Comment

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 9 hours ago

The Medical Gaslighting of Endometriosis: Why doctors ignore women's pain

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 9 hours ago

The first genetic editing in spiders with CRISPR‐Cas yields colourful silk

A research group for the first time, successfully applied the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing tool to spiders. Following the genetic modification, the spiders produced red fluorescent silk.

The findings of the study have been published in the journal Angewandte Chemie.

Spider silk is one of the most fascinating fibers in the field of materials science. In particular, its dragline thread is extremely tear-resistant, while also being elastic, lightweight and biodegradable. If scientists succeed in influencing spider silk production in vivo—in a living animal—and thereby gain insights into the structure of the dragline thread, it could pave the way for the development of new silk functionalities for a wide range of applications.

Researchers developed an injection solution that included the components of the gene-editing system as well as a gene sequence for a red fluorescent protein. This solution was injected into the eggs of unfertilized female spiders, which were then mated with males of the same species. As a result, the offspring of the gene-edited spiders showed red fluorescence in their dragline silk—clear evidence of the successful knock-in of the gene sequence into a silk protein.

The spider silk protein manipulated in this study thus serves as the first model for developing silk fibers with new properties, supporting their functionalization for future applications.

Edgardo Santiago‐Rivera et al, Spider Eye Development Editing and Silk Fiber Engineering Using CRISPR‐Cas, Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2025). DOI: 10.1002/anie.202502068

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 10 hours ago

DNA-like molecule may survive Venus-like cloud conditions

Punishing conditions in the clouds of Venus could be home to a DNA-like molecule capable of forming genes in life very different to that on Earth, according to a new study.

Long thought to be hostile to complex organic chemistry because of the absence of water, the clouds of Earth's sister planet are made of droplets of sulphuric acid, chlorine, iron, and other substances.

But new research  shows how peptide nucleic acid (PNA)—a structural cousin of DNA—can survive under lab conditions made to mimic conditions that can occur in Venus' perpetual clouds.

Their findings add to the evidence that shows that concentrated sulfuric acid can sustain a diverse range of organic chemistry that might be the basis of a form of life different from Earth.

People think concentrated sulfuric acid destroys all organic molecules and therefore kills all life, but this is not true. While many biochemicals, like sugars, are unstable in such an environment, but research to date shows that other chemicals found in living organisms, such as nitrogenous bases, amino acids, and some dipeptides, don't break down.

Janusz J. Petkowski et al, Astrobiological implications of the stability and reactivity of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) in concentrated sulfuric acid, Science Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adr0006

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 11 hours ago

Eggs less likely to crack when dropped side-on, research reveals

Eggs are less likely to crack when dropped on their side than when dropped vertically, finds research published in Communications Physics. Controlled trials simulating the "egg drop challenge," a common classroom science experiment, found that the shell of an egg can better withstand an impact when dropped side-on.

Researchers conducted a series of 180 drop tests to compare how chicken eggs break when oriented vertically or side-on. After dropping 60 eggs from each of three different heights—8, 9, and 10 millimeters—on to a hard surface, the authors observed that, on average, eggs dropped vertically broke at lower drop heights.

More than half of the eggs dropped vertically from 8 millimeters cracked, with which end of the egg pointed downwards making no difference.

However, less than 10% of horizontally-dropped eggs cracked from the same height. A further 60 eggs were subjected to compression tests, which measured the force required to crack the eggs vertically and horizontally.

While 45 newtons of force was required to break the eggs in both orientations, the horizontally-loaded eggs could compress further before cracking. The authors suggest that this means that eggs are more flexible around their equator, and therefore able to absorb more energy in this orientation before breaking.

The authors conclude that the reason behind the common misassumption that an egg dropped vertically is less likely to crack is a confusion between the physical properties of stiffness, strength, and toughness.

Eggs are stiffer when compressed vertically, but the authors say that this does not necessarily mean that eggs are also tougher in that direction. 

Challenging common notions on how eggs break and the role of strength versus toughness, Communications Physics (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s42005-025-02087-0

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 11 hours ago

While less frequent than the creation of thallium or mercury, the results show that the LHC currently produces gold at a maximum rate of about 89,000 nuclei per second from lead–lead collisions at the ALICE collision point. Gold nuclei emerge from the collision with very high energy and hit the LHC beam pipe or collimators at various points downstream, where they immediately fragment into single protons, neutrons and other particles. The gold exists for just a tiny fraction of a second.
The ALICE analysis shows that, during Run 2 of the LHC (2015–2018), about 86 billion gold nuclei were created during the four major experiments. In terms of mass, this corresponds to just 29 picograms (2.9 × 10-11 g). Since the luminosity in the LHC is continually increasing thanks to regular upgrades to the machines, Run 3 has produced almost double the amount of gold that Run 2 did, but the total still amounts to trillions of times less than would be required to make a piece of jewelry.

While the dream of medieval alchemists has technically come true, their hopes of riches have once again been dashed.

S. Acharya et al, Proton emission in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV, Physical Review C (2025). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.111.054906

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa 11 hours ago

ALICE detects the conversion of lead into gold at the Large Hadron Collider

In a paper published in Physical Review C, the ALICE collaboration reports measurements that quantify the transmutation of lead into gold in CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

Transforming the base metal lead into the precious metal gold was a dream of medieval alchemists. This long-standing quest, known as chrysopoeia, may have been motivated by the observation that dull gray, relatively abundant lead is of a similar density to gold, which has long been coveted for its beautiful color and rarity. It was only much later that it became clear that lead and gold are distinct chemical elements and that chemical methods are powerless to transmute one into the other.

With the dawn of nuclear physics in the 20th century, it was discovered that heavy elements could transform into others—either naturally, by radioactive decay—or in the laboratory, under a bombardment of neutrons or protons. Though gold has been artificially produced in this way before, the ALICE collaboration has now measured the transmutation of lead into gold by a new mechanism involving near-miss collisions between lead nuclei at the LHC.

Extremely high-energy collisions between lead nuclei at the LHC can create quark–gluon plasma, a hot and dense state of matter that is thought to have filled the universe around a millionth of a second after the Big Bang, giving rise to the matter we now know. However, in the far more frequent interactions where the nuclei just miss each other without "touching," the intense electromagnetic fields surrounding them can induce photon–photon and photon–nucleus interactions that open further avenues of exploration.

The electromagnetic field emanating from a lead nucleus is particularly strong because the nucleus contains 82 protons, each carrying one elementary charge. Moreover, the very high speed at which lead nuclei travel in the LHC (corresponding to 99.999993% of the speed of light) causes the electromagnetic field lines to be squashed into a thin pancake, transverse to the direction of motion, producing a short-lived pulse of photons.

Often, this triggers a process called electromagnetic dissociation, whereby a photon interacting with a nucleus can excite oscillations of its internal structure, resulting in the ejection of small numbers of neutrons and protons. To create gold (a nucleus containing 79 protons), three protons must be removed from a lead nucleus in the LHC beams.

The ALICE team used the detector's zero degree calorimeters (ZDC) to count the number of photon–nucleus interactions that resulted in the emission of zero, one, two and three protons accompanied by at least one neutron, which are associated with the production of lead, thallium, mercury and gold, respectively.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Cuttlefish use their arms to wave at each other

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

The implications stretch beyond one material. While the team confirmed degradation only for PCL, they identified signs of similar enzymes in other pathogens. This means that other plastics could also be vulnerable to microbial attack—and some of the most widely used medical materials made from polyethylene terephthalate or polyurethane may be at risk.

These include:

Bone scaffolds and dental implants
Bandages and wound dressings
Catheters
Breast implants
"The bug's plastic-eating ability is likely helping it survive on surfaces in hospitals, potentially driving hospital outbreaks. We should start to consider focusing on plastics that are harder for microbes to digest and potentially screening pathogens for these enzymes, especially in unexplained prolonged outbreaks

Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates can encode functional plastic-degrading enzymes that allow survival on plastic and augment biofilm formation., Cell Reports (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115650. www.cell.com/cell-reports/full … 2211-1247(25)00421-8

Part 2

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

Superbug can digest medical plastic, making it even more dangerous

A dangerous hospital superbug has been found to digest plastic—specifically the kind used in some sutures, stents and implants inside the human body. Microbiologists show the bacteria can feed on plastic to survive, potentially enabling these pathogens to survive longer in hospital wards and within patients.

The discovery, published in Cell Reports , challenges the widely held belief that pathogens cannot degrade medical plastics. A patient isolate of the common hospital-acquired bacterial infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to degrade polycaprolactone (PCL)—a plastic often used in sutures, wound dressings, stents, drug-delivery patches and surgical mesh.

Plastics, including plastic surfaces, could potentially be food for these bacteria. Pathogens with this ability could survive for longer in the hospital environment. It also means that any medical device or treatment that contains plastic could be susceptible to degradation by bacteria.

Researchers isolated the enzyme, named Pap1, from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that was originally sampled from a patient's wound. Tested in the lab, the enzyme degraded 78% of a plastic sample in just seven days. Crucially, the bacteria could also use the plastic as its only carbon source—effectively eating it.

This plastic-digesting power also makes the bug more dangerous. The team showed that the broken-down plastic fragments helped it form tougher biofilms—the protective clingy bacterial coatings that help bacteria overcome antibiotics and make infections harder to treat.

Part 1

Comment by Dr. Krishna Kumari Challa yesterday

A  new tool unlocks the body's 'messages in a bottle' to detect and treat diseases

Have you ever dreamed of writing a heartfelt letter, sealing it in a bottle, and letting the ocean carry it to someone special? It's a romantic image we've seen in movies like "Message in a Bottle." But did you know this beautiful act of connection is happening inside your body every minute of every day?

Our cells, much like us, are constantly trying to communicate. But instead of ink and paper, they send out tiny biological packages called extracellular vesicles (EVs). These are the body's real-life messages in a bottle, carrying precious cargo—like proteins and genetic material—from one cell to another. Each EV holds a snapshot of its sender's identity and condition, making them incredibly promising for diagnosing diseases and tailoring treatments.

It's like thousands of bottles with messages washing up on shore, and we still don't know which ones carry lifesaving information.

Now researchers offer a solution. 

They've developed a technology called SHINER, short for Subpopulation Homogeneous Isolation and Nondestructive EV Release, designed to gently capture and release specific EV subpopulations without damaging them.

SHINER is like a molecular claw machine. Using specially designed "claws" made from antibodies and DNA, it reaches into the crowded sea of EVs, grabs the ones with just the right surface markers, and gently lifts them out, intact and ready to be read.

At the core of this technology is a clever tool called SWITCHER, which ensures that only EVs with a specific molecular "barcode" are captured. Then, a matching DNA "key" activates the claw to gently release the captured EVs unharmed. No harsh chemicals. No broken "bottles." Just pure, readable messages, delivered safely to scientists for analysis.

What makes this work even more exciting is that SHINER doesn't just work in theory. 

The research team showed it can purify EVs from real-world biological samples, like blood, while preserving their full structure and function. When paired with the earlier invention by the team, the ultrasensitive EV single-molecule array, SHINER opens the door to next-generation diagnostics and therapeutics. Doctors could one day use it to detect cancer earlier, monitor treatment response, or even deliver precision drugs using EVs as natural carriers.

Chen‐Wei Hsu et al, Decoding Complex Biological Milieus: SHINER's Approach to Profiling and Functioning of Extracellular Vesicle Subpopulations, Small (2025). DOI: 10.1002/smll.202503638

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