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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 8, 2021 at 11:43am

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 8, 2021 at 8:17am

Why Arthritis Keeps Flaring Up in The Same Joints

According to new research conducted on mice, this could be because our immune system keeps a record of these past afflictions, creating a personalized disease pattern in each individual. Understanding more about how and why this happens could open up new opportunities for treating the disorder.

This latest study zooms in on the T cells in mice's bodies, white blood cells that are key to the immune system. In particular, the T cells in the synovium – the tissue lining the inside of the capsule around each joint – appear to hold a memory of previous RA problems.

Overwhelmingly, flares occur in a previously involved joint. The study shows that  these T cells anchor themselves in the joints and stick around indefinitely after the flare is over, waiting for another trigger. If you delete these cells, arthritis flares stop.

This was demonstrated through two mouse models using chemical triggers to cause joint inflammation and one mouse model using a genetic trigger to generate the same effect: The researchers removed a protein that blocked the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1.

These triggers caused T cells to rally other cells to the immunity cause, leading to arthritis flare-ups in specific joints in the mice. When these T cells were taken out, additional inflammation was prevented. These T cells don't move between joints and take up "long-term residency" where they are, the researchers say, ready to be reactivated again.

The approach taken here was actually inspired by skin studies. T cells with a form of memory are known to reside in the skin, leading to repeating patterns in skin problems such as psoriasis. It also happens with reactions to nickel in jewelry or wristwatches.

The research team thinks that other types of autoimmune arthritis could work in the same way, which could lead to better treatments and approaches to these issues. The next step is to confirm that the same process happens in humans and find out ways to target it.

https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(21)01372-3

https://www.sciencealert.com/immune-system-memory-might-explain-why...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 8, 2021 at 6:54am

Dr. Kamal Ranadive’s 104th BirthdayToday’s (google's) Doodle celebrates Indian cell biologist Dr. Kamal Ranadive, who is best known for her groundbreaking cancer research and devotion to creating a more equitable society through science and education.

Kamal Ranadive was an Indian biomedical researcher who is known for her research in cancer about the links between cancers and viruses. She was a founder member of the Indian Women Scientists' Association.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 7, 2021 at 12:08pm

How bacteria can clean up oil spills too 

Bacteria are often painted as our adversaries, but when it comes to oil spills, toxic chemicals, and radioactive waste, they could be what save us from ourselves.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 6, 2021 at 9:34am

Another expected differentiator affecting micro-fracture propagation in human skeletons is bone density, which decreases with age after people reach about 40 years of age, and which might be susceptible to greater amounts of lightning-induced fracturing due to bones being more brittle.

According to the researchers, a two-fold mechanism explains why the micro-fractures in bones form the way they do.

"Firstly, the current itself produces a high-pressure shock wave when traveling through the bone," members of the research team explain in an article written for The Conversation.

"Lightning specialists term this barotrauma: the passage of electrical energy literally blows bone cells apart."

The second mechanism is an example of the piezoelectric effect, affecting how bone behaves when it's in an electric field.

"Collagen, the organic part of bone, is arranged as fibers or fibrils," the researchers explain.

"These fibrils rearrange themselves when a current is applied, causing stress to build up in the mineralized and crystallized component of bone, in turn leading to deformation and cracking."

For forensic pathologists, the discovery of the micro-fracture patterns could indeed be a "smoking gun", indicating the probable cause of death in mysterious fatalities where no other evidence remains.

For the rest of us, if we want to avoid sustaining these microscopic ruptures ourselves, it's best to stay inside whenever the weather looks like it could turn deadly.

After all, even if lightning (almost) never strikes twice, it often only needs once.

The findings are reported in Forensic Science International: Synergy.

https://www.sciencealert.com/lightning-strikes-carve-a-deadly-signa...

part 2

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 6, 2021 at 9:33am

Lightning Strikes Carve a Deadly Signature Deep Inside The Bones, Scientists Discover

When a body is struck by lightning, a lot of different things happen. For those who do not survive the ordeal, a range of physical evidence is left on their bodies that can identify the cause of death: damage to the skin, including sometimes burn marks, as well as trauma to various organs.

But what if all the tissue decomposes? From the standpoint of forensic scientists who may only have bones to work with, does lightning leave any discernible trace behind on a skeleton?

According to a new study, yes it does.

In previous experiments, Bacci and fellow researchers identified these unique markers in animal bones, noting "extensive micro-fracturing and fragmentation of the bone matrix" in pig bones subjected to high impulse current, simulating the electrical jolt of a lightning bolt.

In that study, the same kind of micro-fracturing was also seen in the bones of a wild giraffe that was killed by a lightning strike, but it remained unclear whether human skeletons exposed to lightning-levels of current would reveal the same gruesome signature.

With the aid of cadavers donated to science, we now have our answer, with the researchers observing similar patterns of micro-fracturing in human bone subjected to the current application, and of a kind that's distinct from purely thermally induced changes to bone (such as bones burnt in a fire).

"[The lightning damage] takes the form of cracks which radiate out from the center of bone cells, or which jump irregularly between clusters of cells. The pattern of trauma is identical even though the micro-structure of human bone is different from animal bone.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 6, 2021 at 8:25am

A research  team found that molecules of non-coding RNA are responsible for establishing "compartments" within the nucleus and shepherding in key molecules to precise regions in the genome. Noncoding RNA are molecules that do not encode for proteins, and instead have an array of functions that are often still mysterious to biologists. In the library analogy, non-coding RNA molecules act as the "shelves" that organize different groups of genes and the machinery that interacts with them.

Understanding how genetic material is organized spatially is a crucial part of understanding the basic workings of life. Dysfunction within the nucleus is a hallmark of many diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and others.

The research was made possible by a powerful tool developed in the Guttman laboratory that enables detailed views of the RNA world, called RD-SPRITE (RNA and DNA Split-Pool Recognition of Interactions by Tag Extension). In essence, RD-SPRITE works by tagging molecules of RNA and DNA with miniscule unique barcodes based on their locations; analyzing the barcodes can then tell you which molecules were at which positions within the cell.

 Sofia A. Quinodoz et al, RNA promotes the formation of spatial compartments in the nucleus, Cell (2021). DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.014

https://phys.org/news/2021-11-vast-library-cells.html?utm_source=nw...

Part2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 6, 2021 at 8:24am

The vast little library inside your cells

The human genome can be thought of as a massive library, containing over 20,000 different "instruction manuals": your genes. For example, there are genes which contain information to build a brain cell, a skin cell, a white blood cell, and so on. There are even genes that contain information about regulating the genome itself—like books that explain how to organize a library. The ability to regulate gene expression—in other words, the cell's ability to turn various constellations of genes on or off—is the basis of why different cells (such as a muscle cell or a brain cell) have different forms and functions.
In a cellular nucleus, there is over six feet of genetic material packed into a space 50 times smaller than the width of a human hair. How is the "library" in the nucleus organized? When a cell needs to regulate certain genes, how does the cellular machinery find the right ones amongst 20,000 others?
A new study uses a powerful new tool that can peer into the world of the cell's genetic material (DNA and RNA) in order to find answers to these questions.

Part1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 6, 2021 at 8:16am

In their lab, the researchers captured a host of infected and non-infected flies. Males were given a choice of mating with either an infected or non-infected female, and more often than not, chose the one that was infected. This suggested that the fungus was doing something to make the infected female more attractive to the male even though she was dead. In studying the dead females, the researchers found instances of unusual volatile compounds, including some chemicals called sesquiterpenes, which are not normally associated with house flies but have been found to sexually attract many types of insects, including house flies.

Fungus uses zombie female beetles to infect males

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More information: Andreas Naundrup et al, A pathogenic fungus uses volatiles to entice male flies into fatal matings with infected female cadavers, bioRxiv (2021). DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.21.465334

https://phys.org/news/2021-11-fungus-chemicals-male-flies-infected....

part2

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on November 6, 2021 at 8:15am

A fungus that uses chemicals to trick male flies into mating with infected dead females

A combined team of researchers from the University of Copenhagen and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences reports that a certain fungus uses chemicals to trick male flies into mating with infected dead females. They have written a paper describing their findings and have posted it on the bioXiv preprint server.

Prior research has shown that some types of fungus can give insect victims what has become known as summit disease, in which a victim's nervous system is infected and the unwilling creature begins climbing to the highest vantage point possible. Once there, the wings are spread wide and the victim begins spewing spores. In this new effort, the researchers have found a fungus that takes summit disease one step further by having its female victims also emit chemicals that sexually attract males.

In studying the fungus Entomophthora muscae, the researchers found that it was capable of infecting other insects, primarily house flies, with summit disease. Airborne spores land on a female victim and penetrate her skin. Soon, they invade her entire body, including her nervous system and brain. Chemicals produced by the spores incite the female to begin climbing until she reaches the highest possible point, such as a leaf on a tree. Then, she opens her wings and dies. Meanwhile, the fungus covers her body with little spore-filled cannons. At some point, a male happens by, and when he touches her body, the cannons fire, filling the air with spores, ready to infect others in the vicinity.

Part 1

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