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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 18, 2021 at 9:58am

Quantum entanglement is explained in classic terms

In many quantum measurement experiments and thought experiments, measurement results appear that do not seem to have classic explanations. As example: In quantum particle spin experiments, entangled particles appear to interact instantly across distances; and in interferometer experiments, one measurement result appears to be split over two paths. Currently, these measurement phenomena are treated as unique to quantum mechanics and not understandable in classic physics. Recognizing calibration in theory explains and resolves all the differences that appear to occur between classic and quantum measurements.

https://sciencex.com/news/2021-08-quantum-entanglement-classic-term...

More information: M. Born (editor), The Born-Einstein Letters, page 158, Macmillan, London, 1971. "Spooky action at a distance" is a phrase Einstein applied.

J. C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd Edition (1891), Dover Publications, New York, 1954, page 1.

L. Euler, Elements of Algebra, Chapter I, Article I, #3. Third edition, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Co., London England, 1822. Page 1: "Now, we cannot measure or determine one quantity, except by considering some other quantity of the same kind as known, and pointing out their mutual relation." www.google.com/books/edition/E … &printsec=frontcover

International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) 3rd edition, BIPM JCGM 200:2012, para. 2.39 calibration. www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/vim.html

Measurement, Vol 182, September 2021 doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109625

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 18, 2021 at 9:54am

Histamine could be a key player in depression, according to study in mice

Bodily inflammation dampens levels of a "feel-good molecule" and antidepressants' ability to boost them, according to new research in mice.

The findings, from researchers at Imperial College London and University of South Carolina, add to mounting evidence that inflammation, and the accompanying release of the molecule histamine, affects a key molecule responsible for mood in the brain—serotonin.

If replicated in humans, the findings—which identify histamine as a "new molecule of interest" in depression—could open new avenues for treating depression, which is the most common mental health problem worldwide.

Inflammation—a blanket term describing an immune response—triggers the release of histamine in the body. This increases blood flow to affected areas to flood them with immune cells. While these effects help the body fight infections, both long-term and acute inflammation is increasingly linked to depression.

Inflammation accompanies infections but can also be caused by stress, allergic responses and a host of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Melinda Hersey et al, Inflammation-Induced Histamine Impairs the Capacity of Escitalopram to Increase Hippocampal Extracellular Serotonin, The Journal of Neuroscience (2021). DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2618-20.2021

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-08-histamine-key-player-depress...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 18, 2021 at 9:44am

To better understand how this finding translates to disease outcomes, the researchers engineered flies with fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome, a neurodegenerative disorder. They found that increasing the levels of 5MP in the affected flies repressed neuronal toxicity and enhanced their lifespan.

"Taken together, these data suggest that modulation of 5MP levels could be a viable therapeutic target by which to selectively reduce RAN translation in repeat expansion disorders

Chingakham Ranjit Singh et al, Human oncoprotein 5MP suppresses general and repeat-associated non-AUG translation via eIF3 by a common mechanism, Cell Reports (2021). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109376

part 2

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-08-protein-neurodegenerative-di...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 18, 2021 at 9:44am

Protein may protect against neurodegenerative diseases

Cells translate their genetic material at rapid rates with exquisite precision to reproduce, repair damage or even combat disease. But the process can deregulate and give rise to disease. Byproducts of errant processes can build up like gunk in the gears, especially around neurons, breaking down the repair mechanisms and causing further damage and even neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

Now, an international research team may have found that a protein implicated in tumour growth may be able to help regulate awry cellular translation and protect against neuronal decay. They published their results on July 13 in the Cell Reports.

"Researchers have begun to understand that age-related neurodegenerative diseases may be caused by slow but steady accumulation of toxic peptide products, which leads to death of neurons, such as beta-amyloid plaques causing Alzheimer's disease.

Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation is one of the mechanisms that generates such toxic products."

When replicating their genetic material, cells look for specifically ordered markers that signal the spot where they should start and end the copy to make a specific protein. The signal is typically "AUG," but RAN translation doesn't need this signal and can begin processing at other points. The problem is that RAN translation can end up copying bits of repeated genetic information that become the toxic buildup that leads to neurodegeneration.

In diseased conditions, 5MP is a protein that can potentially transform a healthy cell into a tumor cell. In healthy conditions, 5MP mimics a protein involved in regulating RAN translation. The researchers used electron microscopy and computer-directed modeling to reveal the structure of the preinitiation complex of molecules that assemble prior to RAN translation beginning. They found that 5MP competes with the protein it mimics in human cells and, when it wins, it reduces RAN translation and its toxic byproducts.

part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 17, 2021 at 12:35pm

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 17, 2021 at 12:24pm

Why are bubbles round?

Bubbles occur when a thin film (for example, of soapy water) traps some gas (for example, air). The molecules in the film are attracted to each other, which not only holds the film together, but also makes it shrink to the smallest possible area.

The smallest area enclosing any given volume? A sphere. Therefore, the film will shrink to cover a sphere, and then can’t shrink any further because of the trapped air. Thus, bubbles end up as round.

https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/why-are-bubbles-round/?utm_sou...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 17, 2021 at 12:19pm

Plastic debris in soil aids growth of dangerous fungi

Scientists have discovered a potentially lethal link between fungi that cause diseases and small pieces of plastic debris of less than five millimetres in soil.

The fungi identified cause medical problems such as swelling in the lungs and allergy symptoms including coughing and wheezing, according to the study published in Scientific Reports last month.

One of the lung diseases, known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, led to 3.23 million deaths in 2019 globally, with more than 80 per cent of the deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries, according to the World Health Organization.

The researchers established the link between disease-causing fungi and small plastics by analysing soil samples from sites near human settlements in the town of Siaya, in western Kenya, including a marketplace, a dump site, a roadside and a courtyard.

These microplastics [small pieces of plastic debris] create a conducive environment for fungal growth, by trapping soil water and other nutrients on their surfaces, enabling the fungi to attach themselves and grow and multiply, according to researchers.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92405-7

https://www.scidev.net/global/multimedia/plastic-debris-in-soil-aid...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 17, 2021 at 10:52am

Wildfire smoke can reduce raindrops to meaningless drizzle, study says. Here's how

When wildfires burn, they catapult smoke into the atmosphere. These plumes are loaded with tiny particles that act as magnets for water droplets sitting in clouds—the more smoky particles ejected into the sky, the more rain comes down.

So, researchers assumed that more wildfires equal more rainfall. But a new study flipped those assumptions upside down. Turns out, the murky relationship between wildfire smoke and cloud formation only holds true for clouds high in the atmosphere.

For those closer to the ground, the mingling of smoky particles may actually make it less likely that rain will fall, triggering a cascade of reactions that fuel instead of calm fire activity on land.

They found that clouds hovering above wildfires contained about five times the number of droplets than clouds free of smoky particles, yet the droplets were half the size of those in their "clean" counterparts.

This unexpected size difference, researchers say, is what could determine if we will experience a downpour or a meaningless drizzle.

Cynthia H. Twohy et al, Biomass Burning Smoke and Its Influence on Clouds Over the Western U. S., Geophysical Research Letters (2021). DOI: 10.1029/2021GL094224

--

Smaller droplets are less likely to grow into heavier ones that will eventually fall as rain, meaning wildfire seasons could be exacerbated by drier conditions on land that ultimately fuel more and larger blazes.

https://phys.org/news/2021-08-wildfire-raindrops-meaningless-drizzl...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 17, 2021 at 10:42am

How jet streams affect our weather: an in-depth guide

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on August 17, 2021 at 10:14am

Fighting fungal infections with smart nanotech

Newly engineered nanoparticles the size of coronavirus  developed by scientists are punching well above their weight when it comes to treating drug-resistant fungal infections.

They have  a remarkable ability to battle one of the most invasive and notoriously resistant fungal infections—Candida albicans. Micelles are made of lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions. They both attract and repel liquids, making them particularly well suited for drug delivery.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is extremely dangerous to people with compromised immune systems, particularly those in a hospital setting. Found on many surfaces, Candida albicans is notorious for its resilience to anti-fungal medicines. It is the most prevalent cause of fungal infections worldwide and can cause serious infections that can affect the blood, heart, brain, eyes, bones, and other parts of the body.

The new polymer-based micelles could revolutionize current anti-fungal medicines.

Fungal biofilms are surface-loving microbials that thrive on implanted devices such as catheters, prostheses and heart valves, making the presence of these devices a major risk factor for infection.

"In places like India—which has nearly 40,000 new COVID-19 infections every day—hospital resources are severely stretched, leaving healthcare workers are not only battling COVID-19, but also dealing with complacency and fatigue.

"The unfortunate result is that infection control practices have deteriorated, putting patients on mechanical ventilation at greater risk of developing bacterial or fungal infections.

"As fungal biofilms tend to seed recurrent infections, finding ways to break and beat the infection cycle is critical, especially now. 

smart micelles that have the ability to break down single and multi-species biofilms to significantly inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, one of the most virulent fungal species.

Researchers estimate that the new micelles could improve the efficacy of anti-fungal medicines by 100-fold, potentially saving the lives of millions of people worldwide. 

These micelles have a unique ability to solubilize and entrap a range of important antifungal drugs to significantly improve their performance and efficacy."

This is the first time that polymer-based micelles have been created with intrinsic capabilities to prevent fungal biofilm formation.

The new micelles will remove up to 70 percent of infection, this could be a real game changer for treating fungal diseases.

 Yassamin N. Albayaty et al, Polymeric micelles with anti-virulence activity against Candida albicans in a single- and dual-species biofilm, Drug Delivery and Translational Research (2021). DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00943-4

Yassamin N. Albayaty et al, pH-Responsive copolymer micelles to enhance itraconazole efficacy against Candida albicans biofilms, Journal of Materials Chemistry B (2020). DOI: 10.1039/C9TB02586C

https://phys.org/news/2021-08-fungal-infections-giant-smart-nanotec...

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