Comment

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 6, 2025 at 9:57am

Macaws learn by watching interactions of others, a skill never seen in animals before

One of the most effective ways we learn is through third-party imitation, where we observe and then copy the actions and behaviors of others. Until recently, this was thought to be a unique human trait, but a new study published in Scientific Reports reveals that macaws also possess this ability.

Second-party imitation is already known to exist in the animal kingdom. Parrots are renowned for their ability to imitate human speech and actions, and primates, such as chimpanzees, have learned to open a puzzle box by observing a human demonstrator. But third-party imitation is different because it involves learning by observing two or more individuals interact rather than by direct instruction.

Scientists chose blue-throated macaws for this study because they live in complex social groups in the wild, where they need to learn new behaviors to fit in quickly. Parrots, like macaws, are also very smart and can do things like copy sounds and make tools.

To find out whether macaws could learn through third-party imitation, researchers worked with two groups of them, performing more than 4,600 trials. In the test group, these birds watched another macaw perform one of five different target actions in response to a human's hand signals. These were fluffing up feathers, spinning its body, vocalizing, lifting a leg or flapping its wings. In the control group, macaws were given the same hand signals without ever seeing another bird perform the actions.

The results were clear. The test group learned more actions than the control group, meaning the interactions between the single macaw and the human experimenter helped them learn specific behaviors. They also learned these actions faster and performed them more accurately than the control group. The study's authors suggest that this ability to learn from passively observing two or more individuals helps macaws adapt to new social situations and may even contribute to their own cultural traditions.

The research shows that macaws aren't just smart copycats. They may also have their own complex social lives and cultural norms, similar to humans.

Esha Haldar et al, Third-party imitation is not restricted to humans, Scientific Reports (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-11665-9

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 5, 2025 at 1:18pm

Is this the future of food? 'Sexless' seeds that could transform farming
Scientists are tinkering with plant genes to create crops that seed their own clones, with a host of benefits for farmers.
Sacks of seeds without the sex
Agriculture is on the brink of a revolution: grain crops that produce seeds asexually. The technology — trials of which could start sprouting as early as next month — exploits a quirk of nature called apomixis, in which plants create seeds that produce clones of the parent. Apomixis could slash the time needed to create new varieties of crops, and give smallholder farmers access to affordable high-yielding sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). But before self-cloning crops can be commercialized, the technology must run the regulatory gauntlet.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-02753-x?utm_source=Live+...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 5, 2025 at 12:34pm

After early-life stress, astrocytes can affect behaviour

Astrocytes in the lateral hypothalamus region of the brain, an area involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, play a key role in neuron activity in mice and affect their behavior,  researchers have found.

By broadening medical science's understanding of cerebral mechanisms, the discovery could someday help in the treatment and prevention of depression in humans, the researchers say.

According to the scientific literature, early-life stress leads to a five-fold increase in the risk of developing a mental-health disorder as an adult, notably causing treatment-resistant disorders.

As brain cells, astrocytes are sensitive to variations in the blood concentration of metabolites and, in response to changes in the blood, astrocytes can modulate the extent of their interaction with neurons, their neighboring cells.

In mice, those changes are particularly responsive to the level of corticosterone, the stress hormone in the rodents' blood.

In adult mice who experienced early-life stress, researchers saw abnormally high levels of corticosterone. The impact of stress on behavior also differed according to sex. Females were less active at night, while males were hyperactive during the day.

In people with depression who have experienced a similar type of stress, these sex differences have also been observed.

 Lewis R. Depaauw-Holt et al, A divergent astrocytic response to stress alters activity patterns via distinct mechanisms in male and female mice, Nature Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-61643-y

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 5, 2025 at 12:29pm

Fetal brain harm linked to pregnancy infection

A specific bacterial infection during pregnancy that can cause severe harm to the unborn brain has been identified for the first time, in a finding that could have huge implications for prenatal health.

Previous studies have disagreed on whether fetal exposure to Ureaplasma parvum has a detrimental effect on brain development, so newborn health specialists of Medical Research set out to determine the answer, once and for all.

Ureaplasma parvum Serovars 3 and 6 are among the most common types that are isolated in pregnancies complicated by infection/inflammation, so they tested them individually in a pre-clinical model and the results were clear.

They showed that long-term exposure to a specific subtype of Ureaplasma (parvum 6) resulted in loss of cells that are responsible for the production of myelin (the fatty sheath that insulates nerve cells in the brain).

This resulted in less myelin production and a disruption to the architecture of myelin in the brain. This sort of disruption to myelin production can have a devastating and lifelong impact on neurodevelopment, cognition and motor function.

By contrast, they also showed that exposure to another subtype of Ureaplasma (parvum 3) had little effect on neurodevelopment.

Many of the babies affected by this infection in utero are at a much higher risk of preterm birth and the chronic intensive care and inflammation associated with being born too early, the researchers say.

Dima Abdu et al, Intra-amniotic infection with Ureaplasma parvum causes serovar-dependent white matter damage in preterm fetal sheep, Brain Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaf182

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 5, 2025 at 11:22am

Why we slip on ice: Physicists challenge centuries-old assumptions

For over a hundred years, schoolchildren around the world have learned that ice melts when pressure and friction are applied. When you step out onto an icy pavement in winter, you can slip up because of the pressure exerted by your body weight through the sole of your (still warm) shoe. But it turns out that this explanation misses the mark.

New research  reveals that it's not pressure or friction that causes ice to become slippery, but rather the interaction between molecular dipoles in the ice and those on the contacting surface, such as a shoe sole.

The work is published in the journal Physical Review Letters. This insight overturns a paradigm established nearly two centuries ago by the brother of Lord Kelvin, James Thompson, who proposed that pressure and friction contribute to ice melting alongside temperature.

It turns out that neither pressure nor friction plays a particularly significant part in forming the thin liquid layer on ice.

Instead,computer stimulations by researchers reveal that molecular dipoles are the key drivers behind the formation of this slippery layer, which so often causes us to lose our footing in winter. But what exactly is a dipole? A molecular dipole arises when a molecule has regions of partial positive and partial negative charge, giving the molecule an overall polarity that points in a specific direction.

Achraf Atila et al, Cold Self-Lubrication of Sliding Ice, Physical Review Letters (2025). DOI: 10.1103/1plj-7p4z

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 5, 2025 at 10:49am

Cooling pollen sunscreen can block UV rays without harming corals

Materials scientists have invented the world's first pollen-based sunscreen derived from Camellia flowers.

In experiments, the pollen-based sunscreen absorbed and blocked harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays as effectively as commercially available sunscreens, which commonly use minerals like titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
In laboratory tests on corals, commercial sunscreen induced coral bleaching in just two days, leading to coral death by day six. Each year, an estimated 6,000 to 14,000 tons of commercial sunscreen make their way into the ocean, as people wash it off in the sea or it flows in from wastewater.

In contrast, the pollen-based sunscreen did not affect the corals, which remained healthy even up to 60 days.

In other tests, the pollen-based sunscreen also demonstrated its ability to reduce surface skin temperature, thereby helping to keep the skin cool in the presence of simulated sunlight.

Nature's Guard: UV Filter from Pollen, Advanced Functional Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202516936. advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.c … .1002/adfm.202516936

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 4, 2025 at 12:20pm

How aging drives neurodegenerative diseases

A research team has identified a direct molecular link between aging and neurodegeneration by investigating how age-related changes in cell signaling contribute to toxic protein aggregation.

Although aging is the biggest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, scientists still don't fully understand which age-associated molecular alterations drive their development.

Using the small nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, a research team studied a signaling pathway that leads to pathological protein accumulation with age. Their new paper is published in Nature Aging.

The team focused on the aging-associated protein EPS8 and the signaling pathways it regulates. This protein is known to accumulate with age and to activate harmful stress responses that lead to a shorter lifespan in worms.

Researchers found that increased levels of EPS8, and the activation of its signaling pathways, drive pathological protein aggregation and neurodegeneration—typical features of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). By reducing EPS8 activity, the group was then able to prevent the build-up of the toxic protein aggregates and preserve neuronal function in worm models of these two diseases.

Importantly, EPS8 and its signaling partners are evolutionarily conserved and also present in human cells. Similar to what they achieved in the worms, the team was able to prevent the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates in human cell models of Huntington's disease and ALS by reducing EPS8 levels.

Seda Koyuncu et al, The aging factor EPS8 induces disease-related protein aggregation through RAC signaling hyperactivation, Nature Aging (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s43587-025-00943-w

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 4, 2025 at 12:08pm

Shampoo-like gel could help chemo patients keep their hair

Cancer fighters know that losing their hair is often part of the battle, but researchers have developed a shampoo-like gel that has been tested in animal models and could protect hair from falling out during chemotherapy treatment.

Baldness from chemotherapy-induced alopecia causes personal, social and professional anxiety for everyone who experiences it. Currently, there are few solutions—the only ones that are approved are cold caps worn on the patient's head, which are expensive and have their own extensive side effects.

The gel is a hydrogel, which absorbs a lot of water and provides long-lasting delivery of drugs to the patient's scalp. The hydrogel is designed to be applied to the patient's scalp before the start of chemotherapy and left on their head as long as the chemotherapy drugs are in their system—or until they are ready to easily wash it off.

During chemotherapy treatment, chemotherapeutic drugs circulate throughout the body. When these drugs reach the blood vessels surrounding the hair follicles on the scalp, they kill or damage the follicles, which releases the hair from the shaft and causes it to fall out.
The gel, containing the drugs lidocaine and adrenalone, prevents most of the chemotherapy drugs from reaching the hair follicle by restricting the blood flow to the scalp. Dramatic reduction in drugs reaching the follicle will help protect the hair and prevent it from falling out.

To support practical use of this "shampoo," the gel is designed to be temperature responsive. For example, at body temperature, the gel is thicker and clings to the patient's hair and scalp surface. When the gel is exposed to slightly cooler temperatures, the gel becomes thinner and more like a liquid that can be easily washed away.

 Romila Manchanda et al, Hydrogel-based drug delivery system designed for chemotherapy-induced alopecia, Biomaterials Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214452

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 4, 2025 at 12:02pm

Pancreatic insulin disruption triggers bipolar disorder-like behaviors in mice, study shows

Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by alternating episodes of depression (i.e., low mood and a loss of interest in everyday activities) and mania (i.e., a state in which arousal and energy levels are abnormally high). On average, an estimated 1–2% of people worldwide are diagnosed with bipolar disorder at some point during their lives.

Bipolar disorder can be highly debilitating, particularly if left untreated. Understanding the neural and physiological processes that contribute to its emergence could thus be very valuable, as it could inform the development of new prevention and treatment strategies.

In addition to experiencing periodic changes in mood, individuals diagnosed with this disorder often exhibit some metabolic symptoms, including changes in their blood sugar levels. While some previous studies reported an association between blood sugar control mechanisms and bipolar disorder, the biological link between the two has not yet been uncovered.

Researchers recently carried out a study aimed at further exploring the link between insulin secretion and bipolar disorder-like behaviors, particularly focusing on the expression of the gene RORβ. 

Their findings, published in Nature Neuroscience, show that an overexpression of this gene in a subtype of pancreatic cells disrupts the release of insulin, which in turn prompts a feedback loop with a region of the brain known as the hippocampus, producing alternative depression-like and mania-like behaviors in mice.

The results in mice point to a pancreas–hippocampus feedback mechanism by which metabolic and circadian factors cooperate to generate behavioral fluctuations, and which may play a role in bipolar disorder, wrote the authors.

Yao-Nan Liu et al, A pancreas–hippocampus feedback mechanism regulates circadian changes in depression-related behaviors, Nature Neuroscience (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-025-02040-y.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 4, 2025 at 11:57am

SeeMe detects hidden signs of consciousness in brain injury patients

SeeMe, a computer vision tool tested by Stony Brook University researchers, was able to detect low-amplitude, voluntary facial movements in comatose acute brain injury patients days before clinicians could identify overt responses.

There are ways to detect covert consciousness with EEG and fMRI, though these are not always available. Many acute brain injury patients appear unresponsive in early care, with signs that are so small, or so infrequent, that they are simply missed.

In the study, "Computer vision detects covert voluntary facial movements in unresponsive brain injury patients," published in Communications Medicine, investigators designed SeeMe to quantify tiny facial movements in response to auditory commands with the objective of identifying early, stimulus-evoked behavior.

A single-center prospective cohort included 37 comatose acute brain injury patients and 16 healthy volunteers, aged 18–85, enrolled at Stony Brook University Hospital. Patients had initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores ≤8 and no prior neurologically debilitating diagnoses.

SeeMe tagged facial pores at ~0.2 mm resolution and tracked movement vectors while subjects heard three commands: open your eyes, stick out your tongue, and show me a smile.

Results indicate earlier and broader detection with SeeMe. Eye-opening was detected on average 9.1 (± 5.5) days after injury by SeeMe versus 13.2 (± 11.4) days by clinical examination, yielding a 4.1-day lead.

SeeMe identified eye-opening in 30 of 36 patients (85.7%) compared with 25 of 36 (71.4%) by clinical exam. Among patients without an endotracheal tube obscuring the mouth, SeeMe detected mouth movements in 16 of 17 (94.1%).

In seven patients with analyzable mouth videos and clinical command following, SeeMe identified reproducible mouth responses 8.3 days earlier on average. Amplitude and frequency of SeeMe-positive responses correlated with discharge outcomes on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, with significant Kruskal-Wallis results for both features.

A deep neural network classifier trained on SeeMe-positive trials identified command specificity with 81% accuracy for eye-opening and an overall accuracy of 65%. Additional observations were lower, with 37% for tongue movement and 47% for smile, indicating a strong specificity for eyes.

Authors conclude that acute brain injury patients can exhibit low-amplitude, stimulus-evoked facial movements before overt signs appear at bedside, suggesting that many covertly conscious patients may have motor behavior currently undetected by clinicians.

Earlier detection could inform family discussions, guide rehabilitation timing, and serve as a quantitative signal for future monitoring or interface-based communication strategies, while complementing standard examinations.

Xi Cheng et al, Computer vision detects covert voluntary facial movements in unresponsive brain injury patients, Communications Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s43856-025-01042-y

• ‹ Previous
• 1
• …
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• …
• 1113
• Next ›
• Page