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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 25, 2015 at 8:16am

New insect-borne virus that might cause severe symptoms in human beings found
Scientists have described a previously unknown insect-borne virus, following the death of a man in the Kansas county of Bourbon in the US in mid-2014.

According to the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the otherwise healthy, 50-year-old man was working outside on his property in mid-2014, when he sustained multiple tick bites, which led to an array of symptoms including fever, fatigue, rash, headaches, nausea and vomiting around two days after. After he was hospitalised, his white blood cell count dipped, his lungs and kidney started failing, and by day 11, suffered a heart attack, and died.
Scientists were able to isolate a new virus from a blood sample collected from the patient nine days after he fell ill, and attributed it to the Thogotovirus genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. This family contains six genera - Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus C, Isavirus, Thogotovirus and Quaranjavirus.

The researchers say there’s a marked difference between the symptoms suffered by this man, and other known Thogotoviruses. Thogotoviruses usually cause diseases such as meningitis or encephalitis, where the lining of the brain becomes severely inflamed. But they've never seen these viruses destroy white blood cell counts like the Bourbon virus did to this man.

The team discusses this in the current edition of the CDC journal, Emerging infectious diseases.
Novel Thogotovirus Species Associated with Febrile Illness and Death, United States, 2014
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/5/15-0150_article

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 25, 2015 at 7:45am

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 24, 2015 at 9:18am

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 24, 2015 at 8:56am

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 22, 2015 at 12:52pm

Doctors with conscience speak out
In order to benefit the hospital and meet its commercial needs, one has to do things like keeping patients in the hospital longer than necessary, and doing unnecessary investigations and procedures (including angioplasty) since there was pressure from the management of the hospital.
Read this eye opener here: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Doctors-with-conscience-sp...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 20, 2015 at 9:54am

THE CLOSEST KNOWN FLYBY OF A STAR TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM
http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205/800/1/L17?fromSearchPage=true
a group of astronomers says it's determined that a small binary star system dubbed "Scholz's star" buzzed the edges of our solar system just 70,000 years ago. On the cosmic time scale, that's so recent that we could still practically wave goodbye from our front door.

At that point in history, there may have been both Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans wandering around. In fact, some believe that is right around the point in history when we were just starting to get our evolutionary act together, developing things like languages, tools and really slick cave paintings that descendants would totally dig for eons.
Unfortunately, those early ancestors probably weren't together enough to notice a binary star hanging out at the edge of the Oort cloud, which is a comet cluster of sorts that basically envelopes our solar system at the furthest reaches of the sun's gravity. (Oort does sound like the sort of name a stereotypical caveman society might dream up for such a concept, though.)

The transient star would have passed within about 52,000 astronomical units (1 a.u. = the distance between Earth and our sun) or 0.8 light-years of us, according to a paper published in Astrophysical Journal Letters.

To get a sense of how close that is, consider that the nearest star we know of today, Proxima Centauri, is 4.2 light-years away.

Scholz's star was only passing through, though. The binary system kept on the move and is now 20 light-years away.

As it moved through the Oort cloud, the star system may have agitated the trillions of small bodies believed to be drifting around out there, potentially showering the inner solar system with comets. Not exactly the best kind of visitor to have in the neighborhood.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 20, 2015 at 8:16am

Potential new vaccine blocks every strain of HIV
A new drug candidate is so potent against all strains of HIV, researchers think it could work as a new kind of vaccine.

Developed by researchers from more than a dozen research institutions and led by a team at the Scripps Research Institute in the US, the drug is effective against doses of HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) that have been extracted from humans or rhesus macaques - including what researchers consider to be the ‘hardest-to-stop’ variants. It worked against doses of HIV that are way higher than what would be transmitted between humans, and works for at least eight months after injection.
Scientists announce anti-HIV agent so powerful it can work in a vaccine
Source:
The Scripps Research Institute

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 20, 2015 at 8:14am

Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth
Sea snail teeth: The Strongest Known Biological Structures
The teeth of limpets exploit distinctive composite nanostructures consisting of high volume fractions of reinforcing goethite nanofibres within a softer protein phase to provide mechanical integrity when rasping over rock surfaces during feeding. The tensile strength of discrete volumes of limpet tooth material measured using in situ atomic force microscopy was found to range from 3.0 to 6.5 GPa and was independent of sample size. These observations highlight an absolute material tensile strength that is the highest recorded for a biological material, outperforming the high strength of spider silk currently considered to be the strongest natural material, and approaching values comparable to those of the strongest man-made fibres. This considerable tensile strength of limpet teeth is attributed to a high mineral volume fraction of reinforcing goethite nanofibres with diameters below a defect-controlled critical size, suggesting that natural design in limpet teeth is optimized towards theoretical strength limits.
http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/12/105/20141326

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 20, 2015 at 7:36am

In this amazing video, scientists have sucked the air out of the container and managed to find a pressure/temperature combination that's near the triple point of the fluid, which has been identified as cyclohexane - the triple point is the very precise temperature and pressure at which the three states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) exist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Cyclohexane at the Triple Point

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 20, 2015 at 7:28am

A DNA hard drive has been built that can store data for 1 MILLION years

Scientists have found a way to preserve the world's data for millions of years, by storing it on a tiny strand of DNA preserved in glass.
When you think of humanity’s legacy, the most powerful message for us to leave behind for future civilisations would surely be our billions of terabytes of data. But right now the hard drives and discs that we use to store all this information are frustratingly vulnerable, and unlikely to survive more than a couple of hundred years.

Fortunately scientists have built a DNA time capsule that's capable of safely preserving all of our data for more than a million years.
Researchers already knew that DNA was ideal for data storage. In theory, just 1 gram of DNA is capable of holding 455 exabytes, which is the equivalent of one billion gigabytes, and more than enough space to store all of Google, Facebook and pretty much everyone else's data.

Storing information on DNA is also surprisingly simple - researchers just need to program the A and C base pairs of DNA as a binary '0', and the T and G as a '1'. But the researchers, led by Robert Grass from ETH Zürich in Switzerland, wanted to find out just how long this data would last.

DNA can definitely be durable - in 2013 scientists managed to sequence genetic code from 700,000-year-old horse bones - but it has to be preserved in pretty specific conditions, otherwise it can change and break down as it's exposed to the environment. So Glass's team decided to try to replicate a fossil, to see if it would help them create a long-lasting DNA hard drive.

"Similar to these bones, we wanted to protect the information-bearing DNA with a synthetic 'fossil' shell," explained Grass in a press release.
In order to do that, the team encoded Switzerland’s Federal Charter of 1921 and The Methods of Mechanical Theorems by Archimedes onto a DNA strand - a total of 83 kilobytes of data. They then encapsulated the DNA into tiny glass spheres, which were around 150 nanometres in diameter.

The researchers compared these glass spheres against other packaging methods by exposing them to temperatures of between 60 and 70 degrees Celsius - conditions that replicated the chemical degradation that would usually occur over hundreds of years, all crammed into a few destructive weeks.

They found that even after this sped-up degradation process, the DNA inside the glass spheres could easily be extracted using a fluoride solution, and the data on it could still be read. In fact, these glass casings seem to work much like fossilised bones.

Based on their results, which have been published in Angewandte Chemie, the team predicts that data stored on DNA could survive over a million years if it was stored in temperatures below -18 degrees Celsius, for example, in a facility like the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which is also known as the ‘Doomsday Vault’. They say it could last 2,000 years if stored somewhere less secure at 10 degrees Celsius - a similar average temperature to central Europe.

The tricky part of this whole process is that the data stored in DNA needs to be read properly in order for future civilisations to be able to access it. And despite advances in sequencing technology, errors still arise from DNA sequencing.
Robust Chemical Preservation of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error-Correcting Codes
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201411378/full

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