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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Saturday

Sunlight-activated material turns PFAS in water into harmless fluoride

Researchers  have developed a sunlight-activated material that can degrade per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water, breaking down the pollutant into harmless components, including fluoride. The work is published in the journal Small.

The breakthrough discovery represents a promising low-energy solution for PFAS remediation, with potential applications in water treatment and environmental cleanup.

Many water contaminants are degraded by adding a reactive chemical that binds to the carbon. However, in PFAS molecules, the carbon atoms are protected in such a way that makes this process nearly impossible.

The researchers now have altered conditions and optimized the catalyst to target the PFAS-protective F atoms, which resulted in complete breakdown of the forever chemicals.

The produced fluoride can be isolated and used in health care products such as toothpaste or as additives to fertilizers.

Mahmoud Adel Hamza et al, CdIn2S4 Micro‐Pyramids for Reductive Photocatalytic Degradation of Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid, Small (2025). DOI: 10.1002/smll.202504601

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Peacocks have lasers in their tails

As if the tail of a peacock could get any more flamboyant. Scientists have now discovered yellow-green lasers shooting from the ‘eyes’ of their feathers. These aren’t vaporizing beams of light that can cut a bird in half or anything. We would have probably noticed that during a courtship display… The lasers we’re talking about are completely harmless. The term stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Essentially, that means if you shine a light on some materials and the atoms excite one another, it can release a flood of photons, producing a faint glow. Biological lasers like these can be found in butterfly wings and marine mammals. But this is the first time scientists have observed the effect in the feathers of peacocks. Even the greatest show-offs in the world have a secret or two up their sleeves.

The researchers found evidence of optical cavities in the form of resonating nanostructures in different parts of the eyespot, all faintly emitting two different wavelengths: green and yellow/orange.

Exactly what kind of structure is responsible for aligning the amplified light at these colors isn't clear. But the fact they are found across the feather, all emitting the same precise wavelengths in a signature fashion, is a sign that something strange is at work.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-04039-8

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Friday

Human eggs are protected from age-related genetic mutations, mtDNA study finds

As we age, the genes in our cells accumulate more mutations. This is one of the contributory factors to age-related diseases and the aging process. However, in a new study published in Science Advances, researchers have discovered one exception where genetic mutations don't appear to build up as humans get older—the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of human egg cells in women.

Mitochondria are the energy powerhouses of the cell. These oval-shaped organelles supply most of the energy for a cell to function, have their own DNA and are only passed down from mothers to their children. Most mitochondrial DNA mutations are harmless, but some can cause diseases such as Leigh Syndrome in children, which can lead to seizures, loss of previously acquired motor skills and heart problems. It was previously unclear, though, whether these mutations increase with age in immature egg cells known as oocytes.

In this new study, scientists used a DNA-sequencing technique to identify mutations in 80 single oocytes from 22 women, aged 20 to 42. They also studied mitochondrial DNA mutations in the women's blood and saliva.

They found that as women age, mitochondrial DNA mutations increase in blood and saliva cells, but not in egg cells. This suggests that a mechanism may have evolved that protects eggs from age-related genetic damage seen in other parts of the body.

"mtDNA in human oocytes is protected against accumulation of mutations with aging and has functional consequences," wrote the researchers. "These findings are particularly timely as humans tend to reproduce later in life."

The researchers also noted that the few mutations they did find tended to occur in parts of the mtDNA that do not make proteins (non-coding regions). Mutations were much less common in the parts that make proteins (coding regions).

Previous studies have shown that older mothers are more likely to pass on chromosomal abnormalities to their children. It was assumed the same was true for mitochondrial mutations. The new research challenges this assumption, offering a promising sign that delaying motherhood may not increase the risk of passing on mtDNA mutations.

Despite these findings, the study's conclusions are not definitive. It was based on a small sample size and did not cover a woman's full reproductive lifespan.

 Barbara Arbeithuber et al, Allele frequency selection and no age-related increase in human oocyte mitochondrial mutations, Science Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adw4954

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Thursday

Why do some birds dance?

Cockatoos perform 30 distinct dance moves and may combine them in unique ways

Captive cockatoos have at least 30 different dance moves in their repertoire, including headbanging and body rolls, according to a new study.

 The moves, of which 17 are newly identified, may be performed with or without music.

Several species of parrot have been anecdotally observed dancing to music in captivity. Dancing results from complex brain processes including imitation, learning and synchronized, rhythmic movement. Spontaneous dancing in time to music has only been reported in humans and parrots, although some wild birds also display rhythmic movements as part of their courtship displays.

Researchers analyzed 45 videos posted on social media that showed cockatoos (Cacatuidae) dancing. They identified a total of 30 distinct dance movements—17 of which had not previously been described scientifically. These newly identified dance moves included headbanging, sidesteps and body rolls.

The researchers found that some birds also performed their own individual dance moves, often by combining several of the movements in unique ways. Closely related species did not display more similar dances, and each species had a unique top 10 most common dance moves.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Thursday

Researchers discover universal rules of quantum entanglement across all dimensions

A team of theoretical researchers used thermal effective theory to demonstrate that quantum entanglement follows universal rules across all dimensions. Their study was published online in Physical Review Letters.

In classical physics, two particles that are far apart behave independently. However, in quantum physics, two particles can exhibit strong correlations regardless of the distance between them. This quantum correlation is known as quantum entanglement.

Quantum entanglement is a fundamental phenomenon underlying quantum technologies such as quantum computation and quantum communication, and understanding its structure is important both theoretically and practically.

--

One of the key measures used to quantify quantum entanglement is the Rényi entropy. Rényi entropy quantifies the complexity of quantum states and the distribution of information, and plays a crucial role in the classification of quantum states and in assessing the feasibility of simulating quantum many-body systems.

Moreover, Rényi entropy serves as a powerful tool in theoretical investigations of the black hole information loss problem, and frequently appears in the context of quantum gravity.

 Most studies to date have been limited to (1+1)-dimensional systems, or 1 spatial dimension plus time dimension. In higher dimensions, analyzing the structure of quantum entanglement becomes significantly more difficult.

A group of researchers has shown the universal features of quantum entanglement structures in higher dimensions by applying theoretical techniques developed in the field of particle physics to quantum information theory.

The research team focused on the thermal effective theory, which has recently led to major advances in the analysis of higher-dimensional theories in particle physics. This is a theoretical framework designed to extract universal behavior from complex systems, based on the idea that observable quantities can often be characterized by only a small number of parameters.

By introducing this framework into quantum information theory, the team analyzed the behavior of Rényi entropy in higher-dimensional quantum systems.

--

 Yuya Kusuki et al, Universality of Rényi Entropy in Conformal Field Theory, Physical Review Letters (2025). DOI: 10.1103/fsg7-bs7q

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Thursday

Anthropic says they've found a new way to stop AI from turning evil

AI is a relatively new tool, and despite its rapid deployment in nearly every aspect of our lives, researchers are still trying to figure out how its "personality traits" arise and how to control them. Large learning models (LLMs) use chatbots or "assistants" to interface with users, and some of these assistants have exhibited troubling behaviors recently, like praising evil dictators, using blackmail or displaying sycophantic behaviors with users. Considering how much these LLMs have already been integrated into our society, it is no surprise that researchers are trying to find ways to weed out undesirable behaviors.

Anthropic, the AI company and creator of the LLM Claude, recently released a paper on the arXiv preprint server discussing their new approach to reining in these undesirable traits in LLMs. In their method, they identify patterns of activity within an AI model's neural network—referred to as "persona vectors"—that control its character traits. Anthropic says these persona vectors are somewhat analogous to parts of the brain that "light up" when a person experiences a certain feeling or does a particular activity.

Anthropic's researchers used two open-source LLMs, Qwen 2.5-7B-Instruct and Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, to test whether they could remove or manipulate these persona vectors to control the behaviors of the LLMs. Their study focuses on three traits: evil, sycophancy and hallucination (the LLM's propensity to make up information). Traits must be given a name and an explicit description for the vectors to be properly identified.

In their method, a technique called "steering" can be used to control behaviors. They write, "When we steer the model with the 'evil' persona vector, we start to see it talking about unethical acts; when we steer with 'sycophancy,' it sucks up to the user; and when we steer with 'hallucination,' it starts to make up information. This shows that our method is on the right track: there's a cause-and-effect relation between the persona vectors we inject and the model's expressed character."

However, they found that when they made these changes after training, the model loses some of its intelligence. But there was a workaround—the team found that inducing the bad behaviors during training allowed the LLMs to integrate better behavior without reducing their usefulness. Furthermore, they found that they can monitor and predict persona shifts during deployment and training and flag problematic training data that is more likely to produce unwanted traits, even before fine-tuning the model.

Runjin Chen et al, Persona Vectors: Monitoring and Controlling Character Traits in Language Models, arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2507.21509

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Thursday

Low-oxygen air slows Parkinson's progression and restores movement in mice

Researchers have shown that a low-oxygen environment—similar to the thin air found at Mount Everest base camp—can protect the brain and restore movement in mice with Parkinson's-like disease.

The new research, in Nature Neuroscience, suggests that cellular dysfunction in Parkinson's leads to the accumulation of excess oxygen molecules in the brain, which then fuel neurodegeneration—and that reducing oxygen intake could help prevent or even reverse Parkinson's symptoms.

The fact that researchers actually saw some reversal of neurological damage is really exciting. It tells us that there is a window during which some neurons are dysfunctional but not yet dead—and that we can restore their function if we intervene early enough.

The results raise the possibility of an entirely new paradigm for addressing Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease, which affects more than 10 million people worldwide, causes the progressive loss of neurons in the brain, leading to tremors and slowed movements.

Neurons affected by Parkinson's also gradually accumulate toxic protein clumps called Lewy bodies. Some biochemical evidence has suggested that these clumps interfere with the function of mitochondria—the tiny powerhouses of the cell that Mootha knew were altered in other diseases that could be treated with hypoxia.

Moreover, anecdotally, people with Parkinson's seem to fare better at high altitudes. And long-term smokers—who have elevated levels of carbon monoxide, leading to less oxygen in tissues—also appear to have a lower risk of developing Parkinson's.

Based on this evidence, researchers became very interested in the effect of hypoxia on Parkinson's disease.

The results of their experiments were striking. Three months after receiving α-synuclein protein injections, the mice breathing normal air had high levels of Lewy bodies, dead neurons, and severe movement problems. Mice that had breathed low-oxygen air from the start didn't lose any neurons and showed no signs of movement problems, despite developing abundant Lewy bodies.

The findings show that hypoxia wasn't stopping the formation of Lewy bodies but was protecting neurons from the damaging effects of these protein clumps—potentially suggesting a new mode of treating Parkinson's without targeting α-synuclein or Lewy bodies.

What's more, when hypoxia was introduced six weeks after the injection, when symptoms were already appearing, it still worked. The mice's motor skills rebounded, their anxiety-like behaviors faded, and the loss of neurons in the brain stopped.

However, more work is needed before the findings can be directly used to treat Parkinson's.

 Marutani, E et al. Hypoxia ameliorates neurodegeneration and movement disorder in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, Nature Neuroscience (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-025-02010-4

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Wednesday

Before the first polio vaccine was developed in 1955, the disease—spread mostly from person to person, through contaminated water and via fecal particles—was among the world's most feared, paralyzing hundreds of thousands of children annually. People avoided crowded places during epidemics, and hospital wards filled with children encased in iron lungs after the virus immobilized their breathing muscles.

Polio is mainly spread when people are exposed to water infected with the virus. In countries with poor sanitation, children often become infected when they come into contact with contaminated waste.

WHO says that as long as a single child remains infected, kids everywhere are at risk.
Eradication demands near-perfection—zero polio cases and immunizing more than 95% of children.

But public health leaders and former WHO staffers say campaign efforts are far from perfect, and many question the oral vaccine.
The oral vaccine—proven to be safe and effective—has been given to more than 3 billion children. But there are some extremely rare side effects: Scientists estimate that for every 2.7 million first doses given, one child will be paralyzed by the live polio virus in the vaccine.

In even rarer instances, the live virus can mutate into a form capable of starting new outbreaks among unimmunized people where vaccination rates are low.

Worldwide, several hundred vaccine-derived cases have been reported annually since at least 2021, with at least 98 this year.

Most public health experts agree the oral vaccine should be pulled as soon as possible. But they acknowledge there simply isn't enough injectable vaccine—which uses no live virus and doesn't come with the risks of the oral vaccine—to wipe out polio alone. The injectable vaccine also is more expensive and requires more training to administer.

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-08-world-polio-fake-imperfect-v...

Part 2

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Wednesday

The world nearly beat polio. But fake records, an imperfect vaccine and missteps aided its comeback

For the past decade, health care workers have traveled door to door in southeastern Pakistan, pleading with parents to allow children to be vaccinated against polio as part of a global campaign to wipe out the paralytic disease. She hears their demands and fears. Some are practical—families need basics like food and water more than vaccines. Others are simply unfounded—the oral doses are meant to sterilize their kids.

Amid rampant misinformation and immense pressure for the campaign to succeed, some managers have instructed workers to falsely mark children as immunized. And the vaccines, which must be kept cold, aren't always stored correctly.

In many places, their work is not done with honesty. The result: Polio raised its ugly head again.

The World Health Organization and partners embarked on their polio campaign in 1988 with the bold goal of eradication—a feat seen only once for human diseases, with smallpox in 1980. They came close several times, including in 2021, when just five cases of the natural virus were reported in Pakistan and Afghanistan. But since then, cases rebounded, hitting 99 last year, and officials have missed at least six self-imposed eradication deadlines.

Afghanistan and Pakistan remain the only countries where transmission of polio—which is highly infectious, affects mainly children under 5, and can cause irreversible paralysis within hours—has never been interrupted. The worldwide campaign has focused most of its attention and funding there for the past decade.

But in its quest to eliminate the disease, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has been derailed by mismanagement and what insiders describe as blind allegiance to an outdated strategy and a problematic oral vaccine, according to workers, polio experts and internal materials.

Officials have falsified vaccination records, selected unqualified people to dole out drops, failed to send out teams during mass campaigns, and dismissed concerns about the oral vaccine sparking outbreaks, according to documents shared with some news agencies.

The documents flagged multiple cases of falsified vaccination records, health workers being replaced by untrained relatives and workers improperly administering vaccines.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Wednesday

Study finds drinking coffee at night raises impulsivity, especially in females

 A team of  biologists has discovered that nighttime caffeine consumption can increase impulsive behavior, potentially leading to reckless actions.

The study, published in iScience, examined how nighttime caffeine intake affects inhibition and impulsivity in fruit flies.

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly species used in the study, is a powerful model to study complex behaviors due to its genetic and neural parallels with humans. Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world.

Interestingly, caffeine consumed by the flies during the daytime did not lead to the same reckless flying, the team said.

The team warns that the findings could have negative implications for shift workers, health care and military personnel who consume coffee at night, particularly females.

Erick Benjamin Saldes et al, Nighttime caffeine intake increases motor impulsivity, iScience (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113197

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