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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 20, 2021 at 7:50am

Neuroscientists Have Followed a Thought as It Moves Through The Human Brain

A study using epilepsy patients undergoing surgery has given neuroscientists an opportunity to track in unprecedented detail the movement of a thought through the human brain, all the way from inspiration to response.

The findings confirmed the role of the prefrontal cortex as the coordinator of complex interactions between different regions, linking our perception with action and serving as what can be considered the "glue of cognition".

The study recorded the electrical activity of neurons using a precise technique called electrocorticograhy (ECoG).

The results clearly emphasized the role of the prefrontal cortex in directing activity. The prefrontal cortex was seen to remain active throughout most of the thought process, as would be expected for a multitasking region of the brain.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0267-2

https://www.sciencealert.com/neuroscientists-followed-a-thought-as-...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 20, 2021 at 5:53am

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 19, 2021 at 11:13am

First nuke made ‘impossible’ quasicrystals

Scientists searching for quasicrystals — so-called ‘impossible’ materials, with unusual, non-repeating structures — have identified one in remnants of the world’s first nuclear-bomb test. The previously unknown structure, made of iron, silicon, copper and calcium, probably formed from the fusion of vapourized desert sand and coppe.... Similar materials have been synthesized in the laboratory and identified in meteorites, but this is the first example of a quasicrystal with this combination of elements.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 19, 2021 at 11:12am

A newfound quasicrystal formed in the first atomic bomb test

‘Trinitite’ contains a material that is ordered but doesn’t repeat itself

In an instant, the bomb obliterated everything.

The tower it sat on and the copper wires strung around it: vaporized. The desert sand below: melted.

In the aftermath of the first test of an atomic bomb, in July 1945, all this debris fused together, leaving the ground of the New Mexico test site coated with a glassy substance now called trinitite. High temperatures and pressures helped forge an unusual structure within one piece of trinitite, in a grain of the material just 10 micrometers across — a bit longer than a red blood cell.

That grain contains a rare form of matter called a quasicrystal, born the moment the nuclear age began, scientists report May 17 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Normal crystals are made of atoms locked in a lattice that repeats in a regular pattern. Quasicrystals have a structure that is orderly like a normal crystal but that doesn’t repeat. This means quasicrystals can have properties that are forbidden for normal crystals. First discovered in the lab in 1980s, quasicrystals also appear in nature in meteorites .

The newly discovered quasicrystal from the New Mexico test site is the oldest one known that was made by humans.

Trinitite takes its moniker from the nuclear test, named Trinity, in which the material was created in abundance

 the trinitite the team studied was a rarer variety, called red trinitite. Most trinitite has a greenish tinge, but red trinitite contains copper, remnants of the wires that stretched from the ground to the bomb. Quasicrystals tend to be found in materials that have experienced a violent impact and usually involve metals. Red trinitite fit both criteria.

But first the team had to find some.

L. Bindi et al. Accidental synthesis of a previously unknown quasicrystal in the fi.... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol 118, May 17, 2021, e2101350118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2101350118.

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-quasi-crystal-formed-first-...

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 19, 2021 at 11:05am

Study shows how our brains sync hearing with vision

Every high-school physics student learns that sound and light travel at very different speeds. If the brain did not account for this difference, it would be much harder for us to tell where sounds came from, and how they are related to what we see. Instead, the brain allows us to make better sense of our world by playing tricks, so that a visual and a sound created at the same time are perceived as synchronous, even though they reach the brain and are processed by neural circuits at different speeds. One of the brain’s tricks is temporal recalibration: altering our sense of time to synchronize our joint perception of sound and vision. A new study finds that recalibration depends on brain signals constantly adapting to our environment to sample, order and associate competing sensory inputs together. Scientists at The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital) of McGill university recruited volunteers to view short flashes 

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 19, 2021 at 11:03am

Stanford researchers make 'bombshell' discovery of an entirely new ...

Researchers have discovered a new kind of biomolecule that could play a significant role in the biology of all living things. The novel biomolecule, dubbed glycoRNA, is a small ribbon of ribonucleic acid (RNA) with sugar molecules, called glycans, dangling from it. Up until now, the only kinds of similarly sugar-decorated biomolecules known to science were fats (lipids) and proteins. These glycolipids and glycoproteins appear ubiquitously in and on animal, plant and microbial cells, contributing to a wide range of processes essential for life. The newfound glycoRNAs, neither rare nor furtive, were hiding in plain sight simply because no one thought to look for them – understandably so, given that their existence flies in the face of well-established cellular biology. A study in the journal Cell, published May 17, describes the findings. “This is a stunning discovery of an entirely new class of biomolecules.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 19, 2021 at 10:24am

COVID-19 Insights: Will Steam Kill the SARS-COV-2 inside The Cells?

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 19, 2021 at 9:28am

European fire ant chemicals may send spiders scurrying away

But don’t go adding the invasive, biting insects to your home as an arachnid repellent

To make a spider flee, bring on the fire ants. Or rather, just their chemical signals.

Some spiders common in North American homes avoid building their webs in chambers that recently housed European..., researchers report May 19 in Royal Society Open Science. The ants probably left behind chemical traces, the researchers say. That could signal danger to the arachnids because ants sometimes feast on spiders. The reaction hints that the insects might be a source of natural spider-repelling chemicals.

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/european-fire-ant-chemicals-spi...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 19, 2021 at 8:29am

How lightning may help clean the air

Lightning may play an important role in clearing the air of pollutants.

A storm-chasing airplane has shown that lightning can forge large amounts of oxidants. These chemicals cleanse the atmosphere by reacting with pollutants such as methane. Those reactions form molecules that dissolve in water or stick to surfaces. The molecules can then rain out of the air or stick to objects on the ground.
Researchers knew lightning could produce oxidants indirectly. The bolts generate nitric oxide. That chemical can react with other molecules in the air to make some oxidants. But no one had seen lightning directly create lots of oxidants.

A NASA jet got the first glimpse of this in 2012. The jet flew through storm clouds over Colorado, Oklahoma and Texas in both May and June. Instruments on board measured two oxidants in the clouds. One was hydroxyl radical, or OH. The other was a related oxidant. It’s called the hydroperoxyl (Hy-droh-pur-OX-ul) radical, or HO2. The airplane measured the combined concentration of both in the air.
Lightning and other electrified parts of the clouds sparked the creation of OH and HO2. Levels of these molecules rose to thousands of parts per trillion. That may not sound like much. But the most OH seen in the atmosphere before was only a few parts per trillion. The most HO2 ever seen in the air was about 150 parts per trillion. Researchers reported the observations online April 29 in Science.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6543/711

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on May 19, 2021 at 7:23am

World first concept for rechargeable cement-based batteries

The concept involves a cement-based mixture with small amounts of short carbon fibres added to increase the conductivity and flexural toughness. Embedded within the mixture is a metal-coated carbon fibre mesh—iron for the anode, and nickel for the cathode. After much experimentation, this is the prototype the researchers now present.

Emma Qingnan Zhang et al, Rechargeable Concrete Battery, Buildings (2021). DOI: 10.3390/buildings11030103

https://techxplore.com/news/2021-05-world-concept-rechargeable-ceme...

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