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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 5 hours ago

What's carving active gullies on Mars? It's not water!

Spectral observations at Sisyphi Cavi show no springtime water-ice signature near active gullies, while salts and clays occur elsewhere. CO2 geyser activity peaks before gully formation. The gullies are therefore most consistent with CO2 frost fluidization, in which sublimating gas lubricates debris-rich dry-ice flows that erode slopes.

Apolline Leclef et al, Properties of Seasonal Ice at Sisyphi Cavi and Implications for Current Modification of Martian Gullies, arXiv (2026). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2609.03885

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 5 hours ago

How western consumption becomes the Global South's environmental nightmare

Exports of used textiles and electronics from industrialized countries often shift disposal, pollution and health burdens to Global South regions with limited waste-management capacity. Although reuse and repair create economic value, unsellable goods and hazardous e-waste concentrate harms locally. Circular economy systems require cross-border producer responsibility, funding and protections.

original article.

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 5 hours ago

Regular use of eyelash extensions linked to skin mites, eye irritation and blocked glands

Eyelash extensions are an extremely popular cosmetic procedure among young women because they provide the appearance of longer and fuller eyelashes without the need for mascara. At the same time, there is growing evidence suggesting that this procedure may create problems on the surface of the eye, including irritation, dry eye symptoms, and meibomian gland dysfunction.

A study among young women who regularly have eyelash extensions has found most have tiny mites, called Demodex folliculorum, living on their lashes. These mites can cause a painful skin reaction called demodicosis.

The research, presented last week at the 44th Congress of the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS), also shows that many of the women have symptoms of eye irritation and most have problems with the tiny glands near the eyelashes, called meibomian glands, that produce an oily substance to prevent the eyes from drying out.
Among the women who had had eyelash extensions at least 10 times, researchers found most (85%) had signs of meibomian gland dysfunction. This means the glands were blocked or not producing the right oil to keep eyes hydrated.

It was also found that samples of eyelashes from 25 women who regularly had eyelash extensions, harboured Demodex folliculorum skin mites. In 18 of the women, there were signs of skin irritation typically caused by skin mites, including itching and irritation around the eyelids, redness, swelling, eyelashes sticking together, and scaly skin at the base of the lashes.

Researchers say that some simple hygiene steps, such as cleaning the eyelashes and treating mite infestation when needed, could make eyelash extensions much safer.
The findings do not suggest that people should completely avoid eyelash extensions. However, they highlight the importance of proper eyelid hygiene, awareness of symptoms and timely assessment when symptoms arise. For optimal care of eyelash extensions, the use of a preservative-free, hypoallergenic gel designed for therapeutic eyelid hygiene may be recommended twice daily using an eyelash cleansing brush. In individuals with confirmed Demodex infestation, a course of antiparasitic treatment may be considered.

https://www.escrs.org/channels/news/regular-use-of-eyelash-extensio...

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 6 hours ago

Drinking very hot tea and coffee is linked to a greater risk of esophageal cancer

A study of almost 1 million tea and coffee drinkers has linked very hot drinks to a threefold greater risk of developing one type of esophageal cancer.
This isn't the first time hot beverages have been linked to cancer. Earlier studies in Asia, Africa, South America and the Middle East found an association, but there has been far less evidence from Western populations. However, this research showed that temperatures typical of U.K. drinking habits were also linked to an increased risk.
But how much difference could everyday drinking habits actually make? To find out, scientists turned to a vast health data set. Researchers analyzed data from 977,282 adults who were asked about their hot drink consumption habits, whether they preferred their drinks warm, hot or very hot, and how many cups of tea and coffee they drank daily.

They then tracked participants' health data through NHS (National Health Service) records for more than a decade. In particular, they were on the lookout for new diagnoses of esophageal cancer while taking into account lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol intake and body weight.

During the study period, 2,348 participants developed esophageal cancer, which affects the esophagus, the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. However, the data revealed an important difference. When the team separated the cases and looked at the different types of esophageal cancer, they found that higher drink temperatures were not linked to them equally, as they write in their paper published in the International Journal of Cancer.

Drinking very hot beverages, as opposed to warm beverages, was linked to a threefold higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a type of esophageal cancer that forms in the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the esophagus. People who preferred their drinks hot also faced an elevated risk, though not nearly as steep as those who preferred them very hot.

But temperature wasn't the only thing that mattered. The number of drinks consumed daily was also a factor. People who drank six or more cups of tea or coffee a day saw their risk of SCC jump significantly compared with those who drank fewer cups. The association was similar regardless of whether people primarily drank tea or coffee, suggesting that the risk came from the temperature of the liquid rather than any specific ingredient.
Because the cancer risk was linked to temperature, the scientists offer straightforward advice. "These findings suggest that reducing drink temperature in populations where tea and coffee are frequently consumed could offer an important means of SCC prevention."

Keren Papier et al, Hot Drinks and Oesophageal Cancer: Prospective Analyses in Around 1 Million UK Adults, International Journal of Cancer (2026). DOI: 10.1002/ijc.70654

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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Shrinking Planet
Even planets develop wrinkles as they age. As the planet Mercury shrinks, more “wrinkles” (in the form of hills and ridges) emerge, and scientists are trying to measure them. A new study focused on the planet’s surface roughness, such as craters and debris, and found that particularly rough areas have made the wrinkles harder to see. The analysis revealed that the planet has shrunk up to 14.5 miles in its history, 30 percent more than scientists previously thought.
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Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

The brain keeps its options straight at decision time

A new study by neuroscientists shows how the brain encodes information throughout the decision-making process to keep options clearly in mind and ensure that chosen and unchosen options are remembered.
The key, the researchers show in the journal iScience, is that the brain convenes ensembles to produce coordinated patterns of electrical activity that distinctly represent and sort options, both during consideration and after a choice.

It keeps different neural ensembles, different thoughts, distinct from one another, preventing interference between them.

The brain doesn't just hold information statically. Throughout the decision process, the brain flexibly reorganizes information representation to meet the changing task demands.
The researchers found that the neurons acted in functional ensembles whose collective activity clearly indicated decision-related information, including the distinct target directions and their assigned values.
The researchers' key finding was that before the values were assigned and a decision was made, the neural ensemble patterns consistently represented options based on their order of presentation. For example, on the graphs, each "target 1" plane was nicely parallel with the others. Similarly, each "target 2" plane was parallel with its brethren, but the target 2s were more orthogonal, or more perpendicular, to the target 1s, showing that they were represented as entirely distinct from one another.

Then, after the decision, new ensembles provided new representations. Now the "chosen" options, whether they had been presented first or second, had parallel representations. The unchosen targets were also represented as parallel with one another, but as orthogonal to the chosen ones.

In other words, before the decision, the brain convened ensembles of neurons to distinguish targets by their presentation order and then, after the decision, gathered ensembles to sort them by whether they were chosen. This consistent way of representing chosen options, Li and Miller wrote, could aid decision-making by essentially packaging it for downstream circuits responsible for converting the decision into action (in this case, directing the animal's gaze in the chosen target direction).

"The observed alignment of chosen target representations could allow downstream areas to read out the location of the chosen target with a single decoder, regardless of its initial presentation order," the authors wrote, in their research paper based on this study.
Notably, the researchers also found that from round to round of the game, individual neurons could often be recruited into different ensembles. A neuron that in one round seemed "selective" for option 2 could end up being selective for option 1 in the next. The ensembles were therefore not permanent circuits of specialized neurons, but instead were assembled ad hoc among multifunctional neurons.

In another study, they have found that the brain uses brain waves to rapidly and flexibly accomplish this goal of ensemble recruitment.
Another clear implication of the data is that the brain maintained distinct memories of each option, whether it was chosen or not. This could be important for assigning credit down the line to facilitate learning. For instance, remembering that choosing target 2 in round 3 earned a reward.

"Our results illustrate the dynamic subspace reorganization supporting option maintenance and selection in economic decisions," the authors wrote.

Huidi Li et al, Neural subspace reorganization reflects value-based decision-making, iScience (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117492

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Mimicry: A fake spider at the tip of this snake's tail helps it lure birds

Lots of animals use mimicry to survive. Some copy the appearance of threatening predators, and others have evolved to resemble plants or rocks so they can blend into the background and avoid being attacked. But a viper from Iran has found an even stranger strategy. The tip of this snake's tail looks like a spider, complete with a bulbous body and long dangling legs. And when a bird swoops in to try to eat this "spider," the snake springs into action and eats the bird.

A spider-tailed horned viper. Credit: Omid Mozaffari.

The elusive spider-tailed horned viper is a relatively recently discovered species, and until now, scientists only knew what the outside of this snake's unusual tail looked like. But in a new study published in the journal The Anatomical Record, researchers used XCT scanners to get a glimpse of the inner workings of this snake's spidery tail—and found that its tail bones are bizarrely normal.

Scientists first collected a specimen of this snake in 1968, and when they brought it back to the Field Museum, people thought that it had some sort of deformity at the tip of its tail, like a tumour. It sat on the shelves of the museum for decades, but it wasn't until another specimen with a similar tail was found in 2003 that people revisited it.

In 2006, scientists described the snake as a new species, Pseudocerastes urarachnoides, the spider-tailed horned viper. When the researchers described the species, they used the specimen in the Field Museum's collections as the holotype, the specimen that serves as a standard-bearer for the physical characteristics of the species.

Soon after, researchers captured a video of the snake using the spider-like appendage at the tip of its tail to lure in birds and eat them.

Vertebral morphology and intracolumnar variation of the iconic and bizarre viperid snake Pseudocerastes urarachnoides (Serpentes, Viperidae), The Anatomical Record (2026). DOI: 10.1002/ar.70308

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Thursday

Engineered antibodies offer broad protection against deadly cobra toxins

Each snake species produces a distinct cocktail of toxins that attack nerves, blood or tissues, making it difficult to develop a unified treatment. Current animal-derived antivenoms also have drawbacks, such as batch-to-batch variability, side effects and limited species coverage. Their production is costly and outdated, relying on venom milking and animal immunization, with low yields of active antibodies.

A research team has developed a recombinant, nanobody-based antivenom that offers broad protection against venom from geographically diverse cobra and king cobra species in India. The study is published in Science Translational Medicine
A five-nanobody recombinant cocktail neutralized neurotoxic venoms from diverse Indian cobra and king cobra species in mice. It prevented toxin–receptor binding and protected animals, including when administered 30 minutes after envenomation. Recombinant production could reduce reliance on animal-derived antivenoms and enable region-specific formulations.
Antibodies are usually Y-shaped, with both heavy- and light-chain proteins. The researchers used a portion at the tip of the Y shape, which is made up of heavy-chain proteins that can specifically bind to venom toxins.
They isolated a cocktail of five such antibody fragments, called nanobodies, that could bind to toxins in the various cobra species they tested. They found that this cocktail could neutralize venom activity and prevent the venom from binding to its target receptor.

The team then tested the antibody cocktail in mice injected with venom and found that it protected the animals against toxins from spectacled cobras, monocled cobras and both Indian king cobra species. It was also able to save mice from death even 30 minutes after venom injection.

Unlike conventional antivenoms, these recombinant antibodies can be manufactured using microbial and humanized expression systems without repeatedly immunizing animals such as horses. Additional antibody components can be added to expand protection to other medically important snakes, allowing future recombinant antivenoms to be tailored for different regions or species.
This work provides a blueprint for how recombinant antivenoms can be tailored to different regions of the world by targeting the toxin families that drive disease in local snake species.

Arpan Samanta et al, Oligoclonal nanobody-based recombinant antivenom protects mice challenged with venom from cobras and king cobras from India, Science Translational Medicine (2026). DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aed4290

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Thursday

Anemia in pregnancy linked to differences in babies' brain development

Maternal anemia during pregnancy was associated with ~4% smaller infant total brain volume and reduced putamen, caudate, and corpus callosum volumes by 12 months. Corpus callosum differences increased to 6% by 24 months, including among predominantly mild anemia exposures. Portable low-field MRI detected these differences comparably to conventional MRI.

The observed differences in regional brain volumes were still evident despite most of the mothers in this cohort having only mild anemia. The researchers say these findings identify antenatal maternal anemia as a strong risk factor for altered child brain structure and highlight the importance of preventing and treating anemia before and during pregnancy.

Jessica E Ringshaw et al, Antenatal maternal anaemia and infant brain structure: high-field (3 T) and ultra-low-field (64 mT) MRI findings from South Africa, Brain Communications (2026). DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcag318

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa on Thursday

Ultimately, the results of this study could pave the way for incorporating cognitive assessments into routine athlete monitoring. Coaches could then better detect early signs of overtraining or altitude-related strain, which can increase the risk of technical errors and injury.

"The brain is also a key factor in athletic performance," said Varesco. "Even in sports that seem primarily physical, athletes must constantly make decisions: adjusting pace, reading the environment, reacting to the unexpected or following their coach's instructions. In mogul skiing, where movements follow one another at high speed, a split-second lapse in attention can have serious consequences."

A reliable, rapid cognitive test could allow coaches to gauge an athlete's cognitive readiness before or even during a training session, helping them decide when to dial back the intensity or steer clear of high-risk situations.
In Tignes, athletes sleep at 2,000 meters (6,600 feet) and train at elevations up to 3,400 meters (11,200 feet). While these are not considered extreme altitudes, they are enough to trigger a series of physiological adaptations.

The rarefied atmosphere is the obvious culprit, but according to Varesco, the story is more complicated than that. The body is reacting to more than just reduced oxygen supply to the brain.

Upon arrival at high altitude, the body activates a host of adaptive mechanisms, particularly in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Changes also occur in brain function and neurotransmitter regulation. All of these adjustments can affect sleep, performance and cognitive function.

"During some phases of sleep, breathing can become less regular and blood oxygen levels can fluctuate more," said Varesco. "We've observed that these fluctuations are more pronounced at the beginning of stays at high altitude, before the body gradually acclimatizes."

Poor sleep quality, in turn, affects the next day's performance. Fatigue at altitude is rarely due to a single factor. Altitude, travel, jet lag, stress and the accumulation of training sessions can all contribute.

Giorgio Varesco et al, Assessment of cognitive performance and fatigability in elite athletes: Short and portable protocols for field monitoring under hypoxia, PLOS One (2026). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0353673

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