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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 18, 2024 at 10:09am

Water crisis threatening world food production: report
Inaction on the water crisis could put more than half of the world's food production at risk by 2050, experts warned in a major report published this week.

Nearly 3 billion people and more than half of the world's food production are now in areas where total water storage is projected to decline," said the report by the Global Commission on the Economics of Water (GCEW).

The report also warned the water crisis could lead to an eight percent drop in GDP on average for high-income countries by 2050 and as much as 15 percent for lower-income countries.

Disruptions of the water cycle "have major global economic impacts," said the report.

The economic declines would be a consequence of "the combined effects of changing precipitation patterns and rising temperatures due to climate change, together with declining total water storage and lack of access to clean water and sanitation".

Facing this crisis, the report called for the water cycle to be viewed as a "global common good" and for a transformation of water governance at all levels.

"The costs entailed in these actions are very small in comparison to the harm that continued inaction will inflict on economies and humanity," it said.

While water is often perceived as "an abundant gift of nature", the report stressed it was scarce and costly to transport.

It called for the elimination of "harmful subsidies in water-intensive sectors or redirecting them towards water-saving solutions and providing targeted support for the poor and vulnerable".

Source: News agencies

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 18, 2024 at 10:03am

Forever chemicals found in bottled and tap water from around the world

Researchers found 10 'target' PFAS (perfluoroalkyl substances)—chemicals which do not break down in nature—in tap and bottled water available for consumption in major cities.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were detected in over 99% of samples of bottled water sourced from 15 countries around the world.

However, the study demonstrates that measures such as boiling and/or activated carbon filtration—typically using a 'jug' water filter—can substantially reduce PFAS concentrations in drinking water, with removal rates ranging from 50% to 90% depending on the PFAS and treatment type.

Publishing their findings in ACS ES&T Water, researchers reveal a wide range of PFAS contamination for target PFAS, starting at 63% of bottled waters tested.

These findings highlight the widespread presence of PFAS in drinking water and the effectiveness of simple treatment methods to reduce their levels. Either using a simple water filtration jug or boiling the water removes a substantial proportion of these substances.

Chuanzi Gao et al, Factors Influencing Concentrations of PFAS in Drinking Water: Implications for Human Exposure, ACS ES&T Water (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00533

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 18, 2024 at 9:56am

mRNA vaccines for disease outbreaks can be synthesized in less time with new technique

In an era where viral outbreaks can escalate into global pandemics with alarming speed, the ability to quickly develop new vaccines has become crucial. However, the speed of vaccine production is limited because the mRNA used in it is partly chemically synthesized and partly synthesized using enzymes, a relatively slow process.

A team of researchers has successfully developed an innovative synthesis technology capable of producing high purity, fully chemically-synthesized mRNA, cutting out the slower enzyme reactions.

This advancement establishes a foundation for more rapid reactions to viral outbreaks and emerging diseases, which will hopefully lead to mitigation of future infections at a preliminary stage. Their results were published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research.

Given its significant role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA is now widely recognized for its potential to help prevent infectious diseases. Experts anticipate that in the future mRNA technology will be used to treat genetic disorders and emerging illnesses. However, producing mRNA remains challenging because of concerns about purity and production speed.

These problems can be addressed using fully chemically-synthesized mRNA.

One of the most significant advantages of fully chemically-synthesized mRNA is its ability to bypass the complex and time-consuming enzymatic reactions typically required in mRNA production. A method that relies purely on chemical reactions would significantly shorten the production process.

It also offers benefits to people that have strong immune responses to vaccines. mRNA that is derived from 5'-monophosphorylated RNA is susceptible to contamination by incomplete RNA fragments, causing a strong immune reaction. This immune response increases the risk of side effects, particularly inflammation. However, existing purification technologies have struggled to remove these impurities, limiting its potential.

So researchers now devised a novel phosphorylation reagent with a nitrobenzyl group that serves as a hydrophobic purification tag.

"Nitrobenzyl groups have high hydrophobicity; therefore, when the nitrobenzyl group is introduced into the RNA molecule, the mRNA becomes more hydrophobic. As impure RNA lacks nitrobenzyl groups, it can be easily separated from the target RNA containing nitrobenzyl groups using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

"This approach yields pure RNA, free from length inconsistencies and impurities typically associated with transcription-based synthesis methods."

Besides fully synthesizing mRNA chemically, the team also created pure circular mRNA using the same method. Circular mRNAs are unique because they lack terminal structures, making them resistant to degradation by nucleic acid-degrading enzymes in the body, resulting in a longer-lasting medicinal effect.

The breakthrough in mRNA production has significant implications for the future of medical treatments.

Mami Ototake et al, Development of hydrophobic tag purifying monophosphorylated RNA for chemical synthesis of capped mRNA and enzymatic synthesis of circular mRNA, Nucleic Acids Research (2024). DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae847

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 18, 2024 at 9:43am

The team identified 11 unique, previously uncharacterized strains of Micrococcus luteus, typically non-pathogenic but capable of causing opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals.

"The issue of their adaptation to our behavior becomes particularly critical in clinical settings where hospitals serve as hotspots for diverse pathogens that cause hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). HAIs pose a significant threat, particularly in intensive care units where mortality rates can reach up to 30%.
The researchers also characterized two novel strains of Patescibacteria, known as "nanobacteria", as they have tiny genomes that do not contain many genes for producing their own resources.
Some strains of Patescibacteria are considered parasitic as they rely on bacterial hosts to supply their nutrients. However, in this study, the researchers found that one of the nanobacteria strains, recovered from human skin, contains genes for the biosynthesis of carotenoids and ubiquinone.
These antioxidant compounds are vital to humans, and we typically acquire them, especially carotenoids, through our diets, suggesting a possible mutualistic relationship between bacteria and us as their hosts.
This enhanced understanding of microbial metabolic functions within built environments helps develop strategies to create a healthy indoor ecosystem of microbes for us to live alongside.
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The team is now investigating the transmission and evolution of resistance in pathogenic microbes in intensive care units that are exposed to stringent and extensive disinfectant practices. They hope to improve infection control practices and increase the safety of clinical environments for health care workers and patients.

 Xinzhao Tong, et al. Diverse and specialized metabolic capabilities of microbes in oligotrophic built environments. Microbiome (2024) DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01926-6

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 18, 2024 at 9:41am

City microbes surviving on disinfectants, research reveals

New research shows microbes in our cities are evolving to resist the very cleaners we use to eliminate them. 

After the recent pandemic, the use of disinfectants has increased, but are efforts to create sterile urban environments backfiring?

A study published in the journal Microbiome has identified novel strains of microbes that have adapted to use the limited resources available in cities and shown that our everyday behavior is changing the makeup of microorganisms in indoor environments.

Built environments offer distinct conditions that set them apart from natural and engineered habitats.

Areas with many buildings are low in the traditional nutrients and essential resources microbes need for survival, so these built environments have a unique microbiome.

Our use of cleaning and other manufactured products creates a unique setting that puts selective pressures on microbes, which they must adapt to or be eliminated.

The researchers collected 738 samples from a variety of built environments, including subways, residences, public facilities, piers and human skin in Hong Kong. They then used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyze the microbes' genomic content and understand how they have adapted to the challenging urban conditions.

The team identified 363 microbial strains that have not been previously identified that live on the skin and the surrounding environment. Some of these strains' genomes contained genes for metabolizing manufactured products found in cities and using them as carbon and energy sources. This includes the discovery of a strain of Candidatus phylum Eremiobacterota, previously only reported in Antarctic desert soil.

The genome of this novel strain of Eremiobacterota enables it to metabolize ammonium ions found in cleaning products. The strain also has genes for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases to break down residual alcohol found in common disinfectants.

"Microbes possessing enhanced capabilities to utilize limited resources and tolerate manufactured products, such as disinfectants and metals, out-compete non-resistant strains, enhancing their survival and even evolution within built environments. They could, therefore, pose health risks if they are pathogenic.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 18, 2024 at 9:35am

COVID-19 linked to type 2 diabetes onset in children

Pediatric patients aged 10 to 19 years old diagnosed with COVID-19 have a higher risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes within six months compared to those diagnosed with other respiratory infections, according to researchers.

 The research is a follow-up of meta-data analysis showing an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in adults. The meta-analysis revealed a 66% higher average risk of new-onset diabetes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults. In the current retrospective study, "SARS-CoV-2 Infection and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Among Pediatric Patients, 2020 to 2022," published in JAMA Network Open, researchers looked to see if a similar pattern existed in children.

The study analyzed a cohort of 613,602 pediatric patients aged 10 to 19 years. After propensity score matching, this cohort was divided equally into two groups: 306,801 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and 306,801 patients diagnosed with other respiratory infections (ORI).

A subset of the cohort with obesity and COVID or ORI was also analyzed, with two groupings of 16,469 patients.

The research compared the incidence of new type 2 diabetes diagnoses at one, three, and six months after the initial respiratory infection. The risk ratios (RR) for developing type 2 diabetes after COVID-19 were found to be significantly higher than for those with ORI.

Specifically, the RR was 1.55 (95% CI, 1.28–1.89) at one month, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.24–1.76) at three months, and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.35–1.85) at six months post-infection.

The smaller subgroup analyses revealed even greater elevated risks among children classified as overweight, with RRs of 2.07 at one month, 2.00 at three months, and 2.27 at six months. Hospitalized patients also showed increased risks, with RRs of 3.10 at one month, 2.74 at three months, and 2.62 at six months after COVID-19 diagnosis.

The study concluded that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes diagnoses in children than those with other respiratory infections. Further research is necessary to determine whether the diabetes persists or is a recoverable condition that reverses later in life.

Margaret G. Miller et al, SARS-CoV-2 Infection and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Among Pediatric Patients, 2020 to 2022, JAMA Network Open (2024). DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.39444

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 18, 2024 at 9:30am

Cats associate human words with images, experiment suggests

A small team of animal scientists  has found via experimentation that common house cats are capable of associating human words with images without prompting or reward. In their study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, the group tested volunteer cats looking at images on a computer screen to see if they form associations between the images and spoken words.

Prior research has shown that cats know when a human is speaking their name—they respond in ways that are different than when hearing other words.

Other experiments have shown that they are able to match photos of people they know to their names. In this new effort, the researchers found that cats may be able to understand many of the words spoken to them.

To find out if cats have the ability to match a word to an object, the research team enlisted the assistance of 31 volunteer adult house cats. Each was given a word test originally designed to learn more about word association in growing human infants. It involves being shown short animations.

While the image is displayed, a nonsensical word is broadcast. Each cat saw two such animations—one was accompanied by the word "keraru," the other "parumo." The videos were played on a loop until the cats looked away.

After giving each cat a break, each was once again placed in front of the computer screen and the same two animations were shown on a loop. But this time, the spoken words were reversed.

As the cats watched the videos, the researchers watched the cats.

They found that they stared longer when hearing the word than during the original broadcast—some even showed pupil dilation. Both were signs that the cats were confused by the switch-up and were looking intently to find an explanation, evidence that they had associated the words with the images on the computer screen, even in the absence of a reward.

This finding, the team suggests, indicates that it is likely that cats commonly associate words they hear from humans with objects in their environment.

Saho Takagi et al, Rapid formation of picture-word association in cats, Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74006-2

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I am not very convinced with this work, though!

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 17, 2024 at 11:03am

New type of insulin that switches on and off could help diabetics avoid sudden drops in blood sugar levels

A modified insulin that can prevent sudden drops in blood sugar has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments and animal models, reports a paper in Nature. This could provide a more flexible way to supplement insulin for individuals with diabetes and reduce sudden drops in blood glucose.

For some people with diabetes, supplementary insulin injections are needed to control blood glucose levels. Fluctuations in blood glucose levels are difficult to predict, making it hard to select the appropriate insulin doses. Even a slightly high dose can lead to hypoglycemia (blood glucose levels decreasing too much), which can be life-threatening.

This has happened to my mother twice. As I used to give her the injections, this bothered me a lot then.
Researchers now present a modified form of insulin with activity that varies according to the levels of glucose in the blood. The molecule, named NNC2215, is equipped with a switch that can open and close in response to glucose. Under high glucose concentrations, the switch opens, and the insulin becomes more active, removing glucose from the blood. When glucose levels decrease, the switch moves to a closed state, which prevents glucose uptake.
Laboratory experiments showed that upon an increase in glucose concentration from 3 to 20 mM (approximately the fluctuation range experienced by individuals with diabetes), the NNC2215 insulin receptor affinity increased by 3.2-fold, validating its potential to respond to changes in blood glucose levels. In rat and pig models of diabetes, NNC2215 proved to be as effective as human insulin in lowering blood glucose. Its increased glucose sensitivity was shown to provide protection against hypoglycemia in these animal subjects.

This modified insulin shows promise in preventing the sharp drops in glucose that can severely affect individuals with diabetes, especially during sleep. This could improve both long- and short-term complications associated with diabetes, the authors note.

Oh, what a relief from the concerns people like me face?!

Rita Slaaby, Glucose-sensitive insulin with attenuation of hypoglycaemia, Nature (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08042-3

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 17, 2024 at 10:29am

The study found:

Blocking the opioid system with naloxone inhibited meditation-based pain relief in men, suggesting that men rely on endogenous opioids to reduce pain.
Naloxone increased meditation-based pain relief in women, suggesting that women rely on non-opioid mechanisms to reduce pain.
In both men and women, people with chronic pain experienced more pain relief from meditation than healthy participants.
These results underscore the need for more sex-specific pain therapies, because many of the treatments we use don't work nearly as well for women as they do for men.
The researchers conclude that by tailoring pain treatment to an individual's sex, it may be possible to improve patient outcomes and reduce the reliance on and misuse of opioids.

 Jon G Dean et al, Self-regulated analgesia in males but not females is mediated by endogenous opioids, PNAS Nexus (2024). DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae453

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on October 17, 2024 at 10:28am

Men and women use different biological systems to process pain, study discovers

In a new study evaluating meditation for chronic lower back pain, researchers have discovered that men and women utilize different biological systems to relieve pain. While men relieve pain by releasing endogenous opioids, the body's natural painkillers, women rely instead on other, non-opioid based pathways.

Synthetic opioid drugs, such as morphine and fentanyl, are the most powerful class of painkilling drugs available. Women are known to respond poorly to opioid therapies, which use synthetic opioid molecules to bind to the same receptors as naturally-occurring endogenous opioids. This aspect of opioid drugs helps explain why they are so powerful as painkillers, but also why they carry a significant risk of dependence and addiction.

Dependence develops because people start taking more opioids when their original dosage stops working.

These findings, although speculative,  suggest that maybe one reason that females are more likely to become addicted to opioids is that they're biologically less responsive to them and need to take more to experience any pain relief.

The study combined data from two clinical trials involving a total of 98 participants, including both healthy individuals and those diagnosed with chronic lower back pain. Participants underwent a meditation training program, then practiced meditation while receiving either placebo or a high-dose of naloxone, a drug that stops both synthetic and endogenous opioids from working.

At the same time, they experienced a very painful but harmless heat stimulus to the back of the leg. The researchers measured and compared how much pain relief was experienced from meditation when the opioid system was blocked versus when it was intact.

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