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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 10 hours ago

No association between mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and autism in children, new research shows
Children born to mothers who received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during or shortly before pregnancy show no increased risk of autism or other neurodevelopmental problems at 18–30 months compared to children of unvaccinated mothers. Neurodevelopmental assessments revealed no significant differences between the groups, supporting the vaccine's safety in pregnancy.

Association between SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in pregnancy and child neurodevelopment at 18–30 months, Pregnancy (2026).

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 11 hours ago

Nanoplastics hindering cognitive abilities of fish, international research shows

Plastic makes up about 80 to 85% of marine litter, according to environmental research, with the most commonly used plastics breaking down into smaller pieces under ultraviolet light and low temperatures.

Nanoplastic exposure can impair the cognitive abilities of fish and could lead to significant impacts on marine species' ability to survive, according to a new international study.
Exposure to nanoplastics impairs cognitive function in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), leading to increased errors and impulsive decision-making during behavioral tests. These changes may reduce survival by affecting foraging, predator avoidance, and reproduction. Nanoplastics, due to their small size, are highly bioavailable and pose a significant, underrecognized threat to marine ecosystems.

The important things for any animal are reproduction, shelter and feed. For a fish which has changed its behavior, it may have trouble capturing food and most importantly, have trouble avoiding predators.

It may also be affected when mating and finding a mate, let alone spawning. There are huge potential effects on those three basic requirements for survival.

Xianyu Yuan et al, Nanoplastic exposure damages neural plasticity, cognitive abilities, and ecological adaptability of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma, Marine Pollution Bulletin (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119232

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 11 hours ago

Space mining without heavy machines? Microbes harvest metals from meteorites aboard space station
Microbes can extract valuable metals from meteorites in microgravity, with fungi notably enhancing palladium release. Microbial biomining remains effective in space, while nonbiological leaching is less efficient under microgravity. Extraction rates vary by metal, microbe, and gravity, highlighting the complexity and potential of microbial resource extraction for space and Earth applications.

Rosa Santomartino et al, Microbial biomining from asteroidal material onboard the international space station, npj Microgravity (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41526-026-00567-3

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 11 hours ago

The origin of magic numbers: Why some atomic nuclei are unusually stable
A new model explains the stability of magic nuclei by directly linking their shell structure to underlying proton–neutron interactions via nuclear wavefunctions. This approach naturally reproduces magic numbers and bridges phenomenological and first-principles nuclear models, offering insights into the strong nuclear force and the properties of heavy, exotic nuclei.

C. R. Ding et al, From Spin to Pseudospin Symmetry: The Origin of Magic Numbers in Nuclear Structure, Physical Review Letters (2026). DOI: 10.1103/8lzc-j1lx. On arXiv: DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2504.09148

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 11 hours ago

Only humans have chins and it's an evolutionary accident

Every chin is distinctive in the sense that humans are the only primates to possess that physical characteristic.

Chimpanzees, humans' closest living relatives, do not have a chin. Neither did Neanderthals, Denisovans, or any other extinct human species. Humans, it turns out, have a unique capacity to "take it on the chin" because we're uniquely in possession of that physical feature. That exclusive nature makes the chin well suited for identifying Homo sapiens in the fossil record.

The chin evolved largely by accident and not through direct selection, but as an evolutionary by-product resulting from direct selection on other parts of the skull.

The chin is a spandrel, a feature that arises as an unintended byproduct of evolution, just as the space under a staircase exists not for any architectural purpose, but as a byproduct of building a convenient way to get from one level to the next.

Just because we have a unique feature, like the chin, does not mean that it was shaped by natural selection to enhance an animal's survivability, for example, a buttress for the lower jaw to help dissipate the forces of chewing. The chin is likely a byproduct, not an adaptation.

Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel et al, Is the human chin a spandrel? Insights from an evolutionary analysis of ape craniomandibular form, PLOS One (2026). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0340278

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Fever chills explained: How brain signals push warmth-seeking to fight infection

When running a fever during infection, we often feel chills, which prompt us to take action to warm ourselves, such as turning on a heater or adding layers of clothing. Increased body temperature helps inhibit pathogen growth and boosts immune cell activity.

A recent rat study by researchers identified the neural mechanism underlying chills, a cold sensation that supports the body's response to infection. The findings were published in The Journal of Physiology.

When mammals are infected, their immune system produces a pyrogenic mediator, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), in the brain's vascular cells. PGE₂ acts on the preoptic area, the brain's thermoregulatory center, and triggers autonomic fever responses, such as shivering, increased heat production in brown adipose tissue, and constriction of skin blood vessels.

PGE₂ is known to trigger not only autonomic fever responses but also behavioral fever responses including warming behaviors with chills.

The team hypothesized that PGE₂ acts on the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) in the brain, which relays sensory signals, to trigger chills and warmth-seeking behaviors during infection. This was based on their 2023 study showing that LPB neurons transmit skin-temperature sensations to the forebrain and influence body temperature regulation. To test this hypothesis, the team conducted experiments on rats.

The researchers found that the rats' axons primarily target the central nucleus of the amygdala, which regulates emotions such as discomfort and fear, with minimal projections to the preoptic area.

The team also found that the pathway from EP3-expressing neurons to the amygdala is activated in cold environments and transmits cold sensations.

These findings suggest that during infection, PGE₂ boosts cold signals from the LPB to the central nucleus of the amygdala via EP3 receptors, triggering chills and promoting warmth-seeking behaviour.

This study demonstrates that PGE₂ increases body temperature by acting on two brain regions: the preoptic area, which drives autonomous thermogenic responses, and the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB), which mediates behavioural responses.

The pyrogenic mediator prostaglandin E2 elicits warmth seeking via EP3 receptor-expressing parabrachial neurons: a potential mechanism of chills, The Journal of Physiology (2026). DOI: 10.1113/JP289466

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Boxfish

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Old galaxies in a young universe?
Analysis of 31 high-redshift galaxies observed with JWST indicates average stellar ages of about 600 million years, close to the universe's age at that epoch (~700 Myr), with some cases, such as JADES-1050323, appearing older than the universe at their redshift. These findings challenge the standard Lambda-CDM model and suggest a need for further investigation.

The standard cosmological model (present-day version of "Big Bang," called Lambda-CDM) gives an age of the universe close to 13.8 billion years and much younger when we explore the universe at high-redshift. The redshift of galaxies is produced by the expansion of the universe, which causes emitted wavelengths to lengthen and move toward the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The further away a galaxy is, the more rapidly it is moving with respect to us, and so the greater is its redshift; and, given that the speed of light is finite, the more we travel to the past. Hence, measuring the age of very high redshift galaxies would be a way to test the cosmological model. Galaxies cannot be older than the age of the universe in which they are; it would be absurd, like a son older than his mother.\

In work carried out  by researchers at the Canary Islands Astrophysics Institute (IAC; Spain), we analyzed 31 galaxies with average redshift 7.3 (when the universe was 700 Myr old, according to the standard model) observed with the most powerful available telescope available: the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

The findings are published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

As a result, they found that they are on average ~600 Myr old, according to the comparison with theoretical models based on previous knowledge of nearby galaxies. Our models include all of the known possibilities: old and young stellar populations, thermally-pulsating AGB stars, emission lines associated with HII regions, black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGN), interstellar dust extinction, and intergalactic extinction from neutral hydrogen.

There were other independent works that also pointed out  strong anomalies with JWST galaxies, including the existence of old galaxies (e.g., Steinhardt et al. 2024, ApJ, 967, 172; Wang et al. 2024, ApJL, 969, L13; Martínez-García 2025, MNRAS, 541, 1988). If this result is correct, we would have to think about how it is possible that these massive and luminous galaxies were formed and started to produce stars in a short time. It is a challenge.

The fact that some of these galaxies might be older than the universe within some significant confidence level is even more challenging.

M López-Corredoira et al, Improved measurements of the age of JWST galaxies at z = 6 − 10, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2026). DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stag089

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Obesity linked to one in 10 infection deaths globally

Just over one in 10 deaths from a wide range of infectious diseases can be attributed to obesity worldwide, finds a major new study. People with obesity face a 70% higher risk of hospitalization or death from an infection than those of a healthy weight, according to the findings published in The Lancet.

Obesity can increase the risk posed by many different infectious diseases, from flu and COVID-19 to stomach bugs and urinary tract infections, and the researchers found that the higher the BMI, the greater the risk.

While this study did not investigate the causes of the association, the researchers say that previous studies have suggested that obesity contributes to a general impairment of immune, including immune dysregulation, chronic systemic inflammation, and metabolic disturbances.

Obesity weakens the body's defenses against infections, resulting in more serious diseases. People may not get infected more easily, but recovery from infection is clearly harder.

The researchers found evidence that losing weight can reduce the risk of severe infections, as people with obesity who lost weight had a roughly 20% lower risk of severe infections than those who remained obese.

Adult obesity and risk of severe infections: a multicohort study with global burden estimates, The Lancet (2026). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)02474-2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Female scientists wait longer to have papers published in life and biomedical sciences

If you are a woman working in biomedical and life sciences, you may have longer to wait for your academic paper to appear in print than a comparable paper authored by a man. According to research published in the journal PLOS Biology, female-authored biomedical and life science articles spend around 7.4% to 14.6% longer under review than male-authored articles.

Despite increasing calls for equality and inclusion, there is still a gender gap in academia. Women are underrepresented in senior academic positions, and whether through anecdotal evidence or studies, the data show that female researchers face more obstacles than their male colleagues, including in academic peer review.

The study found significant delays for female researchers. These ranged from 7.4% for papers with a female first author to 10% for all-female teams and 14.6% when both the first and corresponding authors were women. These delays occur across different countries and nearly every branch within biomedical and life sciences.

This is unequivocal evidence that female-authored articles tend to spend longer under review than male-authored articles. Even though, for each manuscript, time under review is only 7–15 days longer for females—than for male-authored articles, accumulated over a woman's career, these delays can be very substantial.

These delays can have knock-on effects on a scientist's career, including fewer opportunities for promotion and difficulty obtaining research funding. By documenting these problems, the researchers hope their study will help the community devise mitigation strategies.

David Alvarez-Ponce et al, Biomedical and life science articles by female researchers spend longer under review, PLOS Biology (2026). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003574

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