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Science Simplified!

                       JAI VIGNAN

All about Science - to remove misconceptions and encourage scientific temper

Communicating science to the common people

'To make  them see the world differently through the beautiful lense of  science'

Members: 22
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         WE LOVE SCIENCE HERE BECAUSE IT IS A MANY SPLENDOURED THING

     THIS  IS A WAR ZONE WHERE SCIENCE FIGHTS WITH NONSENSE AND WINS                                               

“The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge.”             

                    "Being a scientist is a state of mind, not a profession!"

                  "Science, when it's done right, can yield amazing things".

         The Reach of Scientific Research From Labs to Laymen

The aim of science is not only to open a door to infinite knowledge and                                     wisdom but to set a limit to infinite error.

"Knowledge is a Superpower but the irony is you cannot get enough of it with ever increasing data base unless you try to keep up with it constantly and in the right way!" The best education comes from learning from people who know what they are exactly talking about.

Science is this glorious adventure into the unknown, the opportunity to discover things that nobody knew before. And that’s just an experience that’s not to be missed. But it’s also a motivated effort to try to help humankind. And maybe that’s just by increasing human knowledge—because that’s a way to make us a nobler species.

If you are scientifically literate the world looks very different to you.

We do science and science communication not because they are easy but because they are difficult!

“Science is not a subject you studied in school. It’s life. We 're brought into existence by it!"

 Links to some important articles :

1. Interactive science series...

a. how-to-do-research-and-write-research-papers-part 13

b. Some Qs people asked me on science and my replies to them...

Part 6part-10part-11part-12, part 14  ,  part- 8

part- 1part-2part-4part-5part-16part-17part-18 , part-19 , part-20

part-21 , part-22part-23part-24part-25part-26part-27 , part-28

part-29part-30part-31part-32part-33part-34part-35part-36part-37,

 part-38part-40part-41part-42part-43part-44part-45part-46part-47

Part 48 part49Critical thinking -part 50 , part -51part-52part-53

part-54part-55part-57part-58part-59part-60part-61part-62part-63

part 64, part-65part-66part-67part-68part 69part-70 part-71part-73 ...

.......306

BP variations during pregnancy part-72

who is responsible for the gender of  their children - a man or a woman -part-56

c. some-questions-people-asked-me-on-science-based-on-my-art-and-poems -part-7

d. science-s-rules-are-unyielding-they-will-not-be-bent-for-anybody-part-3-

e. debate-between-scientists-and-people-who-practice-and-propagate-pseudo-science - part -9

f. why astrology is pseudo-science part 15

g. How Science is demolishing patriarchal ideas - part-39

2. in-defence-of-mangalyaan-why-even-developing-countries-like-india need space research programmes

3. Science communication series:

a. science-communication - part 1

b. how-scienitsts-should-communicate-with-laymen - part 2

c. main-challenges-of-science-communication-and-how-to-overcome-them - part 3

d. the-importance-of-science-communication-through-art- part 4

e. why-science-communication-is-geting worse - part  5

f. why-science-journalism-is-not-taken-seriously-in-this-part-of-the-world - part 6

g. blogs-the-best-bet-to-communicate-science-by-scientists- part 7

h. why-it-is-difficult-for-scientists-to-debate-controversial-issues - part 8

i. science-writers-and-communicators-where-are-you - part 9

j. shooting-the-messengers-for-a-different-reason-for-conveying-the- part 10

k. why-is-science-journalism-different-from-other-forms-of-journalism - part 11

l.  golden-rules-of-science-communication- Part 12

m. science-writers-should-develop-a-broader-view-to-put-things-in-th - part 13

n. an-informed-patient-is-the-most-cooperative-one -part 14

o. the-risks-scientists-will-have-to-face-while-communicating-science - part 15

p. the-most-difficult-part-of-science-communication - part 16

q. clarity-on-who-you-are-writing-for-is-important-before-sitting-to write a science story - part 17

r. science-communicators-get-thick-skinned-to-communicate-science-without-any-bias - part 18

s. is-post-truth-another-name-for-science-communication-failure?

t. why-is-it-difficult-for-scientists-to-have-high-eqs

u. art-and-literature-as-effective-aids-in-science-communication-and teaching

v.* some-qs-people-asked-me-on-science communication-and-my-replies-to-them

 ** qs-people-asked-me-on-science-and-my-replies-to-them-part-173

w. why-motivated-perception-influences-your-understanding-of-science

x. science-communication-in-uncertain-times

y. sci-com: why-keep-a-dog-and-bark-yourself

z. How to deal with sci com dilemmas?

 A+. sci-com-what-makes-a-story-news-worthy-in-science

 B+. is-a-perfect-language-important-in-writing-science-stories

C+. sci-com-how-much-entertainment-is-too-much-while-communicating-sc

D+. sci-com-why-can-t-everybody-understand-science-in-the-same-way

E+. how-to-successfully-negotiate-the-science-communication-maze

4. Health related topics:

a. why-antibiotic-resistance-is-increasing-and-how-scientists-are-tr

b. what-might-happen-when-you-take-lots-of-medicines

c. know-your-cesarean-facts-ladies

d. right-facts-about-menstruation

e. answer-to-the-question-why-on-big-c

f. how-scientists-are-identifying-new-preventive-measures-and-cures-

g. what-if-little-creatures-high-jack-your-brain-and-try-to-control-

h. who-knows-better?

i. mycotoxicoses

j. immunotherapy

k. can-rust-from-old-drinking-water-pipes-cause-health-problems

l. pvc-and-cpvc-pipes-should-not-be-used-for-drinking-water-supply

m. melioidosis

n.vaccine-woes

o. desensitization-and-transplant-success-story

p. do-you-think-the-medicines-you-are-taking-are-perfectly-alright-then revisit your position!

q. swine-flu-the-difficlulties-we-still-face-while-tackling-the-outb

r. dump-this-useless-information-into-a-garbage-bin-if-you-really-care about evidence based medicine

s. don-t-ignore-these-head-injuries

t. the-detoxification-scam

u. allergic- agony-caused-by-caterpillars-and-moths

General science: 

a.why-do-water-bodies-suddenly-change-colour

b. don-t-knock-down-your-own-life-line

c. the-most-menacing-animal-in-the-world

d. how-exo-planets-are-detected

e. the-importance-of-earth-s-magnetic-field

f. saving-tigers-from-extinction-is-still-a-travail

g. the-importance-of-snakes-in-our-eco-systems

h. understanding-reverse-osmosis

i. the-importance-of-microbiomes

j. crispr-cas9-gene-editing-technique-a-boon-to-fixing-defective-gen

k. biomimicry-a-solution-to-some-of-our-problems

5. the-dilemmas-scientists-face

6. why-we-get-contradictory-reports-in-science

7. be-alert-pseudo-science-and-anti-science-are-on-prowl

8. science-will-answer-your-questions-and-solve-your-problems

9. how-science-debunks-baseless-beliefs

10. climate-science-and-its-relevance

11. the-road-to-a-healthy-life

12. relative-truth-about-gm-crops-and-foods

13. intuition-based-work-is-bad-science

14. how-science-explains-near-death-experiences

15. just-studies-are-different-from-thorough-scientific-research

16. lab-scientists-versus-internet-scientists

17. can-you-challenge-science?

18. the-myth-of-ritual-working

19.science-and-superstitions-how-rational-thinking-can-make-you-work-better

20. comets-are-not-harmful-or-bad-omens-so-enjoy-the-clestial-shows

21. explanation-of-mysterious-lights-during-earthquakes

22. science-can-tell-what-constitutes-the-beauty-of-a-rose

23. what-lessons-can-science-learn-from-tragedies-like-these

24. the-specific-traits-of-a-scientific-mind

25. science-and-the-paranormal

26. are-these-inventions-and-discoveries-really-accidental-and-intuitive like the journalists say?

27. how-the-brain-of-a-polymath-copes-with-all-the-things-it-does

28. how-to-make-scientific-research-in-india-a-success-story

29. getting-rid-of-plastic-the-natural-way

30. why-some-interesting-things-happen-in-nature

31. real-life-stories-that-proves-how-science-helps-you

32. Science and trust series:

a. how-to-trust-science-stories-a-guide-for-common-man

b. trust-in-science-what-makes-people-waver

c. standing-up-for-science-showing-reasons-why-science-should-be-trusted

You will find the entire list of discussions here: http://kkartlab.in/group/some-science/forum

( Please go through the comments section below to find scientific research  reports posted on a daily basis and watch videos based on science)

Get interactive...

Please contact us if you want us to add any information or scientific explanation on any topic that interests you. We will try our level best to give you the right information.

Our mail ID: kkartlabin@gmail.com

Discussion Forum

New antidote for hydrogen sulfide gas

Started by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 20 hours ago. 0 Replies

Hydrogen sulfide, a colourless gas that smells like rotten eggs, is produced naturally from decaying matter. This gas is lethal to breathe in, and hydrogen sulfide present in high concentrations can…Continue

Dad, this is why I scream when ever I hurt myself!

Started by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa. Last reply by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday. 4 Replies

When I was a very young school girl, I still remember very well, my Dad used to tell me to bear the pain out and not to scream and cry whenever I hurt myself and was in severe pain. I never ever saw…Continue

The risks scientists will have to face while communicating science

Started by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa. Last reply by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday. 3 Replies

                                                     Science communication series - part 15Scientists take lots of risks while coming out in public regarding their work. And sometimes they will have…Continue

Science can help prevent deadly stampedes at mass gatherings

Started by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa. Last reply by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday. 1 Reply

Over and over again we hear about deadly stampedes. And we wonder how  these tragedies happen  so frequently. Did you know that Science can provide solutions to such problems ?While these events…Continue

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Saturday

Meta-analysis of current global warming impacts suggests a third of all species could be extinct by 2100

Biologists found evidence that up to a third of all species alive today could go extinct by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are not slowed or stopped. In his study published in the journal Science, they conducted an analysis of 485 studies carried out over the past 30 years on the ability of species to adapt to climate change.

Manmade greenhouse gas emissions are causing atmospheric and seawater warming, and these temperature increases will lead to unpredictable weather changes—besides growing warmer, it is expected that some places will grow wetter and others drier. It is also likely that the world will see more extreme weather, such as droughts, hurricanes and typhoons, in addition to thunderstorms or snow storms. Such changes will put pressure on species that are not able to control their environment the way humans do, putting many at risk.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Saturday

Quality of parent-child relationships predicts adulthood well-being

The link between early life experiences and mental health has been widely explored by psychology researchers. One key aspect of human early life experiences is the relationship that people develop with their parental figures, which is at the center of attachment theory and various other psychological models.

Past studies suggest that the quality of relationships between parents and their children plays a role in the subjective well-being of these children when they reach adulthood. While this finding is well-documented, many past studies were conducted on relatively small samples of participants residing in a single country.

The countries included in this study were selected carefully, to maximize religious and ethnic diversity in the sample. The objective was to include people living in all the broader geographical regions on Earth.

Now two researchers at Gallup, recently carried out a study aimed at exploring the link between parent-child relationships and an adult's self-reported well-being in a larger and more varied sample that spanned across 21 countries.

Their paper, published in Communications Psychology, suggests that the quality of parent-child relationships predicts the well-being of adults residing in all of the countries they studied.

The researchers  found a substantial effect of parent-child relationships on both flourishing and mental health. The effect was larger than any other variable they tested, including parental socio-economic status, current education level, current household income, gender, and financial security.

The relationship was positive in every country, and it reached conventional levels of significance in all but one. Even that exception seemed to be explained by the relatively young population in the survey. When the researchers re-weighted the data to make the ages similar across countries, they found a significant effect in every country.

Overall, the findings of this research study suggest that there is a universal link between parent-child relationships and lifelong well-being, which applies to all people, irrespective of where they were raised.

 Jonathan T. Rothwell et al, Parent-child relationship quality predicts higher subjective well-being in adulthood across a diverse group of countries, Communications Psychology (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00161-x.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Does CPR help both the conditions of cardiac arrest and heart attacks?

CPR is primarily used to treat cardiac arrest, not a heart attack; while chest compressions might be used in some situations during a heart attack, full CPR is typically not recommended unless the heart attack progresses to cardiac arrest, where the heart stops beating completely, meaning CPR is used to keep blood circulating until further medical intervention is available. 

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) plays an important role in the early treatment of a heart attack if the heart stops beating.

CPR is an emergency treatment. It helps keep blood moving throughout a person’s body when their heart stops beating, which healthcare professionals refer to as cardiac arrest. CPR helps extend the opportunity for successful resuscitation.

Not everyone who has a heart attack needs CPR. It is only necessary if a person goes into cardiac arrest.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Researchers reprogram immune cells to decrease rejection of medical implants

Researchers have discovered that using a drug that is a metabolic inhibitor  makes the body more receptive to medical devices such as pacemakers, replacement joints and dental implants.

When doctors surgically place an implant into a human, there will always be an immune response and there's a chance the implant will be rejected.

Scientists used a drug that signals the body to boost or inhibit a particular reaction, called a metabolic modulator. This drug was incorporated into an amorphous polylactide—a biomaterial used to make medical implants—and then the material was implanted in mice.

Using intravital microscopy—a technique that allows us to look inside a living subject under a microscope—the researchers imaged different kinds of immune cells around the implant site for up to 10 weeks.

Their paper is published in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering.

These findings have significant implications for improving patient recovery times, reducing postsurgical complications like chronic inflammation and implant rejection and potentially saving costs. And they may eventually affect the way medical device manufacturers and pharmaceutical scientists approach medical implants.

Chima V. Maduka et al, Immunometabolic cues recompose and reprogram the microenvironment around implanted biomaterials, Nature Biomedical Engineering (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01260-0

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Researchers studied the flocculus and paraflocculus' role in the brain to better understand how their malformation could influence behavior. They found that the neural circuits within the flocculus and paraflocculus are dysfunctional.
The regions also control a reflex that ensures stable vision during head movements and is crucial for face recognition. The researchers found that this reflex is impaired in 22q. This may be a valuable lead for schizophrenia research because patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in face recognition.
The paraflocculus is also connected to the auditory cortex.

Tae-Yeon Eom et al, Tbx1 haploinsufficiency leads to local skull deformity, paraflocculus and flocculus dysplasia, and motor-learning deficit in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54837-3

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Genetic risk for schizophrenia linked to a malformed skull

The chromosomal disorder 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q) has emerged as one of the strongest risks for schizophrenia. Scientists at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital identified malformed regions of the cerebellum in laboratory models and patients with 22q and found that these malformations were caused by improper skull formation. Further, the researchers linked the skull malformation to the loss of one gene: Tbx1.

The research shows that neurological disorders can stem from sources beyond the nervous system, such as improper skull development. The findings were published today in Nature Communications.

Gene removal blocks skull pocket from forming.

Previous work from scientists found that the deletion of only one 22q gene, Dgcr8, disrupts the flow of auditory information from a lower brain region called the thalamus to the auditory cortex, where sounds are interpreted. This region of the brain is also associated with auditory hallucinations, which are a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia. The researchers called this breakdown in information flow "thalamocortical disruption."

Although thalamocortical disruption occurs late in development, which is consistent with the onset of schizophrenia symptoms, it stays and doesn't go away. However, hallucinations are transient in nature—they come and go.

It seemed that this was just one of the hits that triggered symptoms.

The researchers noticed a part of the brain, the cerebellum, malformed in 22q animal models, specifically, the cerebellum's small lobules called the flocculus and paraflocculus. Most neurodevelopmental disorders arise from defects in genes that play a role in the brain, but the 22q gene the researchers linked to this malformation, Tbx1, was unexpected.

What is interesting about Tbx1 is that it is not very well expressed in the brain, especially the adolescent or adult brain. Rather, it's expressed in the surrounding tissues, namely bone, cartilage and vasculature tissues. It is very unlikely that Tbx1 directly affects the brain at all.

Instead, removing Tbx1 has an indirect but significant effect on brain development. Bone formation relies on immature osteoblast cells correctly growing into mature osteocytes. Tbx1 removal disrupted this cycle, resulting in an underdeveloped pocket in the skull which normally houses the flocculus and paraflocculus.

For a neurological syndrome, the findings are strikingly unusual—with no pocket in the skull for these structures to develop, they appear substantially smaller than normal. The reduction of the flocculus and paraflocculus was validated through magnetic resonance imaging studies of dozens of patients with 22q and a comparative control group.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Scientists have data representing genetic material from 50,000 E. coli samples gathered from four continents. When they studied these, they saw that the ability to produce the toxin is very limited and is primarily found in two particular genotypes of E. coli bacteria. Both of these circulate frequently in Norway and they are also the main genotypes causing infections in the bloodstream in the country.
In contrast, these genotypes of bacteria are rarely found in countries of South Asia.
The scientists involved in this study have therefore put forward a number of hypotheses on which ecological conditions drive these unwanted bacterial families away from certain population groups.
If scientists can succeed in developing vaccines against the harmful type of E. coli that produces colibactin, or a form of probiotics, this would result in notable public health benefits. These measures could eliminate the unwanted colibactin-producing bacteria from the intestines.

Tommi Mäklin et al, Geographical variation in the incidence of colorectal cancer and urinary tract cancer is associated with population exposure to colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, The Lancet Microbe (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101015www.sciencedirect.com/science/ … ii/S2666524724002830

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Scientists explore role of intestinal bacteria in cancer prevention

The link between intestinal bacteria and cancer

Certain intestinal bacteria are found more frequently in some countries such as Norway than in a number of other countries and there is also a higher incidence of bladder cancer, bowel cancer and prostate cancer. These findings may lead to new opportunities for preventing these types of cancer, according to a new study.

Previous studies have shown that a toxin produced by certain bacteria in order to dominate inside the intestine, causes damage to healthy cells and increases the risk of developing bowel cancer.

In a new study, scientists examined the incidence of bladder, colon, rectal and prostate cancer and compared this to the prevalence of two toxin-producing E. coli bacteria in the countries concerned. E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections and bacterial infections in the bloodstream worldwide. Norway has a higher incidence of bladder cancer and colorectal cancer compared with many other countries.

In the course of the study, scientists also found that the prevalence of these two E. coli bacteria was higher in Norway. When they compared equivalent data from several different countries, they discovered a clear pattern: the fewer of these E. coli bacteria that circulate in the population, the lower the incidence of these types of cancer, and vice versa, and the study recently published in The Lancet Microbe confirms this.

In recent years, intense research has been carried out internationally on the link between the toxin produced by these bacteria, called colibactin, and several types of cancer. The research was initiated after groundbreaking studies revealed that colibactin damages DNA in intestinal cells and scientists produced models of intestinal organs and saw that the toxin-producing E. coli resulted in cancer in the models.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

How hummingbirds fly and feed

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Engineered immune cells to tame inflammation

When the immune system overreacts and starts attacking the body, the only option may be to shut the entire system down and risk developing infections or cancer. But now, scientists  may have found a more precise way to dial the immune system down.

The technology uses engineered T cells that act as immune "referees" to soothe overreacting immune responses. They also can mop up inflammatory molecules.

The new approach could be used to stop the body from rejecting transplanted organs and tissues, such as pancreatic islet cells, which are sometimes used to treat type 1 diabetes. That way, recipients would not need to take harsh immunosuppressant drugs.

This technology can put the immune system back into balance.

The research The team adapted the suppressor cells' anti-inflammatory abilities to work in CD4 immune cells. These are the same cells that are used to make cancer-killing CAR T cells. They also gave these cells a molecular sensor to guide them to their target tissue in the body.

Proof of principle in type 1 diabetes :

The scientists tailored a batch of immune referees to search for human pancreatic islet cells and then produce TGF-Beta and CD25, molecules that can muzzle killer T cells.

They introduced the engineered referee cells into mice that had received a transplant of human islet cells, modeling the treatment for type 1 diabetes.

The referee cells found the vulnerable islet cells and stopped the killer T cells from attacking, and the islet cells survived.

 Nishith R. Reddy et al, Engineering synthetic suppressor T cells that execute locally targeted immunoprotective programs, Science (2024). DOI: 10.1126/science.adl4793www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4793

 

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