Comment

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 20, 2021 at 12:48pm

The Future of Wearable Tech

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 19, 2021 at 12:24pm

Will Indian researchers lose free access to scientific papers?

It’ll depend on the outcome of an ongoing case against SciHub and LibGen websites in the Delhi High Court.

On December 21, 2020, academic publishers Elsevier Ltd, Wily Pvt Ltd, and the American Chemical Society sued websites SciHub and Library Genesis, also known as LibGen, for copyright infringement in the Delhi High Court, demanding that ISP providers permanently block them in India.

These websites are a primary source for researchers in India, making available for free thousands of otherwise paywalled research papers. Because, as SciHub notes, “Research should be free to read.” Having intellectual property restrictions in research throttle access to and flow of knowledge while science can only progress when it’s widely read and debated.

Elsevier owns over 2,600 journals, including the Lancet, and all of them are paywalled with subscription rates going up to thousands of dollars, making the latest knowledge hard to access for researchers.

part 1

https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/09/18/will-indian-researchers-lose...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 19, 2021 at 12:13pm

Antibodies from original strain COVID-19 infection don't bind to variants, study finds

People infected with the original strain of the virus that causes COVID-19 early in the pandemic produced a consistent antibody response, making two main groups of antibodies to bind to the spike protein on the virus’s outer surface. However, those antibodies don’t bind well to newer variants, a new study found.

Researchers found that many antibody sequences converged into two main groups, indicating a consistent human immune response to the virus. The researchers studied the convergent antibodies’ ability to bind to several variants and found that they no longer bound to some. The finding has implications for the ability of new variants to reinfect people who contracted earlier versions of the virus, as well as for the continuing efficacy of vaccines and the design of possible vaccine boosters.

Even though this antibody response is very common with the original strain, it doesn’t really interact with variants. That, of course, raises the concern of the virus evolving to escape the body’s main antibody response. Some antibodies should still be effective – the body makes antibodies to many parts of the virus, not only the spike protein – but the particular groups of antibodies that we saw in this study will not be as effective.

The researchers said they would like to conduct similar studies characterizing antibody responses to delta and other variants, to see whether they also produce a convergent response and how it differs from the original strain. 

It is expected that the antibody response to those variants would be quite different. 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24123-7'

https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/1126344363

https://researchnews.cc/news/8965/Antibodies-from-original-strain-C...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 18, 2021 at 10:46am

Do the northern lights make sounds that you can hear?

https://theconversation.com/do-the-northern-lights-make-sounds-that...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 18, 2021 at 10:38am

Mass extinction: A warning that this can happen now too

The end-Permian mass extinction event of roughly 252 million years ago—the worst such event in earth's history—has been linked to vast volcanic emissions of greenhouse gases, a major temperature increase, and the loss of almost every species in the oceans and on land.

Now, it seems that even the lakes and rivers were no safe havens. A recent study published by an international team of researchers  has identified a new cause of extinction during extreme warming events: toxic microbial blooms.

In a healthy ecosystem, microscopic algae and cyanobacteria provide oxygen to aquatic animals as a waste product of their photosynthesis. But when their numbers get out of control, these microbes deplete free oxygen, and even release toxins into the water. By studying the fossil, sediment, and chemical records of rocks near Sydney, Australia, the researchers discovered that several pulses of bloom events had occurred soon after the first volcanic rumblings of the end-Permian mass extinction. Once the bottom-feeder animals, or "detritivores," were killed off, there was no one left to keep the microbes in check. The fresh water systems then seethed with algae and bacteria, delaying the recovery of animals for perhaps millions of years.

We're seeing more and more toxic algae blooms in lakes and in shallow marine environments that's related to increases in temperature and changes in plant communities which are leading to increases in nutrient contributions to freshwater environments. So, a lot of parallels to today. The volcanism was a source of CO₂ in the past but we know that the rate of CO₂ input that was seen back then was similar to the rate of CO₂ increases we're seeing today because of anthropogenic effects.

We can get a sense of how much climate has changed in the past, what the extremes are, how fast it can change, what the causes of climate change are and that gives us a nice backdrop for understanding what's happening today. The end-Permian is one of the best places to look for parallels with what's happening now.

The other big parallel is that the increase in temperature at the end of the Permian coincided with massive increases in forest fires. One of the things that that destroyed whole ecosystems was fire, and we're seeing that right now in several  places .

We should be concerned like hell!

Chris Mays et al, Lethal microbial blooms delayed freshwater ecosystem recovery following the end-Permian extinction, Nature Communications (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25711-3

https://phys.org/news/2021-09-animals-died-toxic-soup-earth.html?ut...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 18, 2021 at 10:28am

How to make dormant seeds to germinate

Seeds that would otherwise lie dormant will spring to life with the aid of a new chemical discovered by researchers. 

Plants have the ability to perceive drought. When they do, they emit a hormone that helps them hold on to water. This same hormone, ABA, sends a message to seeds that it isn't a good time to germinate, leading to lower crop yields and less food in places where it's hot—an increasingly long list as a result of climate change.

"If you block ABA, you mess with the chemical pathway that plants use to prevent seed germination. A new chemical, Antabactin, does exactly this. If we apply it,  dormant seeds will sprout.

Demonstrations of Antabactin's effectiveness are described in a new paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Aditya S. Vaidya et al, Click-to-lead design of a picomolar ABA receptor antagonist with potent activity in vivo, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2021). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108281118

https://phys.org/news/2021-09-chemical-discovery-reluctant-seeds.ht...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 18, 2021 at 10:19am

How do cells acquire their shapes?

 A new mechanism that a simple yeast cell uses to acquire its shape has been identified recently by researchers. 

When cells move or grow, they must add new membrane to those growth regions.

The process of membrane delivery is called exocytosis. Cells also must deliver this membrane to a specific location in order to maintain a sense of direction―called "polarization"―or grow in a coordinated manner.

Researchers have demonstrated that these processes are coupled: local excess of exocytosis causes some of the proteins attached to the membrane to move ('flow') away from the growth region. These proteins that move away mark the non-growing cell region, thus establishing a self-sustaining pattern, which gives rise to the tubular shape of these yeast cells. 

This is the first time that this mechanism for cell patterning―the process by which cells acquire spatial nonuniformities on their surfaces―has been identified.

 Cell patterning by secretion-induced plasma membrane flows, Science Advances (2021). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6718

https://phys.org/news/2021-09-cells-mechanism.html?utm_source=nwlet...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 18, 2021 at 10:14am

The microbial molecule that turns plants into zombies

A newly discovered manipulation mechanism used by parasitic bacteria to slow down plant aging, may offer new ways to protect disease-threatened food crops.

Parasites manipulate the organisms they live off to suit their needs, sometimes in drastic ways. When under the spell of a parasite, some plants undergo such extensive changes that they are described as "zombies". They stop reproducing and serve only as a habitat and host for the parasitic pathogens.

Until now, there's been little understanding of how this happens on a molecular and mechanistic level.

Research from the Hogenhout group at the John Innes Centre and collaborators published in Cell, has identified a manipulation molecule produced by Phytoplasma bacteria to hijack plant development. When inside a plant, this protein causes key growth regulators to be broken down, triggering abnormal growth.

Phytoplasma bacteria belong to a group of microbes that are notorious for their ability to reprogramme the development of their host plants. This group of bacteria are often responsible for the 'witches' brooms' seen in trees, where an excessive number of branches grow close together.

These bushy outgrowths are the result of the plant being stuck in a vegetative "zombie" state, unable to reproduce and therefore progress to a 'forever young' status. Phytoplasmas are a spectacular example of how the reach of genes can extend beyond the organisms to impact surrounding environments.

The new findings show how the bacterial protein  known as SAP05 manipulates plants by taking advantage of some of the host's own molecular machinery.

This machinery, called the proteasome, usually breaks down proteins that are no longer needed inside plant cells. SAP05 hijacks this process, causing plant proteins that are important in regulating growth and development, to effectively be thrown in a molecular recycling centre.

Without these proteins, the plant's development is reprogrammed to favour the bacteria, triggering the growth of multiple vegetative shoots and tissues and putting the pause on the plant ageing.

Parasitic modulation of host development by ubiquitin-independent protein degradation, Cell www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(21)01012-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.029

https://phys.org/news/2021-09-microbial-molecule-zombies.html?utm_s...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 17, 2021 at 10:34am

Ebola virus in survivors can trigger outbreaks years after infection

Ebola survivors can relapse and trigger outbreaks at least five years after infection, and long-term follow-up of former patients is needed to prevent devastating flare-ups, according to new research.

Scientists already knew Ebola could lie dormant in survivors, who test negative because the virus is in tissue rather than circulating in the blood.

But analysis of an outbreak this year in Guinea, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, found these "virus reservoirs" can awaken and cause new infections and transmission years on.

To trace the source of the Guinea outbreak, which involved 16 confirmed cases, 12 of whom died, researchers analysed the genomes of samples from several patients.

Ebola outbreaks are usually thought to result from the virus "spilling" from an animal host to a human.

But the analysis showed the Guinea strain was virtually identical to that from a 2013-16 wave.

If the virus had been circulating actively in the community since then, it would have accumulated a certain number of mutations as it spread.

Instead, the 2021 virus had just 12 changes, "far fewer than would be expected... during six years of sustained human-to-human transmission".

That strongly suggests the source was reactivated virus that had lain dormant in a survivor.

This is the longest known time between the declared end of an epidemic and a viral resurgence.

How and why dormant Ebola virus suddenly awakens and sickens a person remains something of a mystery, though there are some tantalising clues.

Sometimes a spike in Ebola antibodies can be detected in survivors at a given time -- a possible sign that the body is responding to a resurgent virus.

Around two-thirds of Ebola survivors have high antibody levels even five years after infection, but "the question to pose is what happens if there's a resurgence in the people whose immunity has dropped.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02378-w

source: Agence France-Presse

https://researchnews.cc/news/8930/Ebola-virus-in-survivors-can-trig...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on September 17, 2021 at 10:20am

References

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   Xiao, X. et al. Sci. Rep. 11, 11898 (2021).

   PubMed Article Google Scholar 

2. 2.

   Wang, L. F. & Eaton, B. T. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 315, 325–344 (2007).

   PubMed Google Scholar 

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02519-1?utm_source=Natur...

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