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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 7, 2025 at 9:42am

Snap judgments: How first impressions of faces shape inferences of mental states

A snap judgment is a hasty decision or opinion that is made without careful thought or deliberation.

When we first meet another person, we typically form an initial impression of them based on their facial features and appearance. These first impressions of others could potentially influence our subsequent cognitive processes, such as what mental states we believe that the people we meet are experiencing at a given time.

Researchers carried out a study investigating the potential relationship between first impressions of faces and the inference of mental states. Their findings, published in Nature Human Behavior, suggest that first impressions of faces influence the inference of other people's mental states.

Over the years there have been a lot of surprising findings showing how first impressions from faces can predict important outcomes, such as which candidates would win an election, which politicians would be convicted of corruption, and which offenders would be sentenced to death.

These findings show that the snap judgments people make about others based merely on their faces may bias consequential decision-making in the real world, ranging from who we vote for, who law enforcement investigate and how juries evaluate cases.

As most people seldom engage in criminal investigations or legal trials, their initial impressions of others based on appearance might not necessarily have a crucial impact on their decisions. 

Researchers investigated how first impressions may shape the way people infer each other's moment-to-moment thoughts and feelings. Understanding how each other feels and thinks is a crucial task in daily life as long as you engage with other people.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 5, 2025 at 10:38am

To determine they had the correct gene, after decades of research, the team inserted the normal MAL gene into blood cells that were AnWj-negative. This effectively delivered the AnWj antigen to those cells.

The MAL protein is known to play a vital role in keeping cell membranes stable and aiding in cell transport. What's more, previous research found that the AnWj isn't actually present in newborn babies but appears soon after birth.

Interestingly, all the AnWj-negative patients included in the study shared the same mutation. However, no other cell abnormalities or diseases were found to be associated with this mutation.

Now that the researchers have identified the genetic markers behind the MAL mutation, patients can be tested to see if their negative MAL blood type is inherited or due to suppression, which could be a sign of another underlying medical problem.
These rare blood quirks can have devastating impacts on patients, so the more of them we can understand, the more lives can be saved.

Deletions in the MAL gene result in loss of Mal protein, defining the rare inherited AnWj-negative blood group phenotype

https://ashpublications.org/blood/article-abstract/144/26/2735/5174...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 5, 2025 at 10:37am

If these markers do not match up when receiving a blood transfusion, this life-saving tactic can cause reactions or even end up being fatal.

Most major blood groups were identified early in the 20th century. Many discovered since, like the Er blood system first described by researchers in 2022, only impact a small number of people. This is also the case for the new blood group.
Previous research found more than 99.9 percent of people have the AnWj antigen that was missing from the 1972 patient's blood. This antigen lives on a myelin and lymphocyte protein, leading the researchers to call the newly described system the MAL blood group.
When someone has a mutated version of both copies of their MAL genes, they end up with an AnWj-negative blood type, like the pregnant patient. Researchers identified three patients with the rare blood type that didn't have this mutation, suggesting that sometimes blood disorders can also cause the antigen to be suppressed.
MAL is a very small protein with some interesting properties which made it difficult to identify and meant we needed to pursue multiple lines of investigation to accumulate the proof we needed to establish this blood group system.
Part 3

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 5, 2025 at 10:34am

Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells. Antibodies in our blood plasma detect when a foreign antigen marker is present. (InvictaHOG/Public Domain/Wikimedia Commons)

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 5, 2025 at 10:33am

Scientists Identify New Blood Group After 50 Year Mystery

When a pregnant woman had her blood sampled back in 1972, doctors discovered it was mysteriously missing a surface molecule found on all other known red blood cells at the time.

After 50 years, this strange molecular absence finally led to researchers from the UK and Israel describing a new blood group system in humans. In September, the team published their paper on the discovery.

It represents a huge achievement, and the culmination of a long team effort, to finally establish this new blood group system and be able to offer the best care to rare, but important, patients.

While we're all more familiar with the ABO blood group system and the rhesus factor (that's the plus or minus part), humans actually have many different blood group systems based on the wide variety of cell-surface proteins and sugars that coat our blood cells.

Our bodies use these antigen molecules, amongst their other purposes, as identification markers to separate 'self' from potentially harmful not-selves.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 4, 2025 at 9:37am

Carbon in our bodies likely left galaxy and came back!

Life on Earth could not exist without carbon. But carbon itself could not exist without stars. Nearly all elements except hydrogen and helium—including carbon, oxygen and iron—only exist because they were forged in stellar furnaces and later flung into the cosmos when their stars died. In an ultimate act of galactic recycling, planets like ours are formed by incorporating these star-built atoms into their makeup, be it the iron in Earth's core, the oxygen in its atmosphere or the carbon in the bodies of Earthlings.

A team of scientists  recently confirmed that carbon and other star-formed atoms don't just drift idly through space until they are dragooned for new uses. For galaxies like ours, which are still actively forming new stars, these atoms take a circuitous journey. They circle their galaxy of origin on giant currents that extend into intergalactic space.

These currents—known as the circumgalactic medium—resemble giant conveyer belts that push material out and draw it back into the galactic interior, where gravity and other forces can assemble these raw materials into planets, moons, asteroids, comets and even new stars.

The heavy elements that stars make get pushed out of their host galaxy and into the circumgalactic medium through their explosive supernovae deaths, where they can eventually get pulled back in and continue the cycle of star and planet formation.

So the same carbon in our bodies most likely spent a significant amount of time outside of the galaxy.

 Samantha L. Garza et al, The CIViL* Survey: The Discovery of a C iv Dichotomy in the Circumgalactic Medium of L* Galaxies, The Astrophysical Journal Letters (2024). DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ad9c69

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 4, 2025 at 9:30am

Plastic crystals could replace greenhouse gases used in refrigerators

A team of chemical engineers  has found that a type of plastic crystal can be used as a refrigerant, possibly replacing the greenhouse gas currently used in most refrigerators. Their study is published in the journal Science.

The most commonly used gas in modern refrigerators is R-134a, a hydrofluorocarbon that has largely replaced freon. And while it does not contribute to the breakdown of the Earth's ozone layer, it is a greenhouse gas and thus, as it leaks from refrigerators, contributes to global warming. In this new effort, the researchers have found a possible replacement—one that is not even a gas.

The idea involves the use of "plastic crystals"—so named because once they are grown, their molecules can move under certain conditions. Prior research had shown that when pressurized, the molecules in organic ionic crystals move from a disorganized state to a neat grid configuration. When pressure is released, the molecules return to their disorganized state. More importantly, when they are pressed into an organized state, the crystals absorb heat, which chills the air around them.

In their work, the researchers tested several types of such crystals to find one that viably chills the air around it when compressed at ambient temperatures. They found several that were capable of pulling heat from the air at temperatures ranging from -37°C to 10°C.

To use the crystals as a refrigerant, the researchers built a compression chamber to squeeze the crystals and added a fan to blow the chilled air into the area around the device. By repeatedly squeezing and un-squeezing the crystals, the researchers found they functioned as a clean refrigerant. They acknowledge that more work is required due to the extreme amount of pressure needed to squeeze the crystals, making it an expensive way to cool a home.

 Samantha L. Piper et al, Organic ionic plastic crystals having colossal barocaloric effects for sustainable refrigeration, Science (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adq8396

Josep-Lluís Tamarit et al, Compressed ionic plastic crystals are cool, Science (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adu3670

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 3, 2025 at 11:22am

Researchers reveal why the lung is a frequent site of cancer metastasis

More than half of cancer patients in whom the cancer spreads beyond the primary site have lung metastases. What makes the lungs such a tempting place for cancer cells?

To find out, researchers investigated the gene expression in cells from aggressive lung metastases. They found evidence for an alternative translation program. Translation is the process that uses our genetic code as a blueprint to make proteins in cells. A change in the translational program results in a set of different proteins that allow cancer cells to grow easier in the lung environment

They  found high levels of aspartate in the lungs of mice and patients with breast cancer compared to mice and patients without cancer, which suggests that aspartate may be important for lung metastasis.

Aspartate is an amino acid (a protein building block) that has very low concentrations in blood plasma but, surprisingly, very high concentrations in the lungs of mice with metastatic breast cancer.

Many proteins in our bodies can affect the translation process, among them the so-called initiation factors. One such initiation factor is eIF5A, which kickstarts translation. In the cells of cancer cells within lung metastases, the researchers found an activating modification to eIF5A called "hypusination," which was associated with higher cancer aggressiveness of lung metastases.

Aspartate has something to do with this. The researchers discovered that aspartate triggered this modification on eIF5A through an unexpected mechanism. Surprisingly, aspartate was not taken up by the cancer cells. Instead, it activated a cell surface protein called an NMDA receptor in cancer cells, leading to a signaling cascade that eventually triggered eIF5A hypusination.

This subsequently drives a translational program that enhances the ability of cancer cells to change their environment and make it more suitable for aggressive growth.

Looking at human lung tumor samples from patients with metastatic breast cancer, the scientists noted a similar translational program as in mice and an elevated expression of the NMDA receptor subunit that binds aspartate compared to metastases from other organs.

 Ginevra Doglioni et al, Aspartate signalling drives lung metastasis via alternative translation, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08335-7

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 3, 2025 at 10:32am

In the new study, the team studied brain imaging, clinical data, and blood markers of angiogenesis, including the family of VEGF growth factors and their receptors. VEGF stands for vascular endothelial growth factor. VEGF is critically necessary for angiogenesis and plays a central role in stimulating the growth and development of new blood vessels.

There are multiple types of VEGF that contribute to angiogenesis, with the most prominent being VEGF-A, but also VEGF-B, VEGF-C and placental growth factor, PlGF. Each has a slightly different role and binding affinity to VEGF receptors.
The research identified two main pathways to brain abnormalities—aberrant angiogenesis and sex-specific patterns in the trajectories of VEGF growth factors in the brain.

"The trajectories of some markers of angiogenesis are associated with better executive function and less brain atrophy in younger women, but not in men. However, these trajectories reversed at the age of 75, suggesting that both sex and age are critical variables for future study.
The study revealed that angiogenesis markers weren't the only ones that showed differences across a gender divide. For example, about 30% of participants were carriers of the APOE4 genotype with significant differences between men and women.

APOE4 is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. In the study, men represented a higher proportion of APOE4 carriers—34.2%—compared with 25.6% among women. APOE4 is also linked with elevated cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, the so-called bad form of the compound, which is additionally associated with obstructed arteries.

At the beginning of the research project, the Clinical Dementia Rating scale showed that 73% of participants were considered to be functionally normal with no evidence of cognitive impairment or dementia at first visit. However, by the end of the study, only 66% were considered functionally normal. The average age was 71 at the beginning of the analysis, and 77 by the end of the study.

There were statistically significant differences between men and women for Clinical Dementia Rating scores at both first and last visit. A higher proportion of men presented with signs of cognitive impairment at both visits.

Abel Torres-Espin et al, Sexually dimorphic differences in angiogenesis markers are associated with brain aging trajectories in humans, Science Translational Medicine (2024). DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3118

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 3, 2025 at 10:30am

Abnormal blood vessel growth in the brain may be an early diagnostic sign of cognitive impairment

Gender differences define how the human brain ages, and telltale biomarkers in the blood may be strongly suggestive of cognitive impairment and dementia, according to a comprehensive new study involving more than 500 people.

Just as skin wrinkles and muscles sag, the human body's massive network of vasculature can be waylaid by the vagaries of age. Indeed, growing older can impact the very process by which healthy new blood vessels are made, resulting in aberrant angiogenesis—an abnormal and disordered formation of new vasculature.

A team of neuroscientists  was able to uncover differences in brain aging between men and women by pinpointing biomarkers—fragments of blood vessel growth factors—the remains of aberrant angiogenesis in their blood. These scientists suggest that an ailing angiogenesis system offers a new target for early intervention against neurodegenerative disorders.

Aberrant angiogenesis can contribute to the development of cognitive impairment the  new analysis published in Science Translational Medicine says.

Many forms of dementia and cognitive impairment are linked to abnormalities in small vessels and capillaries in the brain. Vascular dementia is a prime example of a brain disorder that develops as a direct consequence of blood vessel impairment. But Alzheimer's disease is among a host of others that are also marked by damaged vasculature in the brain.

As people age, vessels can lose their tensile strength as well as undergo a decline in density, and this can be accompanied by an overall slowdown in angiogenesis. While these problems do not become pervasive for many people, for some they contribute to irreversible brain disorders.

With aging, numerous pathologies result in abnormal blood vessels across calibers of vessels, from capillaries to large vessels. The pathologies present in small blood vessels are among the most insidious and yet most prevalent and detrimental consequences of aging.

 The task now, they say, is to conduct additional studies to tease out how to exploit aberrant angiogenesis as a druggable target.

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