Science Simplified!

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 25, 2015 at 7:13am

Labs are not boring places.  Apart from searching for and spreading knowledge they have aesthetic values too! See for yourself :

http://gizmodo.com/these-are-the-most-beautiful-science-labs-in-the...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 24, 2015 at 9:57am

Heritability of Attractiveness to Mosquitoes
Abstract

Female mosquitoes display preferences for certain individuals over others, which is determined by differences in volatile chemicals produced by the human body and detected by mosquitoes. Body odour can be controlled genetically but the existence of a genetic basis for differential attraction to insects has never been formally demonstrated. This study investigated heritability of attractiveness to mosquitoes by evaluating the response of Aedes aegypti (=Stegomyia aegypti) mosquitoes to odours from the hands of identical and non-identical twins in a dual-choice assay. Volatiles from individuals in an identical twin pair showed a high correlation in attractiveness to mosquitoes, while non-identical twin pairs showed a significantly lower correlation. Overall, there was a strong narrow-sense heritability of 0.62 (SE 0.124) for relative attraction and 0.67 (0.354) for flight activity based on the average of ten measurements. The results demonstrate an underlying genetic component detectable by mosquitoes through olfaction. Understanding the genetic basis for attractiveness could create a more informed approach to repellent development.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.01...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 24, 2015 at 9:50am

Asthma's potential root cause has been identified...
A team of scientists have for the first time identified the potential root cause of asthma and an existing drug that offers a new treatment. Published in Science Translational Medicine, Cardiff University researchers, working in collaboration with scientists at King’s College London and the Mayo Clinic (USA), describe the previously unproven role of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in causing asthma, a disease which affects 300 million people worldwide.

The team, which includes Professor Christopher Corrigan and Professor Jeremy Ward from the Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology at King’s College London, used mouse models of asthma and human airway tissue from asthmatic and non-asthmatic people to reach their findings.

Crucially, the paper highlights the effectiveness of a class of drugs known as calcilytics in manipulating CaSR to reverse all symptoms associated with the condition. These symptoms include airway narrowing, airway twitchiness and inflammation - all of which contribute to increased breathing difficulty. For the first time researchers have found a link airways inflammation, which can be caused by environmental triggers - such as allergens, cigarette smoke and car fumes – and airways twitchiness in allergic asthma.
The research paper shows how these triggers release chemicals that activate CaSR in airway tissue and drive asthma symptoms like airway twitchiness, inflammation, and narrowing. Using calcilytics, nebulized directly into the lungs, and show that it is possible to deactivate CaSR and prevent all of these symptoms.
The identification of CaSR in airway tissue means that the potential for treatment of other inflammatory lung diseases beyond asthma is immense. These include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis, for which currently there exists no cure. It is predicted that by 2020 these diseases will be the third biggest killers worldwide.

The team is now seeking funding to determine the efficacy of calcilytic drugs in treating asthmas that are especially difficult to treat, particularly steroid-resistant and influenza-exacerbated asthma, and to test these drugs in patients with asthma.
Calcilytics were first developed for the treatment of osteoporosis around 15 years ago with the aim of strengthening deteriorating bone by targeting CaSR to induce the release of an anabolic hormone. Although clinically safe and well tolerated in people, calcilytics proved unsuccessful in treating osteoporosis.

But this latest breakthrough has provided researchers with the unique opportunity to re-purpose these drugs, potentially accelerating the time it takes for them to be approved for use asthma patients. Once funding has been secured, the group aim to be trialling the drugs on humans within two years.
- King's College London

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 23, 2015 at 8:15am

Social exchange can amplify subjective fears and risk perception...
New findings by scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and the University of Konstanz show that subjective fears about potential risks may be amplified in social exchange. Their findings have now been published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA .
Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and the University of Konstanz studied 10-person communication chains in the laboratory. In an experiment based on a “pass the message” game, they examined how risk information is transmitted from one person to the next, and how this process influences risk perception. The results show not only that information is often gradually lost or distorted, but that new information can be spontaneously created. “The participants’ messages became shorter, less accurate, and increasingly dissimilar,“ says Mehdi Moussaïd, lead author of the study and researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin.
The authors of the study found that participants’ preconceptions affected the information transmitted, and in turn influenced the perceptions of those receiving the information. The subjective view of the communicator was thus amplified. “People tend to single out the information that fits their preconceptions, and communicates primarily that information to the next person,“ says Henry Brighton, co-author of the study and researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development. This can lead to preconceptions being reinforced, so that the original message eventually has a negligible impact on the receiver’s judgments, and leads to an increasingly alarmist perception of potential risks.
The results of this study provide insights into the public response to risk and the formation of often unnecessary fears and anxieties. The researchers emphasize the socio-political importance of the realistic assessment of potential dangers. To combat the social amplification of risk, they call for the open, transparent communication of scientific evidence. “Without scaremongering, but also without giving people a false sense of security or an illusion of certainty,“ says co-author Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Professor of Social Psychology and Decision Sciences at the University of Konstanz.
"The amplification of risk in experimental diffusion chains"
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/04/14/1421883112

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 23, 2015 at 6:49am

Forensic geo-science:
http://www.nature.com/news/forensic-science-the-soil-sleuth-1.17373

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 22, 2015 at 6:17am

How to avoid pet-associated (zoonotic infections) diseases:

We all love pets. However, we can get a few diseases from them too - especially those who are more vulnerable like young children, older people and people with weak immune systems because of various diseases are at higher risk.

Disease can be transmitted to people by all kinds of pets. Examples of the types of pathogens that can be transmitted include Salmonella, multidrug resistant bacteria (including Clostridium difficile) and Campylobacter jejuni, as well as parasites such as hookworm, roundworm and Toxoplasma. Routes of transmission include bites, scratches and contact with faeces and indirect transmission via infected surfaces from reptiles and amphibians.

Relatively simple steps can be taken to reduce risk of infection, including use of gloves when cleaning aquariums, cages and removing faeces, hand washing after contact with pets and their living and feeding areas, keeping living, sleeping and feeding areas clean and disinfected, keeping litter boxes away from human food preparation and consumption areas, discouraging face-licking, avoidance of contact with exotic animals, taking pets for regular veterinary checks and holding off on acquiring new pets until immune status of a vulnerable person has improved.

http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2015/04/20/cmaj.141020

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 22, 2015 at 6:06am

How the skin fusing works in wound healing ... an interesting observation by scientists

Scientists from the Goethe University Frankfurt, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg and the University of Zurich explain skin fusion at a molecular level and pinpoint the specific molecules that do the job in their latest publication in the journal Nature Cell Biology.

As a first step, as the scientists discovered, cells find their opposing partner by "sniffing" each other out. As a next step, they develop adherens junctions which act like a molecular Velcro. This way they become strongly attached to their opposing partner cell. The biggest revelation of this study was that small tubes in the cell, called microtubules, attach to this molecular Velcro and then deploy a self-catastrophe, which results in the skin being pulled towards the opening, as if one pulls a blanket over.

Damian Brunner who led the team at the University of Zurich has performed many genetic manipulations to identify the correct components. The scientists were astonished to find that microtubules involved in cell-division are the primary scaffold used for zipping, indicating a mechanism conserved during evolution.

"What was also amazing was the tremendous plasticity of the membranes in this process which managed to close the skin opening in a very short space of time. When five to ten cells have found their respective neighbors, the skin already appears normal", says Achilleas Frangakis from the Goethe University Frankfurt, who led the study.

The scientists hope that their results will open new avenues into the understanding of epithelial plasticity and wound healing.

"Quantitative analysis of cytoskeletal reorganization during epithelial tissue sealing by large-volume electron tomography"

http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ncb3159.html

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 16, 2015 at 1:19pm

Sperm from men with children with early signs of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have distinct DNA methylation patterns which could be contributory to autism. This is the main finding of a new study from researchers in John Hopkins published online in the International Journal of Epidemiology on April 15th.
The authors concluded that the methylation results from paternal sperm, together with the post-mortem brain evidence showing directionally consistent, potentially related epigenetic mechanisms, suggest that epigenetic methylation differences in paternal sperm may be contributory to risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. As this was a relatively small study, the team plans to extend the study to more families to confirm its and to examine occupations and environmental exposures of the fathers in the study. Currently, there is no genetic or epigenetic test available to assess autism risk. Studies such as this may help to address this problem for the future.
http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/04/14/ije.dyv028.s...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 15, 2015 at 11:28am

Physicists are able to make cylindrical objects completely invisible in the microwave range, without using any metamaterial coating layers, ushering in new era of electromagnetic wave scattering.

The scientists from ITMO University, Ioffe Institute and Australian National University achieved the unique result based on light scattering from a glass cylinder filled with water, representing a two-dimensional analog of a classical scattering from a homogenous sphere (Mie scattering).

Using ordinary water whose refractive index can be regulated by reducing temperature, they applied two scattering methods —
resonant and non-resonant scattering. Resonant scattering is related to localization of light inside the cylinder and in non-resonant it is reflected by smooth dependence on the wave frequency, they explained. And interaction between the two mechanisms is called Fano resonances.
In their xperiment, the researchers discovered that at certain frequencies waves scattered via both mechanisms in opposite
phases and are mutually destroyed, making the object invisible. By the cancellation of scattering, they were able to develop a new technique to switch from visibility to invisibility at the same freequency of 1.9GHz by reducing the temperature of water in a cylinder from 90°C to 50°C.

“Our theoretical calculations were successfully tested in microwave experiments. What matters is that the invisibility idea we implemented in our work can be applied to other electromagnetic wave ranges, including to the visible range,” said Mikhail Rybin, lead author of the paper at the Metamaterials Laboratory in ITMO University.

The discovery can help develop nanoantennas, wherein invisible rods could be used as supports for a miniature antenna complex connecting two optical chips. Since the new discovery of invisibility phenomenon in a homogenous object and not an object covered with additional coating layers makes it deviate from conventional ideas of invisibility.

Nevertheless, coating layers based on metamaterials are extremely hard to fabricate and are not compatible with many other invisibility ideas. The new method based on scattering processes leaves behind the existing mechanisms both in simplicity and cost-effectiveness, they said.

Wearing an invisibility cloak is every fantasy-lovers dream. It has caught the attention of physicists for centuries and even films like ‘Mr India’ with an invisibility watch had an exciting viewership, while epics are aplenty about the examples of ancient sages going invisible or making objects invisible.
- http://www.microfinancemonitor.com/2015/04/14/physicists-create-hom...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on April 15, 2015 at 11:09am

Researchers have found that inhibiting DNA recombination at the telomeres can promote longevity, at least in yeast. Their results have been published in PLOS Genetics. Homologous recombination is a process used to repair double stranded breaks in DNA, thereby preventing genome instability which is believed to cause aging. The shortening of telomeres, the physical ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes, has also implicated in aging. However, due to the resemblance of telomeres to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), homologous recombination can not be eliminated from telomeres. Professor Zhou Jinqiu and his group at the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has now identified a telomere recombination regulator, the yeast KEOPS subunit Cgi121, as a novel longevity regulator. They showed that inactivation of Cgi121 inhibited telomere recombination and significantly extended the lifespan of yeast.

''Inhibition of Telomere Recombination by Inactivation of KEOPS Subunit Cgi121 Promotes Cell Longevity''
http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pg...

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