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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 10:52am

Quantum electronics: Charge travels like light in bilayer graphene

An international research team has demonstrated experimentally that electrons in naturally occurring double-layer graphene move like particles without any mass, in the same way that light travels. Furthermore, they have shown that the current can be "switched" on and off, which has potential for developing tiny, energy-efficient transistors—like the light switch in your house but at a nanoscale.

Graphene was identified in 2004 and is a single layer of carbon atoms. Among its many unusual properties, graphene is known for its extraordinarily high electrical conductivity due to the high and constant velocity of electrons traveling through this material. This unique feature has made scientists dream of using graphene for much faster and more energy-efficient transistors.

The challenge has been that to make a transistor, the material needs to be controlled to have a highly insulating state in addition to its highly conductive state. In graphene, however, such a "switch" in the speed of the carrier cannot be easily achieved. In fact, graphene usually has no insulating state, which has limited graphene's potential a transistor.

A research team has now found that two graphene layers, as found in the naturally occurring form of double-layer graphene, combine the best of both worlds: a structure that supports the amazingly fast motion of electrons moving like light as if they had no mass, in addition to an insulating state. The researchers showed that this condition can be changed by the application of an electric field applied perpendicularly to the material, making the double-layer graphene insulating.

This property of fast-moving electrons had been theoretically predicted as early as 2009, but it took significantly enhanced sample quality as enabled my materials supplied by NIMS and close collaboration about theory with MIT, before it was possible to identify this experimentally. While these experiments were carried out at cryogenic temperatures—at around 273° below freezing—they show the potential of bilayer graphene to make highly efficient transistors.

 Anna M. Seiler et al, Probing the tunable multi-cone band structure in Bernal bilayer graphene, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47342-0

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 10:44am

Scientists develop nanosilver-impregnated silk suture against surgical site infection

In recent years, the adherence of microorganisms to surfaces or coatings has created major health risks to humans. Among these, microbial attachment and growth on surgical suture lines accounts for more than 20% of health-related infections in patients.

As a result, extensive research has been conducted to develop strategies for preventing or reducing the formation of bacterial or fungal colonies on sutures.

Nanosilver has gained significant attention among researchers due to its long-known antimicrobial properties. Its optical and structural characteristics make it an appealing candidate for biomedical applications.

It can be synthesized using both green and chemical methods, although it typically carries a negative charge, which can compromise its stability and storage capabilities.

The biological impact of this synthesis was recently published in ACS Omega, where its effectiveness in coating silk sutures and inhibiting the growth of microorganisms was detailed by the research team.

Diego Antonio Monroy Caltzonci et al, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effect of Positively Charged Nanosilver-Coated Silk Sutures, ACS Omega (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01257

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 10:05am

They tried different concentrations of Murakami's reagent and different time spans for etching. One day, one week, one month, several months. What they noticed was that the lower the concentration and the longer the etching process, the better. But it still wasn't enough.

The etching must also be carried out in the dark as cyanide develops in the reaction when it is struck by light, and it dissolves gold. The last step was to get the gold sheets stable. To prevent the exposed two-dimensional sheets from curling up, a surfactant was added. In this case, a long molecule that separates and stabilizes the sheets, i.e. a tenside.

The goldene sheets are in a solution, a bit like cornflakes in milk. Using a type of 'sieve,' the researchers can collect the gold and examine it using an electron microscope to confirm that they have succeeded. Which they have!

The new properties of goldene are due to the fact that the gold has two free bonds when two-dimensional. Thanks to this, future applications could include carbon dioxide conversion, hydrogen-generating catalysis, selective production of value-added chemicals, hydrogen production, water purification, communication, and much more. Moreover, the amount of gold used in applications today can be much reduced.

Synthesis of goldene comprising single-atom layer gold, Nature Synthesis (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s44160-024-00518-4

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 10:03am

A single atom layer of gold—researchers create goldene

For the first time, scientists have managed to create sheets of gold only a single atom layer thick. The material has been termed goldene. According to researchers , this has given the gold new properties that can make it suitable for use in applications such as carbon dioxide conversion, hydrogen production, and production of value-added chemicals. Their findings are published in the journal Nature Synthesis.

Scientists have long tried to make single-atom-thick sheets of gold but failed because the metal's tendency to lump together.

But researchers  have now succeeded thanks to a hundred-year-old method used by Japanese smiths.

If you make a material extremely thin, something extraordinary happens—as with graphene. The same thing happens with gold. As you know, gold is usually a metal, but if single-atom-layer thick, the gold can become a semiconductor instead.

To create goldene, the researchers used a three-dimensional base material where gold is embedded between layers of titanium and carbon. But coming up with goldene proved to be a challenge. According to the researchers,  part of the progress is due to serendipity.

They had created the base material with completely different applications in mind. They started with an electrically conductive ceramics called titanium silicon carbide, where silicon is in thin layers. Then the idea was to coat the material with gold to make a contact. But when they exposed the component to high temperature, the silicon layer was replaced by gold inside the base material.

This phenomenon is called intercalation and what the researchers had discovered was titanium gold carbide. For several years, the researchers have had titanium gold carbide without knowing how the gold can be exfoliated or panned out.

Then the researchers found a method that has been used in Japanese forging art for over a hundred years. It is called Murakami's reagent, which etches away carbon residue and changes the color of steel in knife making, for example. But it was not possible to use the exact same recipe as the smiths did. Scientists had to look at modifications.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 9:55am

Biodiversity is key to the mental health benefits of nature, new study finds

New research has found that spaces with a diverse range of natural features are associated with stronger improvements in our mental well-being compared to spaces with less natural diversity.

Published in Scientific Reports, this citizen science study used the smartphone application Urban Mind to collect real-time reports on mental well-being and natural diversity from nearly 2,000 participants.

Researchers found that environments with a larger number of natural features, such as trees, birds, plants and waterways, were associated with greater mental well-being than environments with fewer features, and that these benefits can last for up to eight hours.

Further analysis found that nearly a quarter of the positive impact of nature on mental health could be explained by the diversity of features present. These findings highlight that policies and practices that support richness of nature and species are beneficial both for environment and for public mental health.

Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment reveals an incremental association between natural diversity and mental wellbeing', Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55940-7

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 9:52am

Can animals count? Neuroscientists identify a sense of numeracy among rodents

A discovery that appears to confirm the existence of discrete number sense in rats has been announced by a joint research team from City University of Hong Kong (CityUHK) and The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK).

The findings offer a crucial animal model for investigating the neural basis of numerical ability and disability in humans, the Hong Kong-based researchers say.

This innovative study deployed a numerical learning task, brain manipulation techniques and AI modeling to tackle an ongoing debate about whether rats can count.

Their study, published in Science Advances, sheds light on the mechanisms underlying numerical ability, a cognitive ability fundamental to mathematical aptitude, which is a hallmark of human intelligence. The article is titled "Disparate processing of numerosity and associated continuous magnit...".

The team found that rats without any previous knowledge of numbers could develop a sense of numbers when trained with sounds representing two or three numbers. Despite the influence of continuous magnitudes, the rats consistently focused on the number of sounds when making choices for food rewards.

In addition, the study helps dissect the relationship between magnitude and numerosity processing.

The researchers discovered that when they blocked a specific part of the rats' brains, called the posterior parietal cortex, the rats' ability to understand numbers was affected but not their sense of magnitude. "This suggests that the brain has a specific area for dealing with numbers".

The study not only solves a long-standing mystery about how brains handle numbers but also offers new insights into studying the specific neural circuits involved in number processing in animals and how genes are associated with mathematical ability. The findings from neural network modeling could have practical applications in the field of AI.

Tuo Liang et al, Disparate processing of numerosity and associated continuous magnitudes in rats, Science Advances (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2566

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 9:46am

In search for alien life, purple may be the new green

From house plants and gardens to fields and forests, green is the color we most associate with surface life on Earth, where conditions favored the evolution of organisms that perform oxygen-producing photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll a.

But an Earth-like planet orbiting another star might look very different, potentially covered by bacteria that receive little or no visible light or oxygen, as in some environments on Earth, and instead use invisible infrared radiation to power photosynthesis.

Instead of green, many such bacteria on Earth contain purple pigments, and purple worlds on which they are dominant would produce a distinctive "light fingerprint" detectable by next-generation ground- and space-based telescopes, scientists report in new research.

Purple bacteria can thrive under a wide range of conditions, making it one of the primary contenders for life that could dominate a variety of worlds.

This is the gist of the paper titled "Purple is the New Green: Biopigments and Spectra of Earth-like Purple Worlds," published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

So we need to create a database for signs of life to make sure our telescopes don't miss life if it happens not to look exactly like what we encounter around us every day, the researchers say.

Purple bacteria can survive and thrive under such a variety of conditions that it is easy to imagine that on many different worlds, purple may just be the new green.

Lígia Fonseca Coelho et al, Purple is the new green: biopigments and spectra of Earth-like purple worlds, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2024). DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae601

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 9:36am

The researchers think that the pilus motors not only serve as mechanical actuators but also as sensors. This means that they can detect mechanical stimuli in the environment in the environment, which allows for synchronized movements within bacterial populations.

Shiqi Liu et al, Emergence of large-scale mechanical spiral waves in bacterial living matter, Nature Physics (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02457-5

Part 4

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 9:35am

The findings shed light on bacterial populations and behavior, such as the formation of biofilms.

When bacteria adhere to a surface, it does so by producing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This substance forms a structured community known as biofilm, such that the bacteria is embedded in a matrix of EPS, protecting the bacteria from environmental stresses like antibiotics and host immune responses.

This entire process, known as the formation of biofilms, is essential for the survival of bacterial colonies. The opposite of this phenomenon—dispersal—is equally important.

When bacteria within a biofilm detach and spread to new locations, it is known as dispersal. Dispersal can occur in response to environmental cues, nutrient availability, or as part of the life cycle of the bacteria.

This mechanism can help bacteria colonize new surfaces or host environments and can influence the spread of infectious diseases or the formation of microbial communities in various ecosystems.

Part 3

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 17, 2024 at 9:34am

These spiral waves as observed by the researchers in bacteria are an emergent phenomenon. Emergent phenomena are a crucial aspect of complex systems, which are systems where the interaction of individual entities leads to phenomena that otherwise can't be observed.

This means we need to understand what is happening at the level of each entity, which in this case is a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium. These bacteria have pilus motors, which are the key to the spiral waves.

Pilus motors are molecular motors, which are attached to pili—thin, hair-like appendages present on the bacterial cell surface. These motors play an important role in various processes for the bacterium, such as movement and surface attachment.

The propagating spiral waves resulted from the coordinated activity of the pilus motor, a grappling-hook-like motile organelle found in many bacterial species.

The mechanical movements of the pilus motors in many bacteria result in these spiral waves, which are like ripples on the bacterial surface.

The researchers found that the spiral waves resulted from the coordinated activity of pilus motors. They also observed that the waves were self-sustaining and stable, with nearly stationary spiral cores.

This stability is a characteristic shared by certain types of electrical and chemical spiral waves found in other living systems. However, the spiral waves observed in the bacteria are distinct from the other spiral waves.

Part 2

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