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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 24, 2021 at 1:01pm

Spitting cobra venoms evolved to cause extreme pain.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 24, 2021 at 12:58pm

Lilly antibody reduced Covid-19 risk by 80% in nursing home study

A synthetic antibody developed by Eli Lilly reduced the risk of contracting Covid-19 by 80 percent in a study of nursing home residents when used preventatively, the company said Thursday. Though the result is only preliminary and awaiting peer review, the finding was hailed as highly promising by experts, who said it meant that the infused therapy had the potential to complement vaccines. "We are exceptionally pleased with these positive results, which showed bamlanivimab was able to help prevent COVID-19, substantially reducing symptomatic disease among nursing home residents, some of the most vulnerable members of our society.

The result came from a late-stage clinical trial sponsored by the US government that examined 299 residents and 666 staff of long-term care facilities who tested negative for the virus.

The result came from a late-stage clinical trial sponsored by the US government that examined 299 residents and 666 staff of long-term care facilities who tested negative for the virus, the company said in a press release.

The participants were randomly assigned either 4.2 grams of bamlanivimab, or a placebo.

After eight weeks of follow-up, the risk of developing symptomatic Covid-19 was overall reduced by 57 percent for those receiving the treatment.

In particular, residents on bamlanivimab had a 80 percent lower risk of contracting the disease.

Among the 299 residents, there were four deaths attributed to Covid-19, all in the placebo arm.

https://researchnews.cc/news/4768/Lilly-antibody-reduced-Covid-19-r...

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 23, 2021 at 11:26am

Evolution doesn’t work the way you think it does

An evolutionary biologist explains all the things you might get into an argument over

https://massivesci.com/articles/evolution-darwin-fitness-genes-sele...

https://massivesci.com/articles/evolution-darwin-fitness-genes-sele...

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‘Male’ vs ‘female’ brains: having a mix of both is common and offers big advantages – new research

'Male' vs 'female' brains: having a mix of both is common and offers big advantages – new research

While there are small differences between male and female brains, most of us have a mix of both.

https://theconversation.com/male-vs-female-brains-having-a-mix-of-b...

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Cancer can be precisely diagnosed using a urine test with artificia...

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men. Patients are determined to have prostate cancer primarily based on PSA, a cancer factor in blood. However, as diagnostic accuracy is as low as 30%, a considerable number of patients undergo additional invasive biopsy and thus suffer from resultant side effects, such as bleeding and pain.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 23, 2021 at 11:04am

Blue Monday claims are 'pseudo-scientific gibberish, nonsense' - Consultant psychologist

https://www.newstalk.com/news/blue-monday-claims-are-pseudo-scienti...

Those who claim third Monday of Jan., (Blue Monday is the name given to a day in January (typically the third Monday of the month) said by a UK travel company, Sky Travel, to be the most depressing day of the year. The concept was first published in a 2005 press release from the company, which claimed to have calculated the date using an "equation") marks the most depressing day of the year are spouting “pseudo-scientific gibberish,” according to a consultant clinical psychologist.

Over recent years, the third Monday in January has become known as ‘Blue Monday’ – with people struggling to come to terms with long nights, the weather, money problems and unfulfilled resolutions.

Saying that the most depressing thing about Blue Monday is that this pseudo-science, gibberish, nonsense has not been forgotten about and we are still talking about it. It is not a thing. It was invented in 2005 by an advertising company to help a travel company sell holidays; to let us know that we need to book our holidays long in advance. They came up with this gibberish formula that does nothing except make us feel worse about ourselves.

If you look around and see the environment we have right now, we have enough things to be sad and anxious about. We don’t need this on top of everything else. There is zero scientific evidence behind the claims and experts warned of a real danger that it could “become a self-fulfilling prophecy” for people as long as it continues.

People go into it thinking, ‘this is going to be the saddest day of the year’ and in that day then they feel sad because they feel they are supposed to be sad. But no, it isn’t. It is just a day like any other.

People who are feeling down or depressed need support every day of the year, not on “some random day that was picked by an advertising company.” It is completely invalidating to those who are suffering from depression.

It is as useful as getting out the horoscope to predict how the day is going to go. People struggle day in, day out – not on any one given day or because of a date.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 23, 2021 at 10:12am

How Do Bacteria Become Resistant to Antibiotics?

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 23, 2021 at 10:03am

Combined river flows could send up to 3 billion microplastics a day into the Bay of Bengal

The Ganges River—with the combined flows of the Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers—could be responsible for up to 3 billion microplastic particles entering the Bay of Bengal every day, according to new research.

The study represents the first investigation of microplastic abundance, characteristics and seasonal variation along the river and was conducted using samples collected by an international team of scientists as part of the National Geographic Society's Sea to Source: Ganges expedition.

Over two expeditions in 2019, 120 samples (60 each in pre- and post-monsoon conditions) were gathered at 10 sites by pumping river water through a mesh filter to capture any particles.

The samples were then analysed in laboratories at the University of Plymouth with microplastics found in 43 (71.6%) of the samples taken pre-monsoon, and 37 (61.6%) post-monsoon.

More than 90% of the microplastics found were fibres and, among them, rayon (54%) and acrylic (24%) - both of which are commonly used in clothing—were the most abundant.

Combining predicted microplastic concentration at the mouth of the river (Bhola, Bangladesh) with the discharge of the river, scientists estimate that between 1 billion and 3 billion microplastics might be being released from the Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna River Basin every day.

Imogen E. Napper et al, The abundance and characteristics of microplastics in surface water in the transboundary Ganges River, Environmental Pollution (2021). DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116348

https://phys.org/news/2021-01-combined-river-billion-microplastics-...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 23, 2021 at 9:22am

MRI helps unravel the mysteries of sleep

  The state of consciousness changes significantly during stages of deep sleep, just as it does in a coma or under general anesthesia. Scientists have long thought, but couldn't be certain, that brain activity declines during sleep. Most research on sleep is conducted using electroencephalography (EEG), a method that entails measuring brain activity through electrodes placed along a patient's scalp. However researchers now  investigated brain activity during sleep using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).  

  MRI scans measure neural activity by detecting the hemodynamic response of structures throughout the brain, thereby providing important information in addition to EEGs.  During these experiments, researchers relied upon EEG to identify when the study participants had fallen asleep and pinpoint the different stages of sleep. Then they examined the MRI images to generate spatial maps of neural activity and determine different brain states. 

The brain activity data were recorded over a period of nearly two hours while participants were sleeping in an MRI machine. 

  After checking, analyzing and comparing all the data, what they found was surprising. They calculated exactly how many times networks made up of different parts of the brain became active during each stage of sleep and discovered that during light stages of sleep—that is, between when you fall asleep and when you enter a state of deep sleep—overall, brain activity decreases. But communication among different parts of the brain becomes much more dynamic - that's due to the instability of brain states during this phase. 

  What 's really surprising  in all this was the resulting paradox. During the transition phase from light to deep sleep, local brain activity increased and mutual interaction decreased. This indicates the inability of brain networks to synchronize.  

 Consciousness is generally associated with neural networks that may be linked to our introspection processes, episodic memory and spontaneous thought.   

Researchers  observed that the network between the anterior and posterior regions broke down, and this became increasingly pronounced with increasing sleep depth. A similar breakdown in neural networks was also seen in the cerebellum, which is typically associated with motor control.

These  findings are a first step toward a better understanding of states of consciousness during sleep. They show that consciousness is the result of interactions between different brain regions, and not in localized brain activity.

  By studying how our state of consciousness is altered during different stages of sleep, and what that means in terms of brain network activity, we can better understand and account for the wide range of brain functions that characterize us as human beings.  

Anjali Tarun et al, NREM sleep stages specifically alter dynamical integration of large-scale brain networks, iScience (2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101923

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-mri-unravel-mysteries.html?u...

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 23, 2021 at 9:01am

Scientists solve a 100-year-old mystery about cancer

In 1921, German physician Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells harvest energy from glucose sugar in a strangely inefficient manner: rather than "burn" it using oxygen, cancer cells do what yeast do—they ferment it. This oxygen-independent process occurs quickly, but leaves much of the energy in glucose untapped.  

Various hypotheses to explain the Warburg effect have been proposed over the years, including the idea that cancer cells have defective mitochondria—their "energy factories"—and therefore cannot perform the controlled burning of glucose. But none of these explanations has withstood the test of time. (Cancer cells' mitochondria work just fine, for example.)
Now a research team  offers a new answer, based on a hefty set of genetic and biochemical experiments and published January 21 in the journal Science.It comes down to a previously unappreciated link between Warburg metabolism and the activity of a powerhouse enzyme in the cell called PI3 kinase. PI3 kinase is a key signaling molecule that functions almost like a commander-in-chief of cell metabolism. Most of the energy-costly cellular events in cells, including cell division, occur only when PI3 kinase gives the cue. As cells shift to Warburg metabolism, the activity of PI3 kinase is increased, and in turn, the cells' commitment to divide is strengthened. It's a bit like giving the commander-in-chief a megaphone.The findings revise the commonly accepted view among biochemists that sees metabolism as secondary to cell signaling. They also suggest that targeting metabolism could be an effective way to thwart cancer growth.

As with immune cells, cancer cells may employ Warburg metabolism as a way to sustain the activity of this signaling pathway and therefore ensure their continued growth and division.

The results raise the intriguing possibility that doctors could curb cancer growth by blocking the activity of LDHA—the Warburg "switch."

 Ke Xu et al, Glycolysis fuels phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling to bolster T cell immunity, Science (2021). DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2683

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-scientists-year-old-mystery-...

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 22, 2021 at 10:32am

S. Africa virus strain poses 're-infection risk': study

The coronavirus variant detected in South Africa poses a "significant re-infection risk" and raises concerns over vaccine effectiveness, according to preliminary research Wednesday, as separate studies suggested the British strain would likely be constrained by immunisations. Several new variants -- each with a cluster of genetic mutations -- have emerged in recent weeks, sparking fears over an increase in infectiousness as well as suggestions that the virus could begin to elude immune response, whether from prior infection or a vaccine. These new variants, detected from Britain, South Africa and Brazil, have mutations to the virus' spike protein, which enables the virus to latch onto human cells and therefore plays a key role in driving infections. But it is one mutation in particular -- known as E484K and present in the variants detected in South Africa and Brazil but not the one from Britain -- that has experts particularly worried about immunity "escape".

They found that it was resistant to neutralising antibodies built up from prior infection, but said more research was needed into the effectiveness of other parts of the immune response.

The 501Y.V2 lineage, which contains nine spike mutations and rapidly emerged in South Africa during the second half of 2020, is largely resistant to neutralising antibodies elicited by infection with previously circulating lineages. This suggests that, despite the many people who have already been infected with SARS-CoV-2 globally and are presumed to have accumulated some level of immunity, new variants such as 501Y.V2 pose a significant re-infection risk.

The researchers added that this might also affect the use of convalescent plasma as a treatment for Covid-19. They also suggested it could have "implications" for vaccines developed based on immune responses to the virus's spike protein.

https://researchnews.cc/news/4730/S--Africa-virus-strain-poses--re-...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on January 22, 2021 at 10:05am

Sci-COM : Storytelling can be a powerful tool for science

Credible science communication and storytelling are not mutually exclusive — they can be great allies.

In contrast with straight communication of experimental results, telling individual research stories portrays science as a human-driven endeavour, full of successes, uncertainties, missteps and failures, which in turn promotes transparency. What really matters is what story is being told and by whom.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00108-w?utm_source=Natur...

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