Comment

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 10:17am

The brain splits up vision without you even noticing

The brain divides vision between its two hemispheres—what's on your left is processed by your right hemisphere and vice versa—but your experience with every bike or bird that you see zipping by is seamless. A new study by neuroscientists  reveals how the brain handles the transition.

It's surprising to some people to hear that there's some independence between the hemispheres, because that doesn't really correspond to how we perceive reality. In our consciousness, everything seems to be unified.

There are advantages to separately processing vision on either side of the brain, including the ability to keep track of more things at once, researchers have found, but neuroscientists have been eager to fully understand how perception ultimately appears so unified in the end.

Researchers measured neural activity in the brains of animals as they tracked objects crossing their field of view. The results reveal that different frequencies of brain waves encoded and then transferred information from one hemisphere to the other in advance of the crossing and then held on to the object representation in both hemispheres until after the crossing was complete.

The process is analogous to how relay racers hand off a baton, how a child swings from one monkey bar to the next, and how cell phone towers hand off a call from one to the next as a train passenger travels through their area. In all cases, both towers or hands actively hold what's being transferred until the handoff is confirmed.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 10:12am

Our actions are dictated by 'autopilot' not choice, finds study

Habit, not conscious choice, drives most of our actions, according to new research . 

The research, published in Psychology & Health, found that two-thirds of our daily behaviors are initiated "on autopilot", out of habit.

Habits are actions that we are automatically prompted to do when we encounter everyday settings, due to associations that we have learned between those settings and our usual responses to them.

The research also found that 46% of behaviors were both triggered by habit and aligned with conscious intentions, suggesting that people form habits that support their personal goals, and often disrupt habits that conflict with them.

The study found that 65% of daily behaviors were habitually initiated, meaning people were prompted to do them out of routine rather than making a conscious decision.

For people who want to break their bad habits, simply telling them to 'try harder' isn't enough. To create lasting change, we must incorporate strategies to help people recognize and disrupt their unwanted habits, and ideally form positive new ones in their place.

The researchers recommend that initiatives designed to help people adopt new behaviors, like exercising or eating healthier, should focus on building new, positive habits.

Amanda L. Rebar et al, How habitual is everyday life? An ecological momentary assessment study, Psychology & Health (2025). DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2025.2561149

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 9:38am

Over 60,000 died in Europe alone from heat during 2024 summer: Study

More than 60,000 people died from heat in Europe during last year's record-breaking summer, a benchmark study said this week, in the latest warning of the massive toll climate change is having on the continent.

With Europe heating up twice as fast as the global average, the Spain-based researchers suggested an emergency alert system could help warn vulnerable people—particularly the elderly—ahead of dangerous heat waves.

Europe experienced an exceptionally deadly summer in 2024 with more than 60,000 heat-related deaths, bringing the total burden over the past three summers to more than 181,000,  said the study in the journal Nature Medicine.

Tomáš Janoš, Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2024 and health emergency forecasting to reduce preventable deaths, Nature Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03954-7. www.nature.com/articles/s41591-025-03954-7

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 9:26am

Nanoparticles supercharge vinegar's old-fashioned wound healing power

Wounds that do not heal are often caused by bacterial infections and are particularly dangerous for the elderly and people with diabetes, cancer and other conditions. Acetic acid (more commonly known as vinegar) has been used for centuries as a disinfectant, but it is only effective against a small number of bacteria, and it does not kill the most dangerous types.

New research has resulted in the ability to boost the natural bacterial killing qualities of vinegar by adding antimicrobial nanoparticles made from carbon and cobalt. The findings have been published in the journal ACS Nano.

The acidic environment from the vinegar made bacterial cells swell and take up the nanoparticle treatment.

Once exposed, the nanoparticles appear to attack dangerous bacteria from both inside the bacterial cell and also on its surface, causing them to burst. Importantly, this approach is nontoxic to human cells and was shown to remove bacterial infections from mice wounds without affecting healing.

Adam Truskewycz et al, Cobalt-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots Work Synergistically with Weak Acetic Acid to Eliminate Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacterial Infections, ACS Nano (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5c03108

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 7:16am

Sara L. Loo et al, Scenario Projections of COVID-19 Burden in the US, 2024-2025, JAMA Network Open (2025). DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32469

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 7:15am

COVID-19 models suggest universal vaccination may avert over 100,000 hospitalizations

US Scenario Modeling Hub, a collaborative modeling effort of 17 academic research institutions, reports a universal COVID-19 vaccination recommendation could avert thousands more  hospitalizations and deaths than a high-risk-only strategy.

Nine independent teams produced projections under six scenarios that combined two immune escape rates, 20% and 50% per year. An immune escape rate is the annual reduction in protection against infection that occurs as new SARS-CoV-2 variants evolve. Projections covered the United States population of 332 million with an estimated 58 million aged 65 years.

Three vaccine recommendation strategies were tested. No recommendation, recommendation for high-risk groups only, or recommendation for all eligible individuals. Annually reformulated vaccines were assumed to match variants circulating on June 15, 2024, to be available on September 1, 2024, and to be 75% effective against hospitalization at the time of release.

Teams calibrated their models to weekly hospitalizations and deaths reported by the National Healthcare Safety Network and the National Center for Health Statistics.

In the worst case scenario, defined by high immune escape with no vaccine recommendation, projections reached 931,000 hospitalizations with a 95% projection interval of 0.5 to 1.3 million and 62,000 deaths with a 95% projection interval of 18,000 to 115,000.

In the best case defined by low immune escape with a universal recommendation, the ensemble projected 550,000 hospitalizations with a 95% projection interval of 296,000 to 832,000 and 42,000 deaths with a 95% projection interval of 13,000 to 72,000.

Severe outcomes clustered in older populations. Across scenarios, adults aged 65 years and older accounted for 51% to 62% of hospitalizations and 84% to 87% of deaths.

Vaccination of high-risk groups was only projected to avert 11% of hospitalizations under low immune escape and 8% under high escape, along with 13% and 10% of deaths. A universal recommendation increased the effect with 15% fewer hospitalizations under low immune escape and 11% fewer under high, with 16% and 13% fewer deaths.

Under high immune escape, a high-risk-only strategy averted 76,000 hospitalizations with a 95% CI of 34,000 to 118,000 and 7,000 deaths with a 95% CI of 3,000 to 11,000. Expanding to a universal recommendation prevented 104,000 hospitalizations with a 95% CI of 55,000 to 153,000 and 9,000 deaths with a 95% CI of 4,000 to 14,000.

Additional indirect benefits accrued to older adults under a universal strategy. Compared with high-risk-only vaccination, universal recommendations prevented about 11,000 more hospitalizations and 1,000 more deaths in those aged 65 years and older.

Observed national patterns diverged in timing from projections. A marked summer 2024 wave was followed by a smaller peak in January 2025, while projections anticipated the heaviest burden from late December 2024 to mid January 2025. Ensemble coverage for weekly deaths remained strong, with 95% intervals closely matching observed values.

Authors conclude that vaccines remain a critical tool to limit COVID-19 burden in 2024–2025, with universal recommendations offering added direct and indirect protection and the potential to save thousands more lives, including among older adults.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 7:12am

 Jacques E. Rossouw et al, Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases in Women With Vasomotor Symptoms, JAMA Internal Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4510

Deborah Grady et al, Hormone Therapy for Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms—Better Understanding Cardiovascular Risk, JAMA Internal Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4521

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 7:11am

Hormone therapy eases hot flashes while leaving heart risk unchanged in younger women

Researchers report that menopausal hormone therapy relieved vasomotor symptoms without raising cardiovascular risk in younger women, but increased risk was evident in women aged 70 years and older.

Concerns about the safety of hormone therapy have discouraged many women and clinicians from using it to treat hot flashes and night sweats. Some previous studies have suggested increased risk of coronary heart disease linked to hormone use, particularly in older women. At the same time, vasomotor symptoms remain among the most common and distressing consequences of menopause, and effective treatment options have been limited.

In the study, "Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases in Women With Vasomotor Symptoms: A Secondary Analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials," published in JAMA Internal Medicine, researchers analyzed outcomes from two hormone therapy trials to assess the safety of treatment in women experiencing vasomotor symptoms.

A total of 27,347 postmenopausal women  aged 50 to 79 years were enrolled from 40 clinical centers across the United States. Among them, 10,739 had undergone hysterectomy and were randomized to receive conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) or placebo, while 16,608 with an intact uterus were randomized to CEE plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or placebo.

Women were followed for a median of 7.2 years in the CEE trial and 5.6 years in the CEE plus MPA trial. Vasomotor symptoms were assessed at baseline and year one, with nearly all women who reported moderate or severe symptoms recalling onset near menopause.

CEE alone reduced vasomotor symptoms by 41% across all age groups. CEE plus MPA also reduced symptoms but with age-related variation, showing strong benefit in women aged 50 to 59 years and diminished or absent benefit in women 70 years and older.
Analysis of cardiovascular outcomes found neutral effects of both CEE alone and CEE plus MPA in women aged 50 to 59 years with moderate or severe symptoms. No clear harm was observed in those aged 60 to 69 years, although risk estimates were elevated for CEE alone.

Women aged 70 years and older had significantly higher rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, with hazard ratios of 1.95 for CEE alone and 3.22 for CEE plus MPA, corresponding to 217 and 382 excess events per 10,000 person-years, respectively.

Investigators concluded that hormone therapy can be considered for treatment of vasomotor symptoms in younger women aged 50 to 59 years, while initiation in women aged 60 to 69 years requires caution. For women 70 years and older, the findings argue against the use of hormone therapy due to substantially increased cardiovascular risk.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 23, 2025 at 7:04am

El Niño, which means little boy in Spanish, is a complex, cyclical weather pattern that warms the surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean. This weakens trade winds and alters atmospheric conditions, a process that has long been known to suppress summer rainfall in India.

Studies  found a direct connection between Indian rainfall and El Niño. In the drier regions of southeastern and northwestern India, this climate phenomenon reduces total rainfall and the intensity of extreme events. However, in the wet central and southwestern parts of the country, it results in less frequent but more intense downpours. This is due to changes in convective buoyancy, an atmospheric force that powers storms.

During El Niño summers, convective buoyancy increases in the wettest regions, which makes more extreme rainfall likely. The chance of a very heavy downpour (more than 250 mm of rain) increases by 43% across all of India's monsoon-affected areas and 59% for the Central Monsoon Zone during El Niño summers.

"Extreme daily rainfall over the Indian summer  monsoon's rainiest areas becomes more likely the stronger that El Niño conditions are," commented the researchers in their study.

Spencer A. Hill, More extreme Indian monsoon rainfall in El Niño summers, Science (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adg5577. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg5577

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 22, 2025 at 11:56am

Study finds 10% of pediatric blood cancers may stem from medical imaging radiation

A new study has concluded that radiation from medical imaging is associated with a higher risk of blood cancers in children.

Researchers examined data from nearly 4 million children and estimated that one in 10 blood cancers—some 3,000 cancers in all—may be attributable to radiation exposure from medical imaging. The risk increased proportionally based on the cumulative amount of radiation the children received.

The investigation is the first comprehensive assessment using data from children and adolescents in North America that quantifies the association between radiation exposure from medical imaging and blood and bone marrow cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, which are the most common forms of cancer in children and adolescents.

Medical imaging saves lives by enabling timely diagnosis and effective treatment, but it also exposes patients to ionizing radiation, a known carcinogen, particularly through computed tomography (CT).

Children are particularly vulnerable to radiation-induced cancer due to their heightened radiosensitivity and longer life expectancy.

The authors caution that doctors and parents should avoid excessive radiation doses and minimize exposure when clinically feasible.

Investigators found a significant relationship between cumulative radiation dose and the risk of a hematologic malignancy, which includes tumors affecting the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system.

Among all the forms of medical imaging, the study found that chest radiography was the most common imaging exam that doctors performed. The most common form of CT was of the head and brain.

For children who underwent a head CT, the researchers attributed about a quarter of the children's subsequent hematologic malignancies to radiation exposure.

The authors emphasized that while medical imaging remains an invaluable tool in pediatric care, their findings highlight the need to carefully balance its diagnostic benefits with potential long-term risks.

Rebecca Smith-Bindman, et al. Medical Imaging and Pediatric and Adolescent Hematologic Cancer Risk. The New England Journal of Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2502098

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