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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 19, 2020 at 11:36am

Exploring the role of prefrontal-amygdala brain circuits in social decision-making

In recent years, neuroscientists have been trying to understand the neural underpinnings of social behaviors and cognition. Studies on animal species, including primates and rodents, have identified a number of brain regions and neural circuits that may underpin social behaviors.

Researchers a have been conducting extensive research investigating the roles of the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala in social decision-making, particularly focusing on the interactions between different brain regions in the prefrontal-amygdala pathways. In a recent paper published in Nature Neuroscience, the researchers reviewed and summarized the evidence gathered in past studies that examined the neural mechanisms of social decision-making in humans, non-human primates and rodents.

Overall, the findings reviewed  the researchers highlight the crucial role of interactions between the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala in the social cognition of a wide variety of animal species. The medial prefrontal cortex has previously been found to contribute to a number of sensorimotor, cognitive and emotional processes, while the amygdala is a region deep within the brain that integrates a number of emotions, emotional reactions and motivations.

Some recent studies also revealed that neural ensembles involved in the processing of information that is both related and unrelated to social communication can interact with one another. These interactions appear to facilitate or attenuate social functions, increasing or decreasing their prevalence over non-social functions.

 Prefrontal-amygdala circuits in social decision-making. Nature Neuroscience (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00738-9

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-12-exploring-role-prefrontal-am...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 12:29pm

Science behind miracles

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 12:18pm

Astronomers May Have Detected The First Radio Signal From an Exoplanet

https://www.sciencealert.com/astronomers-detect-the-first-potential...

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These Arctic squirrels recycle bits of their own bodies to survive winter

The secrets of the animals’ metabolism during hibernation could someday help human medicine

S.A. Rice et al. Nitrogen recycling buffers against ammonia toxicity from skeletal m.... Nature Metabolism. Published online December 7, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-00312-4.

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/arctic-squirrels-recycle-protei...

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Scientists take a step towards expanding the use of magnetic fluids...

Magnetic fluids are used in many different areas, including medicine, electronics, mechanical engineering, ecology, etc. Such a wide range of applications is explained by a number of its useful properties. Researchers from Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) in collaboration with colleagues from Jiangsu Normal University (JSNU) discovered new effects in magnetic fluids, which will increase its effectiveness for medical purposes in future. The results were published in Springer Proceedings in Physics.

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When light and atoms share a common vibe

An especially counter-intuitive feature of quantum mechanics is that a single event can exist in a state of superposition—happening both here and there, or both today and tomorrow.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 12:09pm

These ‘beetlebots’ keep flying, even after crashing into poles

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 12:08pm

Why are our tears salty?

Well, all fluids in our bodies have a little bit of salt in them. This salt is made into electricity to help our muscles contract and our brains to think. The amount of salt in our body fluids (like tears, sweat, and saliva) is about the same as the amount of salt in our blood — just under 1%, or about two teaspoons of salt per litre.

The saltiness of your tears can actually vary depending on what kind of tears your eyes are making.

That’s right, your eyes — or a part of your eyes called the lacrimal gland, to be precise — make three different types of tears. These are called basal tears, reflex tears and emotional tears.

• basal tears keep your eyes wet and stop nasty germs infecting your eyes
• reflex tears are made when your eyes need to wash away something harmful that gets in, such as smoke or a grain of sand
• emotional tears are the kind you cry when you’re feeling very happy or sad.

Basal tears and reflex tears have more salt in them than emotional tears, which is important for keeping your eyes healthy. Emotional tears contain more of other things, including a hormone (a special type of chemical in your body) that works like a natural painkiller. This might help to explain why we sometimes feel better after having a good cry.

https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-why-are-our-tears-salty-15...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 11:50am

Being Scientists Doesn’t Make Us Science Communicators

Effectively relating science to the public is a science in itself, and expertise on a topic doesn’t guarantee expertise in explaining it.

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/opinion-being-scientists...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 11:25am

Scientist tests new technology for removing, destroying 'forever ch...

University of Rhode Island hydrogeologist Thomas Boving and colleagues at EnChem Engineering Inc. are testing a proprietary new technology for quickly removing and destroying hazardous chemical compounds from soil and groundwater. If proven effective, the technology could soon be applied to cleaning up the abundant per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, collectively referred to as PFAS and 'forever chemicals,' that contaminate drinking water supplies.

PFAS compounds have been in use for more than 60 years and are found in common household goods like non-stick cookware, stain-proof carpets and pizza boxes, as well as in firefighting foams and other industrial products. Because they do not break down easily in the environment, they find their way into human and animal tissues and can lead to many serious diseases.

First, they flushed the compounds out of the ground by pumping in a sugar molecule that has the ability to remove PFAS from the soil and groundwater. Then they pumped the solution out of the ground and hit it with a chemical oxidation process to destroy the compounds.

https://phys.org/news/2020-12-scientist-technology-chemicals.html?u...

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 9:36am

The most consumed species of mussels contain microplastics all arou...

"If you eat mussels, you eat microplastics." 

A research team investigated the microplastic load of four mussel species which are particularly often sold as food in supermarkets from twelve countries around the world. The scientists now present their research results in the journal Environmental Pollution.

All the samples analyzed contained microplastic particles, and the researchers detected a total of nine different types of plastic. Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most common types of plastic. Both are plastics ubiquitous to people's everyday lives all over the world. To make the analyses of different sized mussels comparable, one gram of mussel meat was used as a fixed reference. According to the study, one gram of mussel meat contained between 0.13 and 2.45 microplastic particles. Mussel samples from the North Atlantic and South Pacific were the most contaminated. Because mussels filter out microplastic particles from the water in addition to food particles, a microplastic investigation of the mussels allows indirect conclusions to be drawn about pollution in their respective areas of origin.

The microplastic particles detected in the mussels were of a size of between three and 5,000 micrometers, i.e. between 0.003 and five millimeters.

B.N. Vinay Kumar et al. Analysis of microplastics of a broad size range in commercially important mussels by combining FTIR and Raman spectroscopy approaches, Environmental Pollution (2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116147

https://phys.org/news/2020-12-consumed-species-mussels-microplastic...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 9:31am

Popular European football games linked to traffic accidents in Asia

Days when high profile European football matches are played are associated with more traffic accidents in Asia than days when less popular matches are played, finds a study in the Christmas issue of The BMJ.

One explanation may be that Asian drivers stay awake until the early hours of the morning to watch high profile football games and lose sleep as a result.

Football is viewed by more people worldwide than any other sport, but most high profile games are played in Europe, so fans who live outside Europe must watch these games at odd local times owing to differences in time zones.

Asian fans are the most affected, as games scheduled to start at 8 pm in Europe means fans in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Singapore have to stay up until 4 30 am to finish the game, while fans in Seoul and Tokyo have to stay up until 5 30 am.

Given that sleep deprivation is associated with poor attention management, slower reaction times, and impaired decision making, one theory is that drivers are more likely to be involved in traffic accidents on days when high profile football games air early in the morning.

If true, this would have important policy implications, as traffic accidents can result in considerable economic and medical costs.

After taking account of potentially influential factors such as driver age, gender and experience, weather conditions, time of year, and weekend versus weekday effects, the researchers found that days when high profile football games were aired also had higher than average traffic accidents in both Singapore and Taiwan.

Association of high profile football matches in Europe with traffic accidents in Asia: archival study, BMJ (2020). DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m4465

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-12-popular-european-football-ga...

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Based on these figures, the researchers estimate that football games may be responsible for at least 371 accidents a year among taxi drivers in Singapore (this figure is likely to be much larger across all drivers in Singapore) and around 41,000 accidents per year among the Taiwanese general public.

In terms of annual economic losses, they estimate these to be more than €820,000 among Singapore taxi drivers and almost €14m among Taiwanese drivers and insurance companies, although they stress that these figures should be interpreted with caution.

This is an observational study, so can't establish cause, although the researchers were able to rule out many alternative explanations such as roadside conditions and driver characteristics. The researchers also point to some limitations, such as a lack of data on the severity of the accidents reported and being unable to compare match days against non-game days.

Nevertheless, they suggest that football's governing bodies could consider scheduling high profile games on Friday or Saturday evenings local European time (Saturday or Sunday early mornings local Asian time) when fans can sleep in immediately after watching games.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on December 18, 2020 at 7:27am

Scientists set a path for field trials of gene drive organisms

The modern rise of gene drive research, accelerated by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, has led to transformational waves rippling across science.

Gene drive organisms (GDOs), developed with select traits that are genetically engineered to spread through a population, have the power to dramatically alter the way society develops solutions to a range of daunting health and environmental challenges, from controlling dengue fever and malaria to protecting crops against plant pests.

But before these gene drive organisms move from the laboratory to testing in the field, scientists are proposing a course for responsible testing of this powerful technology. These issues are addressed in a new Policy Forum article on biotechnology governance, "Core commitments for field trials of gene drive organisms," published Dec. 18, 2020 in Science by more than 40 researchers.

The new commitments that address field trials are to ensure that the trials are safely implemented, transparent, publicly accountable and scientifically, politically and socially robust.

A multidisciplinary group of gene drive organism developers, ecologists and con¬servation biologists joined experts in social science, ethics and policy to outline several commitments that they deem "critical for responsible conduct of a field trial and to ensure that these technologies, if they are introduced, serve the public interest." Twelve core commitments were developed under the following broad categories: fair partnership and transparency; product efficacy and safety; regulatory evaluation and risk/benefit assessment; and monitoring and mitigation.

K.C. Long el al., "Core commitments for field trials of gene drive," Science (2020). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.abd1908

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 "gene drive" has been used both to describe a process (the biological activity of gene drive spreading in a population) and to describe an object (the development of a "gene drive" engineering tool).

https://phys.org/news/2020-12-scientists-path-field-trials-gene.htm...

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