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Science Simplified!

                       JAI VIGNAN

All about Science - to remove misconceptions and encourage scientific temper

Communicating science to the common people

'To make  them see the world differently through the beautiful lense of  science'

Members: 22
Latest Activity: 6 hours ago

         WE LOVE SCIENCE HERE BECAUSE IT IS A MANY SPLENDOURED THING

     THIS  IS A WAR ZONE WHERE SCIENCE FIGHTS WITH NONSENSE AND WINS                                               

“The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge.”             

                    "Being a scientist is a state of mind, not a profession!"

                  "Science, when it's done right, can yield amazing things".

         The Reach of Scientific Research From Labs to Laymen

The aim of science is not only to open a door to infinite knowledge and                                     wisdom but to set a limit to infinite error.

"Knowledge is a Superpower but the irony is you cannot get enough of it with ever increasing data base unless you try to keep up with it constantly and in the right way!" The best education comes from learning from people who know what they are exactly talking about.

Science is this glorious adventure into the unknown, the opportunity to discover things that nobody knew before. And that’s just an experience that’s not to be missed. But it’s also a motivated effort to try to help humankind. And maybe that’s just by increasing human knowledge—because that’s a way to make us a nobler species.

If you are scientifically literate the world looks very different to you.

We do science and science communication not because they are easy but because they are difficult!

“Science is not a subject you studied in school. It’s life. We 're brought into existence by it!"

 Links to some important articles :

1. Interactive science series...

a. how-to-do-research-and-write-research-papers-part 13

b. Some Qs people asked me on science and my replies to them...

Part 6part-10part-11part-12, part 14  ,  part- 8

part- 1part-2part-4part-5part-16part-17part-18 , part-19 , part-20

part-21 , part-22part-23part-24part-25part-26part-27 , part-28

part-29part-30part-31part-32part-33part-34part-35part-36part-37,

 part-38part-40part-41part-42part-43part-44part-45part-46part-47

Part 48 part49Critical thinking -part 50 , part -51part-52part-53

part-54part-55part-57part-58part-59part-60part-61part-62part-63

part 64, part-65part-66part-67part-68part 69part-70 part-71part-73 ...

.......306

BP variations during pregnancy part-72

who is responsible for the gender of  their children - a man or a woman -part-56

c. some-questions-people-asked-me-on-science-based-on-my-art-and-poems -part-7

d. science-s-rules-are-unyielding-they-will-not-be-bent-for-anybody-part-3-

e. debate-between-scientists-and-people-who-practice-and-propagate-pseudo-science - part -9

f. why astrology is pseudo-science part 15

g. How Science is demolishing patriarchal ideas - part-39

2. in-defence-of-mangalyaan-why-even-developing-countries-like-india need space research programmes

3. Science communication series:

a. science-communication - part 1

b. how-scienitsts-should-communicate-with-laymen - part 2

c. main-challenges-of-science-communication-and-how-to-overcome-them - part 3

d. the-importance-of-science-communication-through-art- part 4

e. why-science-communication-is-geting worse - part  5

f. why-science-journalism-is-not-taken-seriously-in-this-part-of-the-world - part 6

g. blogs-the-best-bet-to-communicate-science-by-scientists- part 7

h. why-it-is-difficult-for-scientists-to-debate-controversial-issues - part 8

i. science-writers-and-communicators-where-are-you - part 9

j. shooting-the-messengers-for-a-different-reason-for-conveying-the- part 10

k. why-is-science-journalism-different-from-other-forms-of-journalism - part 11

l.  golden-rules-of-science-communication- Part 12

m. science-writers-should-develop-a-broader-view-to-put-things-in-th - part 13

n. an-informed-patient-is-the-most-cooperative-one -part 14

o. the-risks-scientists-will-have-to-face-while-communicating-science - part 15

p. the-most-difficult-part-of-science-communication - part 16

q. clarity-on-who-you-are-writing-for-is-important-before-sitting-to write a science story - part 17

r. science-communicators-get-thick-skinned-to-communicate-science-without-any-bias - part 18

s. is-post-truth-another-name-for-science-communication-failure?

t. why-is-it-difficult-for-scientists-to-have-high-eqs

u. art-and-literature-as-effective-aids-in-science-communication-and teaching

v.* some-qs-people-asked-me-on-science communication-and-my-replies-to-them

 ** qs-people-asked-me-on-science-and-my-replies-to-them-part-173

w. why-motivated-perception-influences-your-understanding-of-science

x. science-communication-in-uncertain-times

y. sci-com: why-keep-a-dog-and-bark-yourself

z. How to deal with sci com dilemmas?

 A+. sci-com-what-makes-a-story-news-worthy-in-science

 B+. is-a-perfect-language-important-in-writing-science-stories

C+. sci-com-how-much-entertainment-is-too-much-while-communicating-sc

D+. sci-com-why-can-t-everybody-understand-science-in-the-same-way

E+. how-to-successfully-negotiate-the-science-communication-maze

4. Health related topics:

a. why-antibiotic-resistance-is-increasing-and-how-scientists-are-tr

b. what-might-happen-when-you-take-lots-of-medicines

c. know-your-cesarean-facts-ladies

d. right-facts-about-menstruation

e. answer-to-the-question-why-on-big-c

f. how-scientists-are-identifying-new-preventive-measures-and-cures-

g. what-if-little-creatures-high-jack-your-brain-and-try-to-control-

h. who-knows-better?

i. mycotoxicoses

j. immunotherapy

k. can-rust-from-old-drinking-water-pipes-cause-health-problems

l. pvc-and-cpvc-pipes-should-not-be-used-for-drinking-water-supply

m. melioidosis

n.vaccine-woes

o. desensitization-and-transplant-success-story

p. do-you-think-the-medicines-you-are-taking-are-perfectly-alright-then revisit your position!

q. swine-flu-the-difficlulties-we-still-face-while-tackling-the-outb

r. dump-this-useless-information-into-a-garbage-bin-if-you-really-care about evidence based medicine

s. don-t-ignore-these-head-injuries

t. the-detoxification-scam

u. allergic- agony-caused-by-caterpillars-and-moths

General science: 

a.why-do-water-bodies-suddenly-change-colour

b. don-t-knock-down-your-own-life-line

c. the-most-menacing-animal-in-the-world

d. how-exo-planets-are-detected

e. the-importance-of-earth-s-magnetic-field

f. saving-tigers-from-extinction-is-still-a-travail

g. the-importance-of-snakes-in-our-eco-systems

h. understanding-reverse-osmosis

i. the-importance-of-microbiomes

j. crispr-cas9-gene-editing-technique-a-boon-to-fixing-defective-gen

k. biomimicry-a-solution-to-some-of-our-problems

5. the-dilemmas-scientists-face

6. why-we-get-contradictory-reports-in-science

7. be-alert-pseudo-science-and-anti-science-are-on-prowl

8. science-will-answer-your-questions-and-solve-your-problems

9. how-science-debunks-baseless-beliefs

10. climate-science-and-its-relevance

11. the-road-to-a-healthy-life

12. relative-truth-about-gm-crops-and-foods

13. intuition-based-work-is-bad-science

14. how-science-explains-near-death-experiences

15. just-studies-are-different-from-thorough-scientific-research

16. lab-scientists-versus-internet-scientists

17. can-you-challenge-science?

18. the-myth-of-ritual-working

19.science-and-superstitions-how-rational-thinking-can-make-you-work-better

20. comets-are-not-harmful-or-bad-omens-so-enjoy-the-clestial-shows

21. explanation-of-mysterious-lights-during-earthquakes

22. science-can-tell-what-constitutes-the-beauty-of-a-rose

23. what-lessons-can-science-learn-from-tragedies-like-these

24. the-specific-traits-of-a-scientific-mind

25. science-and-the-paranormal

26. are-these-inventions-and-discoveries-really-accidental-and-intuitive like the journalists say?

27. how-the-brain-of-a-polymath-copes-with-all-the-things-it-does

28. how-to-make-scientific-research-in-india-a-success-story

29. getting-rid-of-plastic-the-natural-way

30. why-some-interesting-things-happen-in-nature

31. real-life-stories-that-proves-how-science-helps-you

32. Science and trust series:

a. how-to-trust-science-stories-a-guide-for-common-man

b. trust-in-science-what-makes-people-waver

c. standing-up-for-science-showing-reasons-why-science-should-be-trusted

You will find the entire list of discussions here: http://kkartlab.in/group/some-science/forum

( Please go through the comments section below to find scientific research  reports posted on a daily basis and watch videos based on science)

Get interactive...

Please contact us if you want us to add any information or scientific explanation on any topic that interests you. We will try our level best to give you the right information.

Our mail ID: kkartlabin@gmail.com

Discussion Forum

Your Biological Age Can Be Different From Your Actual (Chronological)Age!

Started by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa. Last reply by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 6 hours ago. 7 Replies

Recently I have seen an old lady teasing an young girl who became breathless after climbing up a few steps.  "Look I am 78. But still I can climb steps with ease. I can go anywhere I want without any…Continue

Saree or petticoat cancer: Tightly tied waist cord of saree underskirt may lead to skin ulceration and pose cancer risk, warn doctors

Started by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa. Last reply by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 6 hours ago. 1 Reply

A tightly tied waist cord of the underskirt (petticoat) traditionally worn under a saree, particularly in rural parts of India, may lead to what has been dubbed "petticoat cancer," warn doctors in…Continue

Sport Science - your best bet to beat competition when used in a correct and legal way

Started by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa. Last reply by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday. 15 Replies

How can you achieve these targets in sport: "Faster, Higher, Stronger"?Very often people in this part of the world wonder why some developed countries do very well in Olympics and other International…Continue

Medication decisions in pregnancy: New approach

Started by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa. Last reply by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Saturday. 1 Reply

Most women use medication during pregnancy. Yet, selecting appropriate drugs and doses is challenging. In an article in The Lancet, physicians and researchers introduce a shared decision-making…Continue

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You need to be a member of Science Simplified! to add comments!

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 12:35pm

What is transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS)?

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 12:17pm

Researchers identify key metabolites impacting lifespan in flies and humans

Discoveries that impact lifespan and healthspan in fruit flies are usually tested in mice before being considered potentially relevant in humans, a process that is expensive and time-intensive. A pioneering approach taken by researchers leapfrogs over that standard methodology.

Utilizing cutting-edge machine learning and systems biology, researchers have analyzed and correlated huge data sets from flies and humans to identify key metabolites that impact lifespan in both species. Results published in Nature Communications suggest that one of the metabolites, threonine, may hold promise as a potential therapeutic for aging interventions.

Threonine has been shown to protect against diabetes in mice. The essential amino acid plays an important role in collagen and elastin production and is also involved in blood clotting, fat metabolism and immune function.

In flies, threonine extended lifespan in a strain-and-sex-specific manner. Individuals with higher levels of threonine-related metabolites had longer, healthier lives.

Scientists are not saying that threonine is going to work in all conditions. This  research shows it works in subsets of both flies and people. However, this is not a magic bullet. 

The results also include findings that were not so positive for both species. Orotate, which is relatively understudied and has been linked with fat metabolism, was negatively associated with aging. In flies, orotate counteracted the positive impact of dietary restriction across every strain of the animals. In humans, orotate was linked to a shorter lifespan.

Tyler A. U. Hilsabeck et al, Systems biology approaches identify metabolic signatures of dietary lifespan and healthspan across species, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52909-y

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 11:54am

The study delves into the methodical tracking of 139 medical conditions associated with both olfactory loss and heightened inflammation, uncovering insights into a shared pathway linking these factors. Olfactory loss, which often precedes conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, may serve as an early indicator of disease onset, allowing for more proactive therapeutic approaches.
It was difficult to track down the studies for so many medical conditions, say the scientists, reflecting on the complexity of linking olfactory loss to such a wide array of disorders. The challenge, they emphasize, underscores the importance of these findings in framing olfactory health as integral to overall well-being.
By showing how olfactory enrichment can mitigate inflammation, this research has laid a foundation for future studies aiming to explore the therapeutic use of scent to address a broader range of medical conditions.
The researchers are now working on a device to deliver olfactory therapy, which could hold promise as a novel, non-invasive way to improve health outcomes.

Michael Leon et al, Inflammation and olfactory loss are associated with at least 139 medical conditions, Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (2024). DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1455418

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 11:51am

Smell loss is linked to more than 100 diseases in new study

Researchers reveal a powerful link between olfactory loss and inflammation in a staggering 139 medical conditions. 

This research  emphasizes a little-known but potentially life-altering connection: the role our sense of smell plays in maintaining our physical and mental health.

Olfactory dysfunction, often dismissed as a minor inconvenience, may actually be an early sign of various neurological and bodily diseases, as indicated by this research.

The data are particularly interesting because scientists had previously found that olfactory enrichment can improve the memory of older adults by 226%. Scientists  now know that pleasant scents can decrease inflammation, potentially pointing to the mechanism by which such scents can improve brain health.

This finding, they think, could hold key implications for mitigating symptoms and possibly even reducing the onset of certain diseases through therapeutic olfactory stimulation.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 11:40am

Less than 7 mm in length, this Atlantic Rainforest flea toad is the second-smallest vertebrate described in the world

Flea toads, as some species in the genus Brachycephalus are known, are less than 1 cm long in adulthood. Their size is far smaller than a fingernail.

The name of a , B. dacnis, pays tribute to Project Dacnis, a conservation, research and education NGO that maintains private areas of the Atlantic Rainforest, including the one where the animal was found, in Ubatuba, on the coast of Brazil's São Paulo state.

There are small toads with all the characteristics of large toads except for their size. This genus is different. During its evolution, it underwent what  biologists call miniaturization, which involves loss, reduction and/or fusion of bones, as well as fewer digits and absence of other parts of its anatomy.

The researchers' attention was drawn to the newly described species, B. dacnis, by its vocalizations. It has the same morphology as another species, B. hermogenesi. Both have yellowish-brown skin, live in leaf litter, do not have tadpoles but emerge from their eggs as fully formed miniatures of the adult morphology, and occur in the same region. Their calls are different, however.

DNA sequencing confirmed that B. dacnis was indeed a new species.

In their description of the new species, besides the requisite anatomical traits, the researchers included information about the skeleton and internal organs, as well as molecular data and details of its vocalizations. Descriptions of new species must include these details in order to distinguish them from others more precisely, given that many are cryptic and cannot be differentiated by external anatomy only.

 Luís Felipe Toledo et al, Among the world's smallest vertebrates: a new miniaturized flea-toad (Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic rainforest, PeerJ (2024). DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18265

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 11:34am

But PRC1 doesn't act alone. Its activity is tightly controlled to ensure that microtubules assemble at the right time and place. The protein is controlled through a process called phosphorylation, where enzymes add small chemical tags to specific regions on its surface. These molecular tags can turn PRC1's activity up or down.
Scientists now discovered that manipulating the phosphorylation state of PRC1 can induce large-scale transitions between different states of cytoskeleton organization that are needed for cell division. The changes take only a few minutes to complete.
The researchers made this discovery by developing a new laboratory system where they can precisely control and even reverse the transitions of the cytoskeletal structures associated with different stages of cell division outside of a living system. The new technology can help researchers study the fundamental mechanisms governing cell division with greater control and detail than previously possible, and in real time.
The new system can eventually shed light on potential therapeutic strategies for conditions where cell division goes wrong, like cancer. However, for the scientists who discovered the process, the implications of the study are how it inspires a sense of wonder at the sophistication of the natural world.
Cells are incredibly small, yet within them exists a highly organized and very complex system that operates with great precision.

Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53500-1

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 11:30am

Scientists create a molecular switch that can control cell division on demand outside of a living system

A living cell is a bustling metropolis, with countless molecules and proteins navigating crowded spaces in every direction. Cell division is a grand event which completely transforms the landscape. The cell starts behaving like the host of an international competition, reconfiguring entire streets, relocating buildings and rerouting its transportation systems.

For decades, researchers have been captivated by the cell's ability to organize such a dramatic transformation. Central to the process is the microtubule cytoskeleton, a network of fibers which provides structural support and facilitates movement within the cell, ensuring that chromosomes are correctly segregated. Errors in cell division can lead to a wide array of diseases and disorders, including cancer or genetic disorders.

Yet despite its critical importance, the exact mechanisms governing how cells reorganize their insides during cell division have not been studied well. How does a cell know when and how to rearrange its internal scaffolding? What are the molecular signals governing these changes? Who are the key players conducting it all? According to new research, some of the changes come down to a surprisingly simple and elegant system—the flip of a molecular switch. The findings are published in Nature Communications .
At the heart of the discovery is the protein PRC1. During cell division, PRC1 plays a key role in organizing cell division. It crosslinks microtubules, helping to form a structure in the crucial region where microtubules overlap and chromosomes are separated.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 11:22am

The findings have significant implications for the fight against bacterial and fungal infections that pose an increasing risk to human health, a problem that is exacerbated by the development of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. The World Health Organization has published lists of priority pathogens that pose the greatest risk, emphasizing the need for new antimicrobial strategies.

Addressing antimicrobial resistance will require a multifaceted strategy, including the discovery and characterization of new antimicrobial targets, along with assessing their potential for therapeutic use in innovative (co-)treatment approaches.

The authors of the study suggest that targeting the Zn-Macro pathway could reduce the virulence of major human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. These pathogens rely on the crosstalk between lipoic acid metabolism and ADP-ribosylation signaling for their defense mechanisms. Disrupting this pathway could enhance the effectiveness of existing treatments and provide new therapeutic options.
The study's findings represent a significant step forward in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and highlight the potential of Zn-Macros as therapeutic targets.

Antonio Ariza et al, Evolutionary and molecular basis of ADP-ribosylation reversal by zinc-dependent macrodomains, Journal of Biological Chemistry (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107770

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 11:21am

Scientists uncover key mechanism in pathogen defense, paving way for new antimicrobial strategies

Researchers have made a significant breakthrough in understanding how certain pathogens defend themselves against the host's immune system.

This  new work focuses on the role of a group of enzymes known as zinc-dependent macrodomains (Zn-Macros) in reversing ADP-ribosylation, a vital cellular process.

This discovery could lead to innovative treatments to combat antimicrobial resistance, a growing global health threat. The work is published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.

ADP-ribosylation is a reversible modification of proteins and DNA that regulates important cellular responses to stress. While this signaling mechanism is well-studied in higher eukaryotes, where it regulates responses to DNA damage, reactive oxygen species and infection, the importance of its role in microorganisms is also becoming increasingly evident, which includes the regulation of the host immune response, microbial immune evasion and adaptation to specific hosts.

The research team used a combination of phylogenetic, biochemical, and structural approaches to investigate the function of Zn-Macros. These enzymes are found in some pathogenic microbes and are essential for removing ADP-ribosyl modifications, thereby helping the pathogens survive oxidative stress.

The study revealed that the catalytic activity of Zn-Macros is strictly dependent on a zinc ion within the active site of these enzymes. The researchers also identified structural features that contribute to substrate selectivity within different types of Zn-Macro enzymes, which may be exploited for the development of future therapies.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 30, 2024 at 8:54am

In total, the researchers identified ninety (only 90? Come on, we ourselves 're involved in atleast 10, these researchers don't know about the incidents in India, then) incidents between 2010 and 2023. The team then conducted a systematic content analysis of the articles to categorize the problems mentioned: half of the traffic disruptions reported were traffic jams, while a third were caused by through traffic of heavy vehicles, especially on roads that were not designed for such volumes of traffic.

Reports of traffic rule violations and disturbances to residents were less common. The latter were caused, for example, by long lines of cars preventing drivers from being able to back out of their private parking spaces.

The safety hazards mentioned in the newspaper reports concerned accidents in a third of cases, but also damage to road surfaces and pollution.

Through studies such as this one, the team not only wants to categorize the problems perceived by society, but also develop solutions. The evaluation showed that in most cases, the aim is only to make adjustments at the local level.

The research team also has another suggestion that does not completely delegate responsibility to technology: the system could provide users with additional information about the suggested routes—and then let them choose for themselves.
It would be nice if people could voluntarily choose to be more considerate by providing the full information, they say.

Eve Schade et al, Traffic jam by GPS: A systematic analysis of the negative social externalities of large-scale navigation technologies, PLOS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308260

Part 2

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