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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 16, 2025 at 12:15pm

Tumour microbes contribute to resistance
A signalling molecule produced by bacteria in breast tumours can help the cancer resist certain treatments. The cancer drug trastuzumab blocks the action of a protein called HER2, which cancer cells use to grow. Pseudomonas aeruginosa — a bacterial species commonly found in breast tumours — produces a molecule called 3oc, mainly to kill immune cells. But researchers found that 3oc has an off-target effect: it activates a chemical pathway in breast cancer cells that triggers HER2 production, dampening the effect of trastuzumab.

A Bacterial Signaling Molecule Lends Tumors Drug Resistance

Aggressive breast cancer can become unresponsive to monoclonal antibody treatment, but targeting tumor-resident bacteria may extend its effectiveness.

https://www.the-scientist.com/a-bacterial-signaling-molecule-lends-...

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2421710122

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 15, 2025 at 11:49am

Study Finds a Potential Downside to Vigorous Exercise

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 15, 2025 at 9:51am

Why the salmon on your plate contains less omega-3 than it used to

It has long been known that eating oily fish such as salmon is the best way to consume long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. These are essential for brain development, mental health and cognition. In salmon, omega-3 fatty acids must come from the fish's diet. For farmed fish, this means fishmeal and fish oil—so–called "marine ingredients" made from ground-up wild fish such as anchovy and fish by-products.

But the global supply of omega-3s is severely limited, whether from farmed or wild seafood. Many of the key fisheries supplying marine ingredients reached full exploitation in the mid-1990s. Since the growth of salmon aquaculture, increasing volumes of the limited marine ingredients supply have been taken up by fish farming.

This has raised concerns over sustainability and inflated the cost of these ingredients. The result has been a steady decline in the proportion of fish oil in farmed salmon diets, which has been replaced by plant oils. But these oils do not contain long-chain omega-3s.
In turn, the amount of omega-3s in a portion of salmon halved between 2006 and 2015. However, the salmon industry increasingly uses omega-3 as a key selling point for its product—two portions of farmed Scottish salmon per week would meet the recommended intake for an adult at current levels.
Moreover by trimming and removing skins and heads, the amount of omega-3 is reduced more.

Source: https://theconversation.com/why-the-salmon-on-your-plate-contains-l...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 15, 2025 at 9:38am

Novel coating shields iron from rust with 99.6% efficiency

Researchers have developed a highly effective dual-layer coating that provides 99.6% protection against iron corrosion. The breakthrough combines a thin molecular primer with a durable polymer layer, creating a strong, long-lasting barrier against rust. This innovation could significantly reduce maintenance costs and extend the lifespan of iron-based materials used in construction, transportation, and manufacturing.

The new research presents a solution by combining two protective layers that work together to create a strong and long-lasting barrier. The first layer is an ultra-thin coating made of N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) molecules, which form a tight bond with the iron surface.

This primer layer ensures that the second layer—a polymer-based coating—sticks firmly, creating a highly stable and durable protective shield. Thanks to this improved adhesion, the coating remains intact even in harsh conditions, such as prolonged exposure to saltwater.

Experiments showed that this dual-layer system dramatically reduced the amount of corrosion, with tests conducted in a highly corrosive saltwater environment confirming its exceptional efficiency. By forming a strong chemical connection between the iron and the protective layers, this method offers far greater durability than conventional coatings, which often wear down or peel off over time.

Linoy Amar et al, Self‐Assembled Monolayer of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene as a Primer in a Dual‐Layer Coating for Corrosion Protection on Iron, Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2025). DOI: 10.1002/anie.202422879

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 15, 2025 at 9:20am

Nanoplastics can disrupt gut microbes in mice by interfering with extracellular vesicle-delivered microRNA

Nanoplastics can compromise intestinal integrity in mice by altering the interactions between the gut microbiome and the host, according to a paper in Nature Communications. The study explores the complex interactions of nanoplastics with the gut microenvironment in mice.

Nanoplastics are pieces of plastic less than 1,000 nanometers in diameter, which are created as plastics degrade. Previous research has suggested that nanoplastic uptake can disrupt the gut microbiota; however, the underlying mechanism behind this effect is poorly understood.

Researchers  used RNA sequencing, transcriptomic analysis and microbial profiling to analyze the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on the intestinal microenvironment when ingested in mice. They found that nanoplastic accumulation in the mouse intestine was linked to altered expression of two proteins involved in intestinal barrier integrity (ZO-1 and MUC-13), which could disrupt intestinal permeability.

The nanoplastics were also shown to induce an intestinal microbiota imbalance, specifically an increased abundance of Ruminococcaceae, which has been implicated in gastrointestinal dysfunction in previous research.

These findings suggest a mechanism by which nanoplastics may affect the microbiota and the intestinal environment in mice. However, research would be needed to explore the ways in which nanoplastic accumulation could affect humans.

 Wei-Hsuan Hsu et al, Polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt the intestinal microenvironment by altering bacteria-host interactions through extracellular vesicle-delivered microRNAs, Nature Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59884-y

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 15, 2025 at 9:11am

Analyses drew on 33 years of follow-up from over 12,000 adults across four US communities, with participant age at vascular risk measurement ranging from 45 to 74 years. Dementia incidence was tracked through standardized clinical assessments, proxy interviews, and linked medical records. Analyses were limited to self-identified Black and white participants.

Among participants with vascular risk factors measured at ages 45–54, 21.8% of dementia cases by age 80 were attributable to those risks. This proportion increased to 26.4% when measured at ages 55–64, and to 44.0% at ages 65–74. For dementia occurring after age 80, attributable fractions dropped sharply to between 2% and 8%.

Subgroup analyses revealed higher attributable risk in APOE ε4 noncarriers (up to 61.4% for those aged 65–74), Black participants (up to 52.9%), and females (up to 51.3%). APOE ε4 noncarriers are individuals who lack the gene variant with the strongest known risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. In this lower genetic-risk group, modifiable vascular conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking accounted for a greater share of dementia risk.

The authors conclude, "Results suggest that maintaining ideal vascular health into late life could substantially reduce dementia risk before age 80 years."

Jason R. Smith et al, Contribution of Modifiable Midlife and Late-Life Vascular Risk Factors to Incident Dementia, JAMA Neurology (2025). DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1495

Roch A. Nianogo et al, Targeting Vascular Risk Factors to Reduce Dementia Risk, JAMA Neurology (2025). DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1493

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 15, 2025 at 9:08am

Study ties midlife vascular health to later dementia risk

Dementia before age 80 is potentially preventable through early intervention on common vascular risk factors, according to new research. Findings suggest that up to 44% of dementia cases could be attributed to vascular risk factors, specifically hypertension, diabetes, or smoking.

Hypertension, diabetes, and smoking are commonly implicated risk factors, likely acting through arteriosclerotic cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).

CSVD is a catch-all term for a variety of conditions resulting from damage to small blood vessels in the brain. Narrowing, hardening, or obstruction of small blood vessels in the brain can starve brain cells of oxygen, which can damage nearby brain cells.

Early symptoms are often easily confused with, or overlap with, the normal effects of aging. Mental fog, forgotten names, misplaced objects, can occur naturally throughout a lifetime of remembering things, such that when vascular-related damage reaches the point of a dementia diagnosis, it may appear as a rapid onset, usually presenting later in life.

Attribution is further complicated by the frequent co-occurrence of vascular injury and Alzheimer's pathology, leaving unresolved how much dementia could be prevented by controlling vascular conditions earlier in life.

In the study, "Contribution of Modifiable Midlife and Late-Life Vascular Risk Factors to Incident Dementia," published in JAMA Neurology, researchers designed a prospective cohort analysis to estimate the proportion of dementia attributable to midlife and late-life  vascular risk factors.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 14, 2025 at 11:52am

Scientists detect light passing through entire human head, opening new doors for brain imaging

For decades, scientists have used near-infrared light to study the brain in a noninvasive way. This optical technique, known as fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy), measures how light is absorbed by blood in the brain, to infer activity.

Valued for portability and low cost, fNIRS has a major drawback: it can't see very deep into the brain. Light typically only reaches the outermost layers of the brain, about 4 centimeters deep—enough to study the surface of the brain, but not deeper regions involved in critical functions like memory, emotion, and movement.

This drawback has restricted the ability to study deeper brain regions without expensive and bulky equipment like MRI machines.

Now, researchers  have demonstrated something previously thought impossible: detecting light that has traveled all the way through an adult human head.

Their study, "Photon transport through the entire adult human head," published in Neurophotonics, shows that, with the right setup, it is possible to measure photons that pass from one side of the head to the other, even across its widest point.

To achieve this, the team used powerful lasers and highly sensitive detectors in a carefully controlled experiment. They directed a pulsed laser beam at one side of a volunteer's head and placed a detector on the opposite side. The setup was designed to block out all other light and maximize the chances of catching the few photons that made the full journey through the skull and brain.

The researchers also ran detailed computer simulations to predict how light would move through the complex layers of the head. These simulations matched the experimental results closely, confirming that the detected photons had indeed traveled through the entire head.

Interestingly, the simulations revealed that light tends to follow specific paths, guided by regions of the brain with lower scattering, such as the cerebrospinal fluid.

This breakthrough suggests that it may be possible to design new optical devices that can reach deeper brain areas than current technologies allow.

While the current method is not yet practical for everyday use—it requires 30 minutes of data collection and worked only on a subject with fair skin and no hair—this extreme case of detecting light diametrically across the head may inspire the community to rethink what is possible for the next generation of fNIRS systems.

With further development, this approach might help bring deep brain imaging into clinics and homes in a more affordable and portable form and better diagnosing platforms. This could eventually lead to better tools for diagnosing and monitoring conditions like strokes, brain injuries, or tumors, especially in settings where access to MRI or CT scans is limited.

Jack Radford et al, Photon transport through the entire adult human head, Neurophotonics (2025). DOI: 10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025014

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 14, 2025 at 10:50am

Some plants make their own pesticide—but at what cost to the atmosphere?

A natural alternative to pesticides may be hiding in a misunderstood plant compound—but it could come at an environmental cost.

For years, scientists knew little about isoprene, a natural chemical produced by plants. New  research 40 years in the making now sheds light on how this natural chemical can repel insects—and how some plants that don't normally make isoprene could activate production in times of stress.

A  research paper in Science Advances uncovers a hormonal response triggered by isoprene that makes insects steer clear of those plants. Insects that munched on isoprene-treated leaves got a stomachache, thanks to indigestible proteins that kick in when the compound is present. Those proteins also stunt the growth of worms that dare to keep eating them.

Another paper, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reveals that soybeans produce isoprene when their leaves are wounded. This discovery was particularly surprising since researchers previously thought modern crops didn't produce isoprene. This ability could make crops more resilient to heat and pests.

But that benefit could come at a cost. Isoprene is a hydrocarbon that worsens air pollution, especially in areas that already have poor air quality. If more crop plants were engineered to release isoprene, that could further damage Earth's atmosphere. The research also has implications for how soybeans may impact air pollution.

Isoprene is one of the highest emitted hydrocarbons on Earth, second only to methane emissions from human activity. These organic compounds interact with sunlight and nitrogen oxide from coal-burning facilities and vehicle emissions, creating a toxic brew of ozone, aerosols and other harmful byproducts.

Not all plants produce isoprene, however, and the ones that do tend to make more in hot weather. It's mostly found in oak and poplar trees, but unlike similar molecules in pine and eucalyptus trees, isoprene doesn't have a scent.

But as plants make more isoprene, they sacrifice some of their growth potential. When plants make isoprene, they divert carbon away from growth and storage and invest instead in their defense. Some think this is why many plants folded under evolutionary pressure to get rid of the isoprene synthase.

 Abira Sahu et al, Isoprene deters insect herbivory by priming plant hormone responses, Science Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adu4637

Mohammad Golam Mostofa et al, Cryptic isoprene emission of soybeans, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2502360122

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on June 13, 2025 at 9:39am

Low sodium in blood triggers anxiety in mice by disrupting their brain chemistry

Hyponatremia, or low blood sodium concentration, is typically viewed as a symptomless condition—until recently. A research team has demonstrated that chronic hyponatremia (CHN) can directly cause anxiety-like behaviors in mice by disrupting key neurotransmitters in the brain.

Their findings, published online in the journal Molecular Neurobiology, reveal that CHN alters monoaminergic signaling in the amygdala, a brain region critical for processing fear and emotion. 

Hyponatremia is usually caused by conditions like liver cirrhosis, heart failure, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD). In chronic cases, the brain adapts to the low-sodium environment by adjusting its cellular content through a compensatory mechanism known as volume regulatory decrease (VRD). But this adaptation, while protective, comes at a physiological cost.

This compensation process involves the loss of organic osmolytes and neurotransmitter precursors that help stabilize brain cell volume under low-sodium conditions. Over time, this may lead to disruption in the production, release, or recycling of key mood-regulating chemicals.

The researchers  found that the mice in their experiments exhibited significantly lower serum sodium levels, which were maintained over a prolonged period, consistent with chronic hyponatremia (CHN) and exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviors in both the light/dark transition and open field tests—standard behavioral assays in neuroscience.

Further biochemical analyses revealed that levels of serotonin and dopamine, two key neurotransmitters that regulate mood, were significantly reduced in the amygdala of mice with CHN. These changes were accompanied by a drop in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation—a molecular signal for emotional regulation.

The data  suggest that CHN disrupts the balance of monoamines in the amygdala, especially serotonin and dopamine, which in turn modulates innate anxiety.

This shows not only that CHN causes anxiety-like symptoms but also that these symptoms can be alleviated with proper correction of sodium imbalance.

While the study focused on mice, the findings could apply to humans. CHN is fairly common among elderly patients and those with chronic illnesses. Identifying and treating its neurological manifestations can improve their quality of life.

Haruki Fujisawa et al, Chronic Hyponatremia Potentiates Innate Anxiety-Like Behaviors Through the Dysfunction of Monoaminergic Neurons in Mice, Molecular Neurobiology (2025). DOI: 10.1007/s12035-025-05024-y

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