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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 23, 2025 at 11:35am

Researchers find a clear, positive trend—an increase in turbulence frequency over many regions, including the North Atlantic, North America, East Asia, the Middle East and North Africa,with increases ranging from 60% to 155%.
Further analysis attributed the rising turbulence in certain regions to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
A 2023 paper led by Isabel Smith at the University of Reading found that for every degree Celsius of near-surface warming, winters would see an increase of about nine percent in moderate CAT in the North Atlantic, and summers a rise of 14%.

Winter has historically been the roughest season for turbulence, but warming is now amplifying CAT in summer and autumn, closing the gap.

Jet stream disruption is not the only concern: climate change is also fueling stronger storms.

Climate change may also increase the frequency and severity of thunderstorms under future scenarios, and turbulence encounters near thunderstorms are a major component of turbulence accidents.
In terms of mitigation strategies, researchers are working on two studies: optimizing flight routes to avoid turbulence hotspots and improving forecasting accuracy.

Some airlines are moving towards strategies involving passengers wearing seatbelts more often, such as ending cabin service earlier.

Promising technologies are also being tested, including onboard LIDAR, which beams lasers into the atmosphere to detect subtle shifts in air density and wind speed.

Ultimately, cutting greenhouse gas emissions will be essential, say the researchers.
Ironically, aviation is responsible for about 3.5% of human-caused warming.
Source: News agencies

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 23, 2025 at 11:28am

How climate change increases air turbulence

For many fliers, air turbulence can be an unnerving experience—and in a world warming under the effects of climate change, it is only set to worsen, according to a growing body of scientific evidence.

Beyond making people uneasy, turbulence is also the leading cause of in-flight weather accidents, according to official data.

The numbers remain relatively small: there were 207 reported injuries on US commercial flights between 2009 and 2024. But high-profile incidents have thrust the issue into the spotlight.

These include an Air Europa flight last year, in which 40 passengers were hurt, and a Singapore Airlines flight where one elderly passenger died and dozens were injured.

Typically injuries occur due to un- belting of passengers or cabin crew rather than structural damage. Modern aircraft withstand turbulence, so the main risk is occupant injury, not loss of the plane.

Still, planes must be inspected after "severe" encounters with turbulence—about 1.5 times the normal force of Earth's gravity. Turbulence also increases fuel consumption when pilots must leave optimal altitudes, alter routes or change speeds.

There are three main types of turbulence: convective, mountain wave and clear-air turbulence (CAT), according to experts.

Convective turbulence is linked to rising or sinking air currents from clouds or thunderstorms that can be detected visually or by onboard radar, while mountain wave turbulence occurs over mountain ranges.
CAT, by contrast, is invisible—and therefore the most dangerous.

It generally arises from jet streams: fast-moving westerly winds in the upper atmosphere at the same altitude as commercial jets, about 10–12 kilometers up.

With climate change, the tropics are warming faster at cruising altitude than higher latitudes.

That increases the temperature difference between the higher- and lower-latitudes, driving up jet stream velocity and wind shear—volatile shifts in vertical air currents that trigger CAT.
Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 22, 2025 at 11:39am

Viruses hidden within fungi could be secret drivers of deadly lung infections

Researchers have discovered that a virus living inside the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus significantly boosts the fungus's ability to survive stress and cause severe infections in mammals. Removing the virus made the fungus weaker and less virulent, while antiviral treatments improved survival outcomes. This finding reveals a hidden factor driving the deadliness of fungal infections and opens the door to potential new treatments that target the virus rather than the fungus itself.

The research reveals that a virus residing within the Aspergillus fumigatus fungus gives it a powerful survival advantage—making it tougher, more resilient, and ultimately, more dangerous to human health.

Aspergillus fumigatus is already notorious in medical circles. Responsible for the majority of invasive fungal infections in humans, it's especially lethal for people with weakened immune systems. Despite decades of research, mortality rates from infections remain alarmingly high—approaching 50%.

A double-stranded RNA virus, quietly riding along inside the fungus, appears to act like a hidden booster pack for the pathogen. When this virus is present, the fungus becomes far more adept at surviving environmental stress, including the heat and oxidative conditions inside the lungs of mammals.

To test the impact of the virus, the researchers removed it from fungal strains and compared their behavior to their virus-infected counterparts. The difference was striking. The virus-free fungi lost their ability to reproduce effectively, showed weaker defenses like reduced melanin production, and became significantly less dangerous when introduced into mammalian lungs.

The findings suggest that these so-called "mycoviruses" may play a quiet but critical role in the development and progression of fungal diseases in humans—a role that has largely gone unnoticed in the field of medical mycology.

Perhaps most promising of all: when antiviral treatments were used to suppress the virus during infection, survival outcomes improved in the mammalian model. This hints at a whole new treatment avenue—not just targeting the fungus itself, but the virus helping it thrive.

This discovery opens the door to rethinking how fungal infections are treated. By targeting the virus within the fungus, researchers may one day weaken the pathogen enough for the immune system—or existing antifungal drugs—to fight back more effectively.

In a world where fungal pathogens are becoming more drug-resistant and harder to treat, the study provides a rare glimmer of hope: Perhaps we've been overlooking a key player all along.

Marina Campos Rocha et al, Aspergillus fumigatus dsRNA virus promotes fungal fitness and pathogenicity in the mammalian host, Nature Microbiology (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41564-025-02096-3

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 22, 2025 at 11:32am

Even I have noticed this around my home. Birds are singing in the night!

Birds in light-polluted areas stay up late into the night

Birds that are active during the day sing later into the night in places with significant light pollution, according to new research.

Researchers analyzed data gathered from around the world, comparing more than 180 million bird vocalizations in a single year with global satellite imagery.

They were shocked by their findings: Under the brightest night skies, a bird's day is extended by nearly an hour. But birds staying up an hour past their normal bedtimes was an average. Actual times varied by species.

What is driving this response bybirds? We had the idea that maybe it was a species' photoreceptor sensitivity—their eyesight. And this turned out to be a key factor. Species with large eyes relative to their body size had a disproportionately stronger response to artificial light at night. They were more sensitive to light at night than species with small eyes.

Birds might have more time to forage for food and to mate, but an hour less sleep could be detrimental to their health.

Brent S. Pease et al, Light pollution prolongs avian activity, Science (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adv9472. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv9472

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 22, 2025 at 8:53am

Rising temperatures linked to declining moods around the world

Rising global temperatures affect human activity in many ways. Now, a new study illuminates an important dimension of the problem: very hot days are associated with more negative moods, as shown by a large-scale look at social media postings.

Overall, the study examined 1.2 billion social media posts from 157 countries over the span of a year. The research finds that when the temperature rises above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, or 35 degrees Celsius, expressed sentiments become about 25% more negative in lower-income countries and about 8% more negative in better-off countries. Extreme heat affects people emotionally, not just physically.

This study reveals that rising temperatures don't just threaten physical health or economic productivity—they also affect how people feel, every day, all over the world. 

This work opens up a new frontier in understanding how climate stress is shaping human well-being at a planetary scale.

Unequal Impacts of Rising Temperatures on Global Human Sentiment, One Earth (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101422. www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltex … 2590-3322(25)00248-9

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 22, 2025 at 8:48am

To complement their findings, the researchers compared their case studies with 26 participants who had their upper limbs amputated, on average, 23.5 years beforehand. These individuals showed similar brain representations of the hand and lips to those in their three case studies, suggesting long-term evidence for the stability of hand and lip representations despite amputation.

Schone, HR et al. Stable Cortical Body Maps Before and After Arm Amputation, Nature Neuroscience (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-025-02037-7

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 22, 2025 at 8:48am

New research shows the brain's map of the body remains unchanged after amputation

The brain holds a "map" of the body that remains unchanged even after a limb has been amputated, contrary to the prevailing view that it rearranges itself to compensate for the loss, according to new research.

The findings, published in Nature Neuroscience, have implications for the treatment of "phantom limb" pain, but also suggest that controlling robotic replacement limbs via neural interfaces may be more straightforward than previously thought.

Studies have previously shown that within an area of the brain known as the somatosensory cortex there exists a map of the body, with different regions corresponding to different body parts.

These maps are responsible for processing sensory information, such as touch, temperature and pain, as well as body position. For example, if you touch something hot with your hand, this will activate a particular region of the brain; if you stub your toe, a different region activates.

For decades now, the commonly-accepted view among neuroscientists has been that following amputation of a limb, neighboring regions rearrange and essentially take over the area previously assigned to the now missing limb. This has relied on evidence from studies carried out after amputation, without comparing activity in the brain maps beforehand.

But this has presented a conundrum. Most amputees report phantom sensations, a feeling that the limb is still in place—this can also lead to sensations such as itching or pain in the missing limb. Also, brain imaging studies where amputees have been asked to 'move' their missing fingers have shown brain patterns resembling those of able-bodied individuals.

To investigate this contradiction, researchers followed three individuals due to undergo amputation of one of their hands.

This is the first time a study has looked at the hand and face maps of individuals both before and after amputation. 

Prior to amputation, all three individuals were able to move all five digits of their hands. While lying in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner—which measures activity in the brain—the participants were asked to move their individual fingers and to purse their lips. The researchers used the brain scans to construct maps of the hand and lips for each individual. In these maps, the lips sit near to the hand.

The participants repeated the activity three months and again six months after amputation, this time asked to purse their lips and to imagine moving individual fingers. One participant was scanned again 18 months after amputation and a second participant five years after amputation.

The researchers examined the signals from the pre-amputation finger maps and compared them against the maps post-amputation. Analysis of the 'before' and 'after' images revealed a remarkable consistency: even with their hand now missing, the corresponding brain region activated in an almost identical manner.

Bearing in mind that the somatosensory cortex is responsible for interpreting what's going on within the body, it seems astonishing that it doesn't seem to know that the hand is no longer there!

As previous studies had suggested that the body map reorganizes such that neighboring regions take over, the researchers looked at the region corresponding to the lips to see if it had moved or spread. They found that it remained unchanged and had not taken over the region representing the missing hand.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 22, 2025 at 8:34am

Novel cement lets buildings cool themselves

When temperatures get too hot to handle, most of us crank up the air conditioning to keep cool. It does the job, but it's expensive and uses a significant amount of energy. But now an innovation by scientists could help us cut our reliance on AC. They've developed a new type of cement that allows buildings to stay cool on their own. Their research is published in the journal Science Advances.

Typically, cement absorbs infrared radiation from the sun and stores it as heat, which increases the temperature inside a building. To address this, a research team modified the building material's formula. They created a cement that reflects light and emits heat instead of absorbing it, using tiny reflective crystals of a mineral called ettringite on its surface.

The scientists developed the material from the ground up, starting with its basic chemical recipe. They ground tiny pellets made from minerals like limestone and gypsum into a fine dust and mixed it with water. The mixture was then poured into a silicon mold covered in holes that created depressions in the cement's surface where the ettringite crystals could grow. The result was a supercool cement that acts like a mirror and a radiator, bouncing away sunlight and emitting heat.

Once the cement was created, it was put to the test on a rooftop at Purdue University. Under a strong midday sun, the cement's surface was 5.4 degrees Celsius cooler than the surrounding air. The material also underwent rigorous mechanical, environmental, and optical durability testing.

Additionally, the team used machine learning to analyze its potential environmental benefits, which revealed that it could potentially lead to a net-negative carbon footprint over a 70-year period.

This breakthrough holds the potential to turn the heavy cement industry into a negative-carbon emission system, where supercool cement could play a key role in driving an energy-efficient, carbon-free future for the construction industry.

Buildings currently account for about 40% of global energy use and 36% of carbon emissions. If the supercool cement is successfully scaled up for commercial use, its benefits could be significant. As well as helping to cool the planet, it could dramatically cut energy bills by reducing our reliance on air conditioning. And by keeping buildings and the surrounding air cooler, this novel cement could also create a more pleasant and healthier urban environment.

Guo Lu et al, Scalable metasurface-enhanced supercool cement, Science Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adv2820

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 22, 2025 at 8:23am

One longstanding puzzle that researchers are particularly excited about is cosmic inflation, a period of extremely rapid expansion in the early universe. Inflation was initially proposed to explain why the universe looks the way it does today, stretching out an initially small patch, so that the universe looks similar across a vast expanse.
If you don't have inflation, a lot of things fall apart. But while inflation helps explain the state of the universe today, nobody has been able to explain how or why the baby universe had this sudden short-lived growth spurt.

The trouble is, to probe this using Einstein's equations, cosmologists have to assume that the universe was homogeneous and isotropic in the first place—something which inflation was meant to explain. If you instead assume it started out in another state, then you don't have the symmetry to write down your equations easily.
But numerical relativity could help us get around this problem—allowing radically different starting conditions. It isn't a simple puzzle to solve, though, as there's an infinite number of ways spacetime could have been before inflation. Researchers are therefore hoping to use numerical relativity to test the predictions coming from more fundamental theories that generate inflation, such as string theory.
There are other exciting prospects, too. Physicists could use numerical relativity to try to work out what kind of gravitational waves could be generated by hypothetical objects called cosmic strings—long, thin "scars" in spacetime–potentially helping to confirm their existence. They might also be able to predict signatures, or "bruises," on the sky from our universe colliding with neighboring universes (if they even exist), which could help us verify the multiverse theory.
Excitingly, numerical relativity could also help reveal whether there was a universe before the Big Bang. Perhaps the cosmos is cyclic and goes through "bounces" from old universes into new ones—experiencing repeated rebirths, big bangs and big crunches. That's a very hard problem to solve analytically.

"Bouncing universes are an excellent example, because they reach strong gravity where you can't rely on your symmetries. Several groups are already working on them—it used to be that nobody was."
Numerical relativity simulations are so complex that they require supercomputers to run. As the technology of these machines improves, we might expect significant improvement in our understanding of the universe.
Cosmologists who are interested in solving some of the questions they cannot solve, can use numerical relativity, the researchers say.

Josu C. Aurrekoetxea et al, Cosmology using numerical relativity, Living Reviews in Relativity (2025). DOI: 10.1007/s41114-025-00058-z

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 22, 2025 at 8:18am

What happened before the Big Bang? Computational method may provide answers

We're often told it is "unscientific" or "meaningless" to ask what happened before the Big Bang. But a new paper by astrophysicists and cosmologists published in Living Reviews in Relativity, proposes a way forward: using complex computer simulations to numerically (rather than exactly) solve Einstein's equations for gravity in extreme situations.

The team argues that numerical relativity should be applied increasingly in cosmology to probe some of the universe's biggest questions–including what happened before the Big Bang, whether we live in a multiverse, if our universe has collided with a neighboring cosmos, or whether our universe cycled through a series of bangs and crunches.

Einstein's equations of general relativity describe gravity and the motion of cosmic objects. But wind the clock back far enough and you'll typically encounter a singularity—a state of infinite density and temperature—where the laws of physics collapse.

Cosmologists simply cannot solve Einstein's equations in such extreme environments—their normal simplifying assumptions no longer hold. And the same impasse applies to objects involving singularities or extreme gravity, such as black holes.

One issue might be what cosmologists take for granted. They normally assume that the universe is "isotropic" and "homogeneous"—looking the same in every direction to every observer. This is a very good approximation for the universe we see around us, and one that makes it possible to easily solve Einstein's equations in most cosmic scenarios. But is this a good approximation for the universe during the Big Bang?

Numerical relativity allows you to explore those questions. 

Numerical relativity was first suggested in the 1960s and 1970s to try to work out what kinds of gravitational waves (ripples in the fabric of spacetime) would be emitted if black holes collided and merged. This is an extreme scenario for which it is impossible to solve Einstein's equations with paper and pen alone—sophisticated computer code and numerical approximations are required.

Its development received renewed focus when the LIGO experiment was proposed in the 80s, although the problem was only solved in this way in 2005, raising hopes that the method could also be successfully applied to other puzzles.

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