Science Simplified!

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 11, 2014 at 3:22pm

This is what happens when you pee in the pool
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/gory-details/what-happens-when-you...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 11, 2014 at 3:17pm

Scientists have found that the two drugs used across the world to treat swine flu — Tamiflu and Relenza — are no better than Paracetamol in relieving flu symptoms and are next to useless in preventing a pandemic.

Many countries including India have spent millions of dollars in stockpiling these two drugs fearing a swine flu pandemic.

According to an independent panel of scientists, companies behind the two drugs held back crucial information that showed just how ineffective they were in clinical trials.
Main anti-swine flu drugs found to be useless
_ Agencies

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 11, 2014 at 2:34pm

Electronic cigarettes can change gene expression in a similar way to tobacco, according to one of the first studies to investigate the biological effects of the devices.
E-cigarettes affect cells
http://www.nature.com/news/e-cigarettes-affect-cells-1.15015

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 11, 2014 at 2:29pm

The 10 Most Diabolical and Disgusting Parasites
http://www.livescience.com/13040-10-disgusting-parasites-zombie-ant...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 11, 2014 at 2:23pm

You have never lived in reality. Instead your brain gathers bits and pieces of data from your sensory systems and builds a virtual simulation of the world.
One groundbreaking new illusion exploits the fact that our perception of motion emerges from the interaction between an object's actual motion and its background.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/best-illusions-of-the-yea...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 11, 2014 at 2:18pm

Did Life Originate At Deep Sea Vents?
Recent research by geochemists Eoghan Reeves, Jeff Seewald, and Jill McDermott at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) is the first to test a fundamental assumption of this ‘metabolism first’ hypothesis, and finds that it may not have been as easy as previously assumed. Instead, their findings could provide a focus for the search for life on other planets. The work is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

In 1977, scientists discovered biological communities unexpectedly living around seafloor hydrothermal vents, far from sunlight and thriving on a chemical soup rich in hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur, spewing from the geysers. Inspired by these findings, scientists later proposed that hydrothermal vents provided an ideal environment with all the ingredients needed for microbial life to emerge on early Earth. A central figure in this hypothesis is a simple sulfur-containing carbon compound called “methanethiol” – a supposed geologic precursor of the Acetyl-CoA enzyme present in many organisms, including humans. Scientists suspected methanethiol could have been the “starter dough” from which all life emerged.

http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113118229/did-life-originate-...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 10, 2014 at 6:51am

Scientists have found that drinking water can activate different areas of the brain, depending on whether the subject is thirsty or satiated.

Brains Know When To Stop Drinking Water
Our brains are hardwired to stop us from drinking more water than is healthy, according to a new brain imaging study led by The University Of Melbourne and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health in Australia.

The study found a ‘stop mechanism’ that controlled the brain signals telling an individual to stop drinking water when no longer thirsty, as well as the effects of drinking more water than required on the brain.

Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research used magnetic resonance imaging to scan two physiological conditions of the brain, starting with scanning brain regions during the experience of thirst. Participants were then removed from the scanner and asked to drink to satiation or ‘overdrink’ and returned for further scanning.

Different areas of the brain involved in emotional decision-making were activated when people drank water after becoming thirsty and when study participants followed instructions to keep drinking when no longer thirsty.” 



“The brain regions determining the signals to stop drinking have not previously been recognized in this context. It identifies an important component in regulation and this ‘stop mechanism’ may prevent complications from excessive water intake”.
Scientists have found that drinking water can activate different areas of the brain, depending on whether the subject is thirsty or satiated.

Our brains are hardwired to stop us from drinking more water than is healthy, according to a new brain imaging study led by The University Of Melbourne and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health in Australia.

The study found a ‘stop mechanism’ that controlled the brain signals telling an individual to stop drinking water when no longer thirsty, as well as the effects of drinking more water than required on the brain.

Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research used magnetic resonance imaging to scan two physiological conditions of the brain, starting with scanning brain regions during the experience of thirst. Participants were then removed from the scanner and asked to drink to satiation or ‘overdrink’ and returned for further scanning.


Researcher Professor Derek Denton from the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences at the University of Melbourne said the study provided insight into the human instincts that determine survival behavior and are also of medical importance. 



“Different areas of the brain involved in emotional decision-making were activated when people drank water after becoming thirsty and when study participants followed instructions to keep drinking when no longer thirsty.” 



“The brain regions determining the signals to stop drinking have not previously been recognized in this context. It identifies an important component in regulation and this ‘stop mechanism’ may prevent complications from excessive water intake,” he said.

Overdrinking can reduce the salt concentration of the blood that can result in the swelling of the brain, a potentially fatal condition. Also known as polydipsia, it has been found in some patients with schizophrenia and in some marathon runners.
“This is a study of elements of gratification and how the body programs accurate behavior. In revealing aspects of gratification control, the data are relevant to study the gratification of other instincts, such as food intake, salt intake and sexual behavior”.
''Regional brain responses associated with drinking water during thirst and after its satiation''
http://www.pnas.org/content/111/14/5379

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 10, 2014 at 6:43am

Researchers have found that inflammation of the nervous system is higher in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) than in healthy people.

The study, published in The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, suggests that using positron emission tomography (PET) scans to detect brain inflammation could be an objective diagnostic test for CFS.
''Toward a clearer diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome''
http://www.riken.jp/en/pr/press/2014/20140404_1/

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 10, 2014 at 6:41am

Scientists in Taiwan has uncovered how a viral DNA polymerase breaks the golden Watson-Crick rule.
Replication of DNA occurs in all living organisms and forms the basis of biological inheritance. DNA is formed and replicated through the pairing of the four nucleotides, adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G) in a specific pattern: A pairs with T and C pairs with G. This is known as the Watson-Crick base-pairing rule. The synthesis of new strands of DNA is facilitated by enzymes called DNA polymerases.

Scientists have long been fascinated by the fidelity of the DNA polymerase reaction — the way in which the pairing rule is invariably followed. However, in recent years scientists have discovered polymerases that do not follow the Watson-Crick rule, and have sought explanations for how these enzymes function.

Recently published in the chemistry periodical Journal of American Chemistry, Tsai’s research investigated a DNA polymerase from the African swine fever virus named Pol X. Pol X is unusual because it can get G to pair with itself, on top of following the Watson-Crick rule.
In conventional DNA polymerization, the enzyme firsts binds to the DNA, and only subsequently the free nucleotides. This allows the DNA sequence to determine which nucleotide binds, restricting the binding to nucleotides complementary to the DNA template. The team found, however, that Pol X is able to bind nucleotides in the absence of DNA.

“Kinetic studies suggested that Pol X does not follow the established mechanistic paradigm that DNA polymerases bind DNA before binding to a nucleotide,” Tsai explained.

The results demonstrate the first solution structural view of DNA polymerase catalysis and a novel mechanism for non-Watson-Crick incorporation by a low-fidelity DNA polymerase.
''How a Low-Fidelity DNA Polymerase Chooses Non-Watson–Crick from Watson–Crick Incorporation''
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja4102375

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 10, 2014 at 6:38am

An interdisciplinary research team of researchers has designed ultra-fast electrical circuits using quantum tunneling.
Quantum Tunneling Speeds Up Circuits
- http://www.nus.edu.sg/

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