your heart rate and blood pressure. Decreased amount of non-epinephrine is generally the depressed people characteristic.
This chemical is responsible for your decisions making related to handling the situation in a positive way or a negative way. Non-epinephrine gives an individual strength and motivation for defending themselves in extremely serious situations.
Music-induced emotions can be predicted from brain scans (3,4)
Researchers at the University of Turku have discovered what type of neural mechanisms are the basis for emotional responses to music. Altogether 102 research subjects listened to music that evokes emotions while their brain function was scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The study was carried out in the national PET Centre.
The researchers used a machine learning algorithm to map which brain regions are activated when the different music-induced emotions are separated from each other.
- Based on the activation of the auditory and motor cortex, we were able to accurately predict whether the research subject was listening to happy or sad music. The auditory cortex processes the acoustic elements of music, such as rhythm and melody. Activation of the motor cortex, then again, may be related to the fact that music inspires feelings of movement in the listeners even when they are listening to music while holding still in an MRI machine.
The researchers also discovered which brain regions are activated when the research participants watched videos that evoke strong emotions, and tested whether the same regions were activated when the participants were listening to music that evokes emotions.
The results suggest that the emotions evoked by films and music are partially based on the operation of different mechanisms in the brain.
Films, for instance, activate the deeper parts of the brain that regulate emotions in real-life situations. Listening to music did not strongly activate these regions nor did their activation separate the music-induced emotions from each other. This may be due to the fact that films can more realistically copy the real-life events that evoke emotions and thus activate the innate emotion mechanisms. As for the music-induced emotions, they are based on the acoustic characteristics of music and colored by cultural influences and personal history.
Traditionally, music-induced emotions have been studied through classical instrumental music.
I wrote about the science of laughing and crying some time back ... you can read about these emotions here: the-science-of-laughing-and-crying
I can have emotions as well as understand how and why they come into existence and can also use the knowledge to control them.
You love a person and your brain chemistry dictates how you feel and what you do when you are undergoing it. Other people cannot feel the same way or understand your feelings because their brain chemistry is not under the same influence of hormones your body is producing.
They might argue you cannot understand these feelings. That shows their inadequacy in understanding, not in the knowledge brought by science.
Different people experience different grades of emotions because brain chemistry differs from person to person. The intensity or lack of them should not make people think science has no answers to these. It is 'you' who cannot deal with the enormity of the problem. Not science. Because all these emotions have origins in science and science is what controls them. If we can study how nature works with the use of science, and if that tallies with natural laws, it is evidence enough we understood it and make use of it. And we are making using of this knowledge.
Why do you think depression can be controlled using drugs? Just because we understand how it happens what mechanisms cause and control it. We can tweak them to have control on our lives.
Why do you think sex drives can be controlled by chemical castration?
A team of National Institutes of Health-funded researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina has found recently that deactivating a stress-signaling system in a brain area known for motivation and emotion-related behaviors decreases binge drinking. The study, which was published online in February and is to appear in the May issue of Neuropharmacology, pinpoints a particular system in a specific brain region that can be manipulated to reduce harmful binge drinking (1).
So the sum total of all our emotions is the biochemical balance of our systems. And morality is just a word for emotional responses for how people do or do not behave according to 'rules' of the group they identify with.
Isn't that evidence enough?
If you don’t understand these mechanisms like scientists do, you think nobody else can do too. Feel sorry for such people.
Do you still have a doubt that science can't explain these things related to human culture and psychology? If you have, either you refused to read this and chose to remain ignorant or refused to consider this evidence because of your obstinate nature or can't deal with science's dominance and the inconvenience it causes to your conditioned mind.
If this is true you are still a BOX MAN !
Also read this article: https://kkartlab.in/group/some-science/forum/topics/qs-people-asked...
CITATIONS:
1. Harold L. Haun et al, Kappa opioid receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulate binge-like alcohol consumption in male and female mice, Neuropharmacology (2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107984
2. https://elifesciences.org/articles/57515?utm_source=content_alert&a...
3. Vesa Putkinen et al, Decoding Music-Evoked Emotions in the Auditory and Motor Cortex, Cerebral Cortex (2020). DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa373
4. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-12-music-induced-emotions-brain...
Qs based on this topic:
Q: Do humans have knowledge of what they're doing?
But ‘knowledge’ of what they are doing is a contentious issue.
That depends on each individual’s thinking, analysis, perception, and the knowledge people have about the work.
Several men think what they are doing is right. But others who are watching them might think the person is wrong in doing it.
Who is correct here? There are some general parameters to judge things. And those parameters are usually morality based and morality is just a word for emotional responses for how people do or do not behave according to 'rules' of the group they identify with. Morals differ from culture to culture.
Therefore, even judgements too might differ. ‘What’ you are analysing with might not be knowledge at all. It can be your baseless belief, perception based ignorance, your group’s morals, your culture’s rules, and all things irrational.
When evidence based facts, genuine knowledge, changing sets of morals depending on situations and incidents become rare parameters to analyse deeds, you might be aware of what you are doing but might not have full knowledge of what is actually happening.
(For more information on research on this subject please read the first comment below)
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https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-04-key-brain-region-binge.html?...
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Moral reasoning found to display characteristic patterns in the brain
Every day we encounter circumstances we consider wrong: a starving child, a corrupt politician, an unfaithful partner, a fraudulent scientist. These examples highlight several moral issues, including matters of care, fairness and betrayal. But does anything unite them all?
Fascinated by this centuries-old debate, a team of researchers set out to probe the nature of morality using one of moral psychology's most prolific theories. The group intensively studied 64 individuals via surveys, interviews and brain imaging on the wrongness of various behaviors.
They discovered that a general network of brain regions was involved in judging moral violations, like cheating on a test, in contrast with mere social norm violations, such as drinking coffee with a spoon. What's more, the network's topography overlapped strikingly with the brain regions involved in theory of mind. However, distinct activity patterns emerged at finer resolution, suggesting that the brain processes different moral issues along different pathways, supporting a pluralist view of moral reasoning.
The results, published in Nature Human Behaviour, even reveal differences between how liberals and conservatives evaluate a given moral issue.
The researchers showed that moral judgments of a wide range of different types of morally relevant behaviours are instantiated in shared brain regions.
And a machine-learning algorithm could reliably identify which moral category, or "foundation," a person was judging based on their brain activity. This is only possible because moral foundations elicit distinct neural activations!
The universal moral foundations are generally organized into six categories:
- Issues of care and harm,
- Concerns of fairness and cheating,
- Liberty versus oppression,
- Matters of loyalty and betrayal,
- Adherence to and subversion of authority,
- And sanctity versus degradation.
The framework arranges these foundations into two broad moral categories: care/harm and fairness/cheating emerge as "individualizing" foundations that primarily serve to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals. Meanwhile loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion and sanctity/degradation form "binding" foundations, which primarily operate at the group level.
The researchers created a model based on MFT to test whether the framework—and its nested categories—was reflected in neural activity. Sixty-four participants rated short descriptions of behaviors that violated a particular set of moral foundations, as well as behaviors that simply went against conventional social norms, which served as a control. An fMRI machine monitored activity across different regions of their brains as they reasoned through the vignettes.
Certain brain regions distinguished moral from non-moral judgment across the board, such as activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate, among other regions. Participants also took longer to rate moral transgressions than non-moral ones. The delay suggests that judging moral issues may involve a deeper evaluation of an individuals' actions and how they relate to one's own values, the authors said.
Although moral judgments are intuitive at first, deeper judgment requires responses to the six 'W questions'. "Who does what, when, to whom, with what effect, and why. And this can be complex and takes time." Indeed, moral reasoning recruited regions of the brain also associated with mentalizing and theory of mind.
The researchers also found that transgressions of loyalty, authority and sanctity prompted greater activity in regions of the brain associated with processing other people's actions, as opposed to the self. It was really surprising to know how well the organization into 'individualizing' versus 'binding' moral foundations is reflected on the neurological level in multiple networks.
Next, the authors developed a decoding model that accurately predicted which specific moral foundation or social norm individuals were judging from fine-grained activity pattern across their brains. This would not have been possible if all moral categories were unified at the neurological level, they explained.
"This supports MFT's prediction that each moral foundation is not encoded in a single 'moral hotspot'," the authors write, "but (is instead) instantiated via multiple brain regions distributed across the brain." This finding suggests that the distinct moral categories proposed by Moral Foundations Theory have an underlying neurologic basis.
In this way, moral reasoning is similar to other mental tasks: it elicits characteristic patterns across the brain, with nuances based on the specifics. For instance, looking at pictures of houses and faces activates a brain region known as the ventral temporal cortex.
"However, when looking at the pattern of activation in this region, one can clearly discern whether someone is looking at a house or a face.
Analogously, moral reasoning activates certain regions of the brain, "yet, the activation patterns in those same regions are highly distinct for different classes of moral behaviors, suggesting that they are not unified."
Far from merely an esoteric exercise, MFT provides a robust framework for understanding group identity and political polarization. Mounting evidence from survey and behavioral experiments suggests that liberals (progressives) are more sensitive to the categories of care/harm and fairness/cheating, which primarily protect the rights and freedoms of individuals. Conservatives, in contrast, place greater emphasis on the loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation categories, which generally operate at the group level.
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This paper is part of an avenue of research that the Media Neuroscience Lab embarked on in 2016, aiming to understand how humans make moral judgments, and how the underlying processes vary across more and less realistic scenarios. "The observation that we can reliably decode which moral violation an individual is perceiving also opens exciting avenues for future research: Can we also decode if a moral violation is detected when reading a news story, listening to a radio show, or even when watching a political debate or movie?
Ultimately, the researchers say, peoples' ability to cooperate in groups is guided by systems of moral and social norms, and the rewards and punishments that result from adhering to or violating them. For millennia, fables and fairy tales, nursery rhymes, novels, and even 'the daily news' all weave a tapestry of what counts as good and acceptable or as bad and inacceptable. The new results contribute to a better understanding of what moral judgements are, how they are processed, and how they can be predicted across different groups.
Hopp, F.R. et al, Moral foundations elicit shared and dissociable cortical activation modulated by political ideology, Nature Human Behaviour (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01693-8. www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01693-8
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Hormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus causes the release of a substance whose effects then inhibit further release. In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range.The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction. The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood, or on levels of other substances in the blood, like calcium.
Endocrine System (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth
Humoral, Hormonal, and Neural Stimuli
The release of hormones can be triggered by changes in the blood (“humor”), by the actions of other hormones, or by neurological stimuli.
Key Points
- When a hormone is released in response to a change in the blood or other body fluids, such as a change in the level of a mineral or a change in temperature, this is called a humoral stimulus.
- Hormones can be released in response to the action of a second hormone; the hypothalamus often secretes hormones that trigger the release or cessation of other hormones from the pituitary gland.
- Hormone release can also be triggered directly by a stimulus from a neuron; this is often used when a rapid response is needed.
Key Terms
- hypothalamus: a region of the forebrain located below the thalamus that regulates body temperature, some metabolic processes and governs the autonomic nervous system
- pituitary gland: an endocrine gland, about the size of a pea, whose secretions control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation
- humoral: of or relating to the body fluids or humours
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+governs+hormaone+production%3F...
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Q: Where can we say "Science doesn't work here"?
Alright some people have raised some Qs here and said science doesn't work with regard to such Qs. This is not understanding the word science properly.
Science has two aspects:
One: The principles with which this universe came into existence and run by it.
Two: The process with which we study this universe.
If you take the first aspect into account, you will not find any place in our universe where scientific principles don't work and are not responsible for things existing and things happening. Without these principles this universe doesn't work and collapses and becomes non-existent. The very fact that it is working so well is evidence enough that science is working everywhere in this universe and running it wonderfully.
Right, if you come to the second aspect, i.e., the process with which we study and try to understand our universe, it is not science that is not working. It 's human mind's inadequacy to understand things in our 'scientific universe' responsible for that, not science.
Why do you try to shift your inadequacies to science and say science cannot do this or science cannot do that? Science, the thing this universe is run by, can be tackled only by science. If you cannot use your tool properly and blame science for it, it is like a bad worker blaming his tools for his lack of efficiency.
Now show me with genuine evidence a place in this universe where science doesn't work. Mere logic and argument won't do.
Please follow the space Science Communication on Quora
A person who read this asked this Q: How does science(s) answer “why should (not) i kill that insect stinging me on my toe?”?
Krishna: Well, the insect (like bee or some insects like it) might be useful in pollination which might bring you food to your plate by producing seeds, fruits and vegetables after teh process. Just bear the pain and wait for the food. Doesn’t that make sense?And ants control pests naturally. Like ladybeetles, green lacewings, and other beneficial bugs, ants often help control pests (they actually support some pests, too ) by eating their eggs and young or disturbing them during feeding.
Ants are such an effective biological control agent, in fact, that some growers introduce them on purpose as part of an Integrated Pest Management strategy.
So leave that ant alone even if it stings you - it helps you in reality. Even if a friend fights with you and hits you, don’t you forgive him for the sake of friendship?
Does that make sense?
:)
The person who asked the Q:Makes a lot of sense. Thanks for the links. New facts!
But 'you should help/forgive the one who helps you' isn't coming from science, I think. It's coming from somewhere else.
I am not a behavioural biologist but i am told by life science - friends that many species tend to kill/eat their friends/mates. Am I right on this one?
*But 'you should help/forgive the one who helps you' isn't coming from science, I think. It's coming from somewhere else.*
Science shows you that bees and ants are friends with evidence. That fact influences your thought process.
‘Kill mates’, yes. That includes human beings too but for other reasons!
But when nature made them that way it has a reason too. Like some animals eat their mates after fertilization - as the reproduction process is completed and so the males are consumed by the females to get more food and energy for the growing progeny or whatever name you give them.
*…but for other reasons!* Interesting! Would love to know the reasons.
*…influences your thought process.* True. That's why many people are motivated to do science. But here's the tricky part. How it influences (how you allowe it to influence) your thought process, your decisions, goals, morals/ ethics… doesn't seem to be something that science reveals to us. It's very subjective and it's difficult, many times, to tell who's right in extracting out the values from these facts.
I am afraid that the fact of some females, in animal kingdom, consuming the males after fertilization can change the thought process of some hardcore feminists and they start a social trend of #KillDownYourManWhenThePurposeIsOver
Lol. That's a stupid exaggeration. But the point is, scientific facts alone are directionless, we need ‘something more' that can facilitate the 'appropriate’ or ‘positive' change in our thought process, actions, goals, desires and what not. It's perhaps that something more that determines what kind of technology we develop after some discovery, what new experiments we dare to do etc etc etc. I don't know to what extent we can change that 'something more' and what it really is.
I am an MSc physics student. I don't know about life sciences, but with physical sciences that seems to be the case. Dr Sabine puts it in a different way:
Krishna: Right. science doesn’t say directly, do this or do that. . But if you are a person of science, the knowledge you know would definitely influences your thought process.
I noticed several times, people who don’t have the knowledge I have think and behave differently. I think their thought process becomes lame without scientific knowledge. Again ,there are people, even among scientists, who don’t use their knowledge in their thinking process. They have conditioned minds and their science training ‘s so inadequate that they ‘re unable to come out of this conditioning and do Critical Thinking. There will be all sorts of people in this world.
Is Dr. Sabine an authority on these things? Anyway opinions have no place in science and we don’t care about anybody’s opinions, even if they are Einsteins and Newtons.
But for me atleast my science training is good and I can use it perfectly in my life. It’s guidance in my life is absolute!
If some people cannot do what I do, their science training might not be as good as mine.
The person:Yes, without basic scientific knowledge people tend to believe in pseudoscientific explanations & claims in the name of faith or perhaps just to feel proud of themselves or their culture/history; which, I see, is happening a lot around me. And it's very difficult for them to ever realise their biases.
Thanks for the articles. I came to know about many new biochemical & chemical processes happening right here in my body every moment.
*…because their brain chemistry is not under the same influence of hormones your body is producing.*
What governs this production of hormones in my body such a unique way, resulting into a unique experience for 'me' at that moment? Is it just direct consequence of the biochemical reactions happening in my body? Or can 'i' interfere somewhere in these processes to create the kind of experience I aspire for?
I don't know if I have put it correctly.)
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Krishna: The release of hormones can be triggered by changes in the blood , by the actions of other hormones, or by neurological stimuli.Yes, you can control the process by controlling the background stimuli.
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Science can answer moral questions
The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values
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