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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 7 hours ago

Phage and microbiota therapy reduced recurrent UTIs in two patients over two years
Combined phage therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation were administered to three women with antibiotic-refractory recurrent E. coli UTIs. Treatment was well tolerated. Over two years, the two patients receiving both phage therapy and FMT showed sustained reduction of UTIs and antibiotic use, while phage therapy alone led to continued but milder episodes.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-026-02409-0

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Cancer drug enables kidney transplant despite severe immune incompatibility
A single dialysis-dependent patient with complete HLA sensitization (cPRA 100%) received teclistamab, a myeloma drug targeting antibody-producing cells, for 31 weeks, leading to marked, sustained reduction of anti-HLA antibodies and eventual successful kidney transplantation with excellent graft function. The case suggests teclistamab may enable transplantation in highly sensitized candidates and potentially in xenotransplantation or ABO-incompatible and other organ transplants, but systematic evaluation of efficacy and safety is still required.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 7 hours ago

Invasive species emerge as a driver of human displacement, new research shows
Invasive alien species degrade ecosystems, erode food and livelihood security, and act as a direct driver of forced human displacement. Case examples include Opuntia stricta in Kenya, little fire ants in Pacific islands, and water hyacinth in African fisheries. Biological invasions are rarely integrated into migration or sustainability science, and the paper urges their inclusion in international indicators and policy on displacement and land degradation.
The new study argues that biological invasions can erode natural resources vital to human security, forcing communities to abandon their land and livelihoods. Despite these impacts, the link between invasive species and human displacement has received little attention.
Researchers call for stronger international action to address this issue.

Reaser JK and Witt ABR (2026) Invasive alien species are drivers of human displacement: recommendations for a multilateral mitigation framework. Front. Conserv. Sci. 7:1858063. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2026.1858063

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/conservation-science/articles/...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 7 hours ago

Discovery of a multicomponent alloy forged by the Hiroshima atomic blast

High-energy nuclear detonations generate extreme, transient physicochemical environments capable of producing previously unknown materials. We report the discovery of a previously unknown multicomponent alloy preserved within a hiroshimaite spherule recovered from beach sands of Hiroshima Bay, formed during the 6 August 1945 atomic airburst. The micrometer-sized metallic grain occurs within a quenched glassy matrix. Electron microprobe analyses reveal a homogeneous, Si-rich multielement composition (Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo-Si-Al). Single-crystal x-ray diffraction shows that the phase crystallizes in space group P213 with the ordered AlAu4-type structure, an ordered derivative of β-Mn. The alloy likely formed by condensation from a mixed metallic vapor followed by ultrafast quenching in the expanding fireball. This finding demonstrates that nuclear plasma events may stabilize complex metallic phases and highlights atomic-blast debris as a natural laboratory for nonequilibrium alloy formation and materials discovery.

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aeg8299

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 7 hours ago

“Innovation without access is not an innovation… it is an injustice.”

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 7 hours ago

Physicists Find a Way to 'Split' Particles of Light in Half to Make Infinite Photons

An elementary particle such as a photon cannot be cut in two pieces. Still it must be possible to truncate a photon with an optical shutter. The result is neither another photon nor a mix of a photon and a vacuum. Instead it is a superposition and mix of photon numbers up to infinity. This state is rather complicated, but nevertheless locally equivalent to a single photon or vacuum to the left and right, respectively, of a narrow transition region.

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/94pm-hp34

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 7 hours ago

Where You Carry Your Body Fat Is Directly Linked to Brain Aging

You can weigh the same as someone else, have the same BMI, and still be carrying a completely different risk to your brain.

That's the message from a growing pile of research over the past year.

Scientists have long known that obesity is linked to an increased risk of dementia

But new research suggests that it's not just how much fat you carry, it's where you carry it.

In May, a study linked visceral fat – the kind that packs in around your organs – to faster brain aging. They indicated that glucose and insulin were the likely mechanisms involved.
Researchers mapped fat distribution against brain scans and cognition scores of more than 18,000 people in the UK Biobank dataset.
According to the researchers, it's the world's first large-scale multimodal study to systematically explore the link between where fat is located and brain structure, connectivity, and cognitive performance.

What they found is that where you carry your fat is strongly associated with how fast (or slow) your brain appears to age.

Fat in different parts of the body maps out entirely different trajectories of change in the brain, which cannot be detected by body weight or BMI alone.
Their analytical model clearly demonstrates how fat in different regions causes differential damage to brain systems.
Fat in the arms, legs, trunk, and visceral cavity was each linked to distinct changes across separate brain systems – including regions tied to movement, emotion, memory, and the brainstem.
But the key message from the research is that visceral fat was the only type of fat directly linked to damage to the brain's white matter – the wiring that carries signals between neurons.

White matter damage is closely tied to the biology behind vascular cognitive impairment and small vessel disease in the brain – conditions that sit upstream of dementia risk.

While the study didn't look directly at what could be causing this link, the researchers think chronic, low-grade inflammation triggered by visceral fat may be spilling over into the brain itself, fuelling neuroinflammation.
In contrast, adiposity in the arms, trunk, and legs exhibits lower levels of inflammatory factor secretion.

Reducing visceral fat through targeted lifestyle interventions can open up new pathways for the proactive prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-025-00501-8

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

New rule explains why growing shapes suddenly crumple Scientists have discovered a previously unknown law of geometry that explains why some growing surfaces, whether in nature or in engineered materials, suddenly stop being able to stay smooth and instead form dimples and folds. A new geometric law defines a curvature threshold beyond which growing free-standing surfaces cannot remain smooth and must buckle into ordered dimples and folds. This “geometric frustration” is topological, depending on global shape and connectivity, and arises even when previous compatibility rules are satisfied. A single cut can remove the frustration, enabling smooth shapes and informing control of morphogenesis and shape-programmable materials.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Mapping practice in the brain
To test this hypothesis, researchers conducted a long-term study to track how the brain changes as a task moves toward automaticity. Over the course of 5–10 weeks, 11 participants practiced the car-categorization task for more than 30,000 trials, learning to categorize images of morphed cars into two groups with made-up names: SOVOR and ZUPUD.

To see how practice rewired the brain, the researchers tracked both the where and the when of brain activity. fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) revealed which regions were involved, while EEG (electroencephalogram) captured the split-second timing of their signals. They repeated these measurements alongside behavioral tests at different stages of the training.

They found that extensive practice taught the visual areas to handle these category decisions themselves, allowing the brain to offload the work from the prefrontal cortex. The MRI also showed that the visual areas unplugged from the prefrontal cortex and formed new, stronger connections directly to the motor areas.

The most significant result of this rewiring was a dramatic improvement in multitasking. Since the practiced task no longer needed the limited resources of the prefrontal cortex, people could perform it alongside another attention-demanding task without any interference.

In terms of behavior, the participants reached high accuracy quickly, while their reaction times continued to drop with practice. Becoming faster without making more mistakes, alongside physical changes in the brain, showed that the task had become automatic and no longer depended on the brain's usual bottleneck.

These findings could help design training programs for jobs that require fast visual judgment, like radiology, security screening or industrial inspection. The researchers point out that the speed and automation acquired through practice come with a trade-off.

Automatic skills are fast, but they are less flexible than when the prefrontal cortex was in charge of the decision, so they may struggle if the rules suddenly change. Future research needs to clarify whether, and how, the brain can overcome this rigidity.

Patrick H. Cox et al, Extensive Experience Remodels Neural Task Circuitry to Escape the Frontal Bottleneck and Increase Automaticity of Categorization, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2026). DOI: 10.1162/jocn.a.2618

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

A skill becomes automatic as the brain rewires itself to bypass its own bottleneck, new study suggests
Riding a bike, reading a book or folding laundry while watching TV can feel effortless, almost like your brain does it on autopilot. This ease comes from repetition, built through practicing the same task again and again. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), responsible for flexible thinking and decision-making, plays a role in this process, but it also creates a bottleneck. Although highly flexible, it can generally handle only one decision at a time, making multitasking difficult.
In a recent study, researchers wanted to understand how the brain changes when a person practices a specific task until it reaches cognitive automaticity. In this state, familiar actions can be performed quickly and efficiently with little conscious effort.

After sorting morphed car images more than 30,000 times, participants didn't just get better at the task. Their brains rewired themselves, shifting the work from slow, deliberate thinking to fast, effortless autopilot.

The brain's vision center, the vOTC (ventral occipito-temporal cortex), originally just recognized shapes, but with enough practice, it learned to make the categorization decisions itself. As the vision center could now handle the decision alone, it no longer needed constant guidance from the PFC. The two regions disengaged, and perception took over the job that thinking used to do.
Practice shifts the brain to autopilot
We categorize objects constantly, from recognizing a friend's face to sorting colours. Yet, most brain research on this skill only captures a few hours of practice in a lab, whereas real-world expertise takes months or years to hone the skills we rely on daily.
Earlier studies have shown that, under normal circumstances, the brain follows a two-stage process for categorization. First, the brain's visual areas identify an object's shape. Then the prefrontal cortex steps in to decide which category that shape belongs to.

The prefrontal cortex relies on cognitive control to keep the brain focused on the right task, but it can generally only handle one decision at a time. This creates a frontal bottleneck, so when you try to multitask, the two tasks interfere with each other.
However, once a task becomes automatic through practice, it no longer needs the prefrontal cortex watching over it, so it avoids the traffic jam.

The researchers hypothesized that extensive practice builds a perception-action loop, letting the brain skip the frontal bottleneck altogether. The prefrontal cortex teaches the visual system to recognize categories, then steps aside as the brain links what the eyes see directly to the motor regions of the brain.
Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Wednesday

Their role in the farm effect was previously unknown. For the first time, therefore, the complete biological chain is visible: cow → barn air → bacteria → metabolic products → human receptors → protection against asthma.
The new findings can now be used by laboratory researchers to decipher the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the farm effect. This opens up the prospect of developing a drug that mimics the farm effect—without the need for children to spend time in barns.

Giulia Pagani et al, Gram-Positive Bacteria and the Inverse Association between Farm Exposure and Childhood Asthma, NEJM Evidence (2026). DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2500271

Part 2

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