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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 18, 2025 at 11:37am

The researchers report that they can reduce these bubbles by 9%.

The team tested how effectively AI could control experimental devices that pulse air in and out of a small opening in the wing surface, known as synthetic jets. While such innovations are still in the experimental stage, aerospace engineers look at them to complement physical features such as vortex generators that planes rely on to maintain the right balance of airflow above and below the wings.

Up to this point, the prevailing wisdom has been that these bursts should occur at regular periodic intervals. However, the study shows that periodic activation only reduces turbulence separation bubbles by 6.8%.

This study highlights how important AI is for scientific innovation. It offers exciting implications for aerodynamics, energy efficiency and next-generation computational fluid dynamics.

Bernat Font et al, Deep reinforcement learning for active flow control in a turbulent separation bubble, Nature Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56408-6

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 18, 2025 at 11:36am

AI on aircraft can reduce risk of mid-air stalls and sudden drops, study shows

Artificial intelligence aboard aircraft could help prevent terrifying drops in altitude. In a new study, an international research team successfully tested a machine learning system for preventing trouble with turbulence. The findings are published in the journal Nature Communications.

Researchers conducted tests on an AI system designed to enhance the effectiveness of experimental technologies for manipulating airflow on wing surfaces. The results indicate that these innovations work better when paired with deep reinforcement learning (DLR), in which the program adapts to airflow dynamics based on previously learned experiences.

The AI control system zeroes in on one particularly dangerous aerodynamic phenomenon known as flow detachment, or turbulent separation bubbles. 

Flow detachment is as serious as it sounds. To stay aloft, airplanes need slow moving air underneath the wing, and fast moving air above it. The air moving over the wing surface needs to follow the wing shape, or "attach," to the surface. When the air moving over the wing's surface no longer follows the wing shape and instead breaks away, it creates a dangerous swirling or stalled airflow.

This usually occurs when the wing is at a high angle of attack, or when the air slows down due to increasing pressure. When this happens, lift decreases, and drag increases, which can lead to a stall and make the aircraft harder to control.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 18, 2025 at 10:33am

How is gold formed?
The simple answer here is that we are not certain. However, scientists have some ideas.

Gold, like all elements, formed through high energy reactions that occurred in various cosmic and space environments some 13 billion years ago, when the universe started to form.

However, gold deposits—or the concentration of gold in large volumes within rock formations—are believed to occur through various processes, explained by two theories.

The first theory—described by geologist Richard J. Goldfarb—argues that large amounts of gold were deposited in certain areas when continents were expanding and changing shape, around 3 billion years ago. This happened when smaller landmasses, or islands, collided and stuck to larger continents, a process called accretionary tectonics. During these collisions, mineral-rich fluids moved through the Earth's crust, depositing gold in certain areas.

A newer, complementary theory by planetary scientist Andrew Tomkins explains the formation of some much younger gold deposits during the Phanerozoic period (approximately 650 million years ago). It suggests that as the Earth's oceans became richer in oxygen during the Phanerozoic period, gold got trapped within another mineral known as pyrite (often called fool's gold) as microscopic particles. Later, geological processes—like continental growth (accretion) and heat or pressure changes (metamorphism) released this gold—forming deposits that could be mined.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 18, 2025 at 10:08am

Trees can cool cities, but only with a little help

Because trees can cool cities by providing shade and evaporating water into the atmosphere, greening city streets is an often-touted strategy for climate change adaptation. But trees provide benefits only if they're healthy, and physical variations in urban environments mean that not all trees have the same chance to thrive.

In an article published in AGU Advances, 

researchers told their story of setting trees up  for identifying cityscape features for success and that may cause them to struggle.

The researchers used data from the ECOSTRESS sensor aboard the International Space Station to map the summer afternoon canopy temperatures. Then they applied machine learning to assess the relationship between these temperatures and various environmental factors, including proximity to water, urbanization, traffic exposure, and surrounding land cover.

They found that proximity to blue and green spaces (areas with water or vegetation) improved tree health, whereas trees in areas with a lot of built structures and impervious surfaces fared worse.

Using this analysis, the researchers created and calculated the combined urban tree index (CUTI)—a metric that considers the fraction of land covered by tree canopy along with the temperature and health of the canopy—to determine how much an area benefits from its trees. The CUTI scale ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 meaning no benefit and 1 meaning maximum benefit.

In urban areas where the surroundings will likely cause trees to do poorly, city managers will need to plant more trees and attend to them more carefully than in areas where trees thrive naturally, the authors concluded.

Jean V. Wilkening et al, Canopy Temperature Reveals Disparities in Urban Tree Benefits, AGU Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1029/2024AV001438

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 17, 2025 at 10:03am

Scientists Just Achieved a Major Milestone in Creating Synthetic Life

After more than a decade of work, researchers have reached a major milestone in their efforts to re-engineer life in the lab, putting together the final chromosome in a synthetic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genome. The researchers chose yeast as a way to demonstrate the potential for producing foodstuffs that could survive the rigors of a changing climate or widespread disease.

It's the first time a synthetic eukaryotic genome has been constructed in full, following on from successes with simpler bacteria organisms. It's a proof-of-concept for how more complex organisms, like food crops, could be synthesized by scientists.
This doesn't mean we can start growing completely artificial yeast from scratch, but it does mean living yeast cells can potentially be entirely recoded – though lots more work is required to get this process refined and scaled up before that can happen.
And the coding analogy is a good one, because the researchers had to spend plenty of time and effort debugging the 16th and final synthetic yeast chromosome (called SynXVI) before the genome functioned as desired.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55318-3

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 17, 2025 at 9:57am

Microplastics Can Block Blood Flow in The Brain

With microplastics now permeating our food and our bodies, researchers are keen to assess the potential damage these tiny fragments could be doing. A new study shows how plastics may lead to dangerous blood flow blockages in the brain. The study involved tracking microplastics in blood vessels moving through mouse brains in real time – the first time microplastic movement has been tracked in this way.
Using high-resolution laser-based imaging techniques, the researchers found microplastic-laden immune cells becoming lodged inside blood vessels in the cortex area of the brain.
"The data reveal a mechanism by which microplastics disrupt tissue function indirectly through regulation of cell obstruction and interference with local blood circulation, rather than direct tissue penetration," write the researchers in their published paper.
This revelation offers a lens through which to comprehend the toxicological implications of microplastics that invade the bloodstream.
The researchers found some similarities between the blockages here and blood clots, while also looking at the subsequent impact on mouse behavior. Mice with microplastics in their blood performed less well than their plastic-free peers on movement, memory, and coordination tests, pointing to impaired brain function.

Microplastics are defined as plastic fragments less than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter. As you might expect, the smaller specks of plastic were found to be less likely to cause blockages than larger ones.
While the microplastic blockages were cleared up over the course of a month, and most cognitive behaviors in the mice returned to normal, the researchers suggest there could be links here to neurological problems like depression and anxiety, as well as an increased risk of strokes and cardiovascular disease.

"These findings indicate that mice display multifaceted abnormalities in neurobehavioral regulation, resembling depressive states associated with disrupted cerebral blood flow," write the researchers.
While it's not certain that the same processes are happening in human brains – there are significant differences in terms of immune systems and blood vessel sizes – mice are biologically similar enough to us as a species to make this a real concern.

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adr8243

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 15, 2025 at 11:20am

Inconsistent reporting by companies leads to underestimation of methane's climate impact, study finds

Companies around the world are underestimating their total greenhouse gas footprints because of inconsistent accounting standards for methane emissions, finds a new study by researchers.

 The new study, published in Nature Communications, found that methane emissions are being underreported by at least the equivalent of between 170 million and 3.3 billion tons of carbon over a decade, depending on the metric used in calculating the shortfall.

This means that each year, on average, companies around the world have potentially underestimated their carbon footprint by as much in total as the annual carbon emissions of the UK in 2022. This represents a significant methane emissions gap that could cost between $1.6 billion (£1.3 billion) and $40 billion (£32 billion) to fix.

The cumulative emission gap the researchers have documented in this work shows how important it is to standardize the reporting of methane emissions. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and the first step towards properly addressing its effect on climate is to make sure that it's accounted for properly.

Adopting a global standard is in principle easy for companies as it essentially only requires the adjustment of a few conversion factors when calculating their greenhouse gas footprint. However, it requires global coordination as companies are currently often subject to fragmented regulations.

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming at levels comparable to carbon dioxide. Though methane is emitted in much smaller quantities than carbon dioxide, it's more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere. However, methane is also short-lived in the atmosphere, with a half-life of only about 10 years versus 120 years for carbon dioxide.

How much total heat a greenhouse gas traps is called its Global Warming Potential (GWP) and measured in CO₂ equivalent units, or the amount of carbon dioxide gas that would cause the same amount of warming. Because of methane's short lifespan, the conversion to CO₂ is not straightforward and debate persists about how best to represent it in terms of carbon dioxide.

If methane's impact is calculated over 20 years (GWP-20), it's about 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide because that's the timeframe before most of it has dissipated. However, gauged over 100 years (GWP-100) more of the methane has broken down so it's only about 28 times as potent.

For companies estimating and reporting their greenhouse gas footprint, this lack of harmonization can cause confusion and inaccuracies, as there's no legally binding guidance or consensus for which standard to use.

The authors note that even with their suggested corrections, total methane emissions are still being underestimated, as their calculations only focused on emissions directly produced by the companies they analyzed. Other downstream emissions, such as that which come from sold products, were not included, and are likely significant contributors as well, particularly in the energy sector.

Simone Cenci et al, Lack of harmonisation of greenhouse gases reporting standards and the methane emissions gap, Nature Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56845-3

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 15, 2025 at 11:04am

How Earth got its ice caps

The cool conditions which have allowed ice caps to form on Earth are rare events in the planet's history and require many complex processes working at once, according to new research.

A team of scientists investigated why Earth has existed in what is known as a "greenhouse" state without ice caps for much of its history, and why the conditions we are living in now are so rare.

They found that Earth's current ice-covered state is not typical for the planet's history and was only achieved through a strange  coincidence.

Many ideas have previously been proposed to explain the known cold intervals in Earth's history. These include decreased CO₂ emissions from volcanoes, or increased carbon storage by forests, or the reaction of CO₂ with certain types of rocks.

The researchers undertook the first ever combined test of all of these cooling processes in a new type of long-term 3D model of the Earth.

 

This type of "Earth Evolution Model" has only recently been made possible through advances in computing.

They concluded that no single process could drive these cold climates, and that the cooling in fact required the combined effects of several processes at once. The results of their study were published 14 February 2025 in Science Advances.

The reason we live on an Earth with ice caps—rather than an ice-free planet—is due to a coincidental combination of very low rates of global volcanism, and highly dispersed continents with big mountains, which allow for lots of global rainfall and therefore amplify reactions that remove carbon from the atmosphere.

The important implication here is that the Earth's natural climate regulation mechanism appears to favor a warm and high-CO₂ world with no ice caps, not the partially glaciated and low-CO₂ world we have today.

This general tendency towards a warm climate has helped prevent devastating 'snowball Earth' global glaciations, which have only occurred very rarely and have therefore helped life to continue to prosper.

There is an important message, which is that we should not expect the Earth to always return to a cold state as it was in the pre-industrial age.

Earth's current ice-covered state is not typical for the planet's history, but our current global society relies on it. We should do everything we can to preserve it, and we should be careful with assumptions that cold climates will return if we drive excessive warming before stopping emissions. Over its long history, the Earth likes it hot, but our human society does not, say the researchers.

Andrew Merdith, Phanerozoic icehouse climates as the result of multiple solid-Earth cooling mechanisms, Science Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9798. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adm9798

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 15, 2025 at 8:58am

Dangerous bacteria lurk in hospital sink drains, despite rigorous cleaning, study reveals

We hope to be cured when we stay in hospital. But too often, we acquire new infections there. Such "health-care-associated infections" (HAI) are a growing problem worldwide, taking up an estimated 6% of global hospital budgets.

Patients with lowered immune defenses, and in some hospitals, poor adherence to hygiene protocols, allow HAIs to thrive. Furthermore, antibiotics are widely used in hospitals, which tends to select for hardy, resistant strains of bacteria. When such resistance genes lie on mobile genetic elements, they can even jump between bacterial species, potentially leading to novel diseases.

Researchers now have shown that hospital sink drains host bacterial populations that change over time, despite impeccable cleaning protocols.

 These results highlight that controlling bacterial growth in drains, and preventing colonization by new strains of such hard-to-disinfect niches, is likely a global problem.

Sinks and their drains are routinely cleaned with bleach, as well as disinfected with chemicals and pressurized steam every fortnight, or every month in non-patient areas. Once a year, drainpipes are hyperchlorinated at low temperature.

Despite this, the authors of this study identified a total of 67 different species from the drains. The diversity in most drains went up and down over time with no clear pattern—seasonal or otherwise. The greatest diversity occurred in general medicine and intensive care, while the fewest isolates were found in the microbiology laboratory.

Dominant across wards were six Stenotrophomonas species as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen known to cause ventilator-associated pneumonia and sepsis, and characterized by the WHO as one of the greatest threats to humans in terms of antibiotic resistance. At least 16 other Pseudomonas species were also found at various times and in various wards.

Other notorious hospital-associated pathogens found repeatedly were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter johnsonii and Acinetobacter ursingii , Enterobacter mori and Enterobacter quasiroggenkampii  and Staphylococcus aureus .

The bacteria the researchers found may originate from many sources, from patients, medical personnel, and even the environment surrounding the hospital. Once established in sink drains, they can spread outwards, posing significant risks to immunocompromised patients above all.

 Yearlong analysis of bacterial diversity in hospital sink drains: culturomics, antibiotic resistance and implications for infection control, Frontiers in Microbiology (2025). DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1501170

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on February 15, 2025 at 8:48am

Maternal acetaminophen (paracetamol) use may alter placental gene expression, raising ADHD risk in children

Maternal acetaminophen exposure during pregnancy is associated with a higher likelihood of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to a new study.

Researchers analyzed plasma biomarkers of acetaminophen (APAP) exposure in a cohort of 307 African American mother-child pairs. Detection of APAP in second-trimester maternal blood samples correlated with increased odds of ADHD diagnosis in children by age 8–10.

Acetaminophen (also called paracetamol) is widely used during pregnancy, with an estimated 41–70% of pregnant individuals in the United States, Europe, and Asia reporting its use. Despite its classification as a low-risk medication by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency, accumulating evidence suggests a potential link between prenatal APAP exposure and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including ADHD and autism spectrum disorder.

Researchers utilized untargeted metabolomics to identify APAP metabolites in second-trimester maternal plasma samples and examined their relationship with childhood ADHD diagnoses and placental gene expression.

APAP metabolites were detected in 20.2% of maternal plasma samples. Children whose mothers had APAP biomarkers present in their plasma had a 3.15 times higher likelihood of an ADHD diagnosis (95% confidence interval: 1.20 to 8.29) compared with those without detected exposure.

The association was stronger among females than males, with female children of APAP-exposed mothers showing a 6.16 times higher likelihood of ADHD (95% confidence interval: 1.58 to 24.05), while the association was weaker and nonsignificant in males.

Placental gene expression analysis of a subset of 174 participants indicated sex-specific transcriptional changes. In females, APAP exposure was associated with upregulation of immune-related pathways, including increased expression of immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1).

Increased IGHG1 expression was statistically linked to ADHD diagnoses, with mediation analysis suggesting that APAP's effect on ADHD was partly mediated through this gene's placental expression.

Oxidative phosphorylation pathways were downregulated in both sexes, a pattern previously associated with neurodevelopmental impairment.

Findings align with prior epidemiological studies and experimental animal research linking prenatal APAP exposure to neurodevelopmental disruptions. The current study eliminated the bias concerns raised in previous studies where APAP use was self-reported by using objective biomarker measurements.

 Brennan H. Baker et al, Associations of maternal blood biomarkers of prenatal APAP exposure with placental gene expression and child attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Nature Mental Health (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s44220-025-00387-6

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